A study of five cases and review of the literature

AIMS

Spindle-cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas (SS-RMS) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. They include three well-defined molecular subtypes, of which those with EWSR1/FUS::TFCP2 rearrangements were described only recently. This study aimed to evaluate five new cases of SS-RMS and to perform a clinicopathological and statistical analysis of all TFCP2-rearranged SS-RMS described in the English literature to more comprehensively characterize this rare tumour type.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Cases were retrospectively selected and studied by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization with EWSR1/FUS and TFCP2 break-apart probes, next-generation sequencing (Archer FusionPlex Sarcoma kit and TruSight RNA Pan-Cancer Panel). The PubMed database was searched for relevant peer-reviewed English reports. Five cases of SS-RMS were found. Three cases were TFCP2 rearranged SS-RMS, having FUSex6::TFCP2ex2 gene fusion in two cases and triple gene fusion EWSR1ex5::TFCP2ex2, VAX2ex2::ALKex2 and VAX2intron2::ALKex2 in one case. Two cases showed rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and spindle-round cell/sclerosing morphology, but were characterized by novel genetic fusions including EWSR1ex8::ZBTB41ex7 and PLOD2ex8::RBM6ex7, respectively. In the statistical analysis of all published cases, CDKN2A or ALK alterations, the use of standard chemotherapy and age at presentation in the range of 18-24 years were negatively correlated to overall survival.

CONCLUSION

EWSR1/FUS::TFCP2-rearranged SS-RMS is a rare rhabdomyosarcoma subtype, affecting predominantly young adults with average age at presentation 34 years (median 29.5 years; age range 7-86 years), with a predilection for craniofacial bones, rapid clinical course with frequent bone and lung metastases, and poor prognosis (3-year overall survival rate 28%).

TFCP2 as a therapeutic nexus: unveiling molecular signatures in cancer

Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes comprise most of the complex genomic landscape associated with cancer, with a minimal number of genes exhibiting dual-context-dependent functions. The transcription factor cellular promoter 2 (TFCP2), a pivotal transcription factor encoded by the alpha globin transcription factor CP2 gene, is a constituent of the TFCP2/grainyhead family of transcription factors. While grainyhead members have been extensively studied for their crucial roles in developmental processes, embryogenesis, and multiple cancers, the TFCP2 subfamily has been relatively less explored. The molecular mechanisms underlying TFCP2's involvement in carcinogenesis are still unclear even though it is a desirable target for cancer treatment and a therapeutic marker. This comprehensive literature review summarizes the molecular functions of TFCP2, emphasizing its involvement in cancer pathophysiology, particularly in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. It highlights TFCP2's critical function as a regulatory target and explores its potential as a prognostic marker for survival and inflammation in carcinomas. Its ambiguous association with carcinomas underlines the urgent need for an in-depth understanding to facilitate the development of more efficacious targeted therapeutic modality and diagnostic tools. This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of TFCP2 regulation, through a comprehensive integration of the existing knowledge in cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, the clinical relevance and the inherent challenges encountered in investigating its intricate role in cancer pathogenesis have been discussed in this review.

Rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2 Rearrangement or Typical Co-expression of AE1/AE3 and ALK: Report of Three New Cases in the Head and Neck Region and Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) harboring EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 fusions has been recently described as a distinct form of RMS with an aggressive course and predilection for the craniofacial bones, especially the jaws.

METHODS

We report three new cases of this rare entity, two from Brazil and one from Guatemala, with detailed clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular descriptions. Additionally, we explored the English-language literature searching RMS with TFCP2 rearrangement or typical immunophenotype with co-expression of AE1/AE3 and ALK in the head and neck region.

RESULTS

Case 1 is a 58-year-old male with a 3-month history of painful swelling in the anterior maxilla. Case 2 is a 22-year-old male presenting with right facial swelling and proptosis. Case 3 is a 43-year-old female with a rapidly growing tumor located in the zygomatic region. Imaging examinations revealed highly destructive intraosseous masses in the first two cases, and a soft tissue tumor with bone invasion in case 3. Microscopically, all cases showed a hybrid spindle and epithelioid phenotype of tumor cells which expressed desmin, myogenin and/or Myo-D1, AE1/AE3, and ALK. FISH confirmed molecular alterations related to TFCP2 rearrangement in Cases 1-2. In case 3, there was no available material for molecular analysis. The patients were subsequently referred to oncologic treatment. Additionally, we summarized the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of 27 cases of this rare RMS variant in the head and neck region reported in the English-language literature.

CONCLUSION

RMS with TFCP2 rearrangement is a rare and aggressive tumor with a particular predilection for craniofacial bones, especially the jaws. Knowing its clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical profile can avoid misdiagnosis.

TFCP2 is a transcriptional regulator of heparan sulfate assembly and melanoma cell growth

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a long, linear polysaccharide that is ubiquitously expressed in all animal cells and plays a key role in many cellular processes, including cell signaling and development. Dysregulation of HS assembly has been implicated in pathophysiological conditions, such as tumorigenesis and rare genetic disorders. HS biosynthesis occurs in a non-template-driven manner in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi through the activity of a large group of biosynthetic enzymes. While much is known about its biosynthesis, little is understood about the regulation of HS assembly across diverse tissue types and disease states. To address this gap in knowledge, we recently performed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens to identify novel regulatory factors of HS biosynthesis. From these screens, we identified the alpha globin transcription factor, TFCP2, as a top hit. To investigate the role of TFCP2 in HS assembly, we targeted TFCP2 expression in human melanoma cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. TFCP2 knockout cells exhibited decreased fibroblast growth factor binding to cell surface HS, alterations in HS composition, and slowed cell growth compared to wild-type cells. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed that TFCP2 regulates the expression of multiple enzymes involved in HS assembly, including the secreted endosulfatase, SULF1. Pharmacological targeting of TFCP2 activity similarly reduced growth factor binding and increased SULF1 expression, and the knockdown of SULF1 expression in TFCP2 mutant cells restored melanoma cell growth. Overall, these studies identify TFCP2 as a novel transcriptional regulator of HS and highlight HS-protein interactions as a possible target to slow melanoma growth.

Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics of Intraosseous Rhabdomyosarcoma Involving Head and Neck Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2 rearrangement is a newly introduced spindle cell neoplasm showing predilection for craniofacial bones exhibiting highly aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Therefore, an attempt was made to delineate the entity for improved understanding and treatment outcomes through comprehensive analysis of the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. An electronic search was carried out using MEDLINE by PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, Cochrane library, and EMBASE databases. Original articles and case reports involving intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma arising in head and neck region with TFCP2 fusion were included. Data were compiled and risk of bias was analyzed using JBI tool. Thirteen eligible articles were included for the quantitative analysis, which revealed 33 cases with TFCP2 fusion. Majority of the affected individuals were females (58%) with mandible being the common site. Most of the patients died within few months after diagnosis demonstrating a low mean survival rate (30 months). Odds ratio, overall survival and disease-free survival were calculated and analyzed statistically concluding that intraosseous rhabdomyosarcomas harboring TFCP2 fusion are found to be novel and dreadful neoplasms. The predilection for young age with poor prognosis exhibited by these lesions demand early diagnosis and specific treatment planning to curtail mortality.

Complete mimicry: Rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS::TFCP2 fusion masquerading as carcinoma-diagnostic challenge and report of two cases

Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are malignant mesenchymal tumors with skeletal muscle differentiation which are classified into alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing RMS. Within the spindle cell/sclerosing RMS tumor type there is a recently recognized sub-type categorized as intraosseous spindle cell RMS with TFCP2/NCOA2 gene fusion. This rare tumor is highly aggressive with predominant involvement of the craniofacial and pelvic bones with approximately 30 cases reported to date. Histopathologic features include spindle cell and epithelioid morphology with a characteristic co-expression of epithelial markers, myogenic markers, and ALK1 expression. We report two cases of gnathic spindle cell/sclerosing RMS with FUS::TFCP2 gene fusion that were initially interpreted as carcinomas by referring institutions and later reclassified when encountered in our practice after additional work-up and molecular characterization.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with TFCP2 activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling to alleviate preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Failures in invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migration into the maternal uterus have been noticed in preeclampsia (PE). Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been highlighted for the role as a potential therapeutic method in PE. This study intends to investigate the mechanistic basis of hUCMSCs-derived EVs loaded with bioinformatically identified TFCP2 in the activities of EVTs of PE.

METHODS

Primary human EVTs were exposed to hypoxic/reoxygenation (H/R) to mimic the environment encountered in PE. The in vivo PE-like phenotypes were induced in mice by reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) surgery. CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays were performed to detect proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of H/R-exposed EVTs. More importantly, EVs were extracted from hUCMSCs and transduced with ectopically expressed TFCP2, followed by co-culture with EVTs.

RESULTS

TFCP2 was found to be down-regulated in the preeclamptic placental tissues and in H/R-exposed EVTs. hUCMSCs-EVs loaded with TFCP2 activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby promoting the proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of EVTs. Furthermore, overexpression of TFCP2 alleviated PE-like phenotypes in mice, which was associated with activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

CONCLUSION

From our data we conclude that hUCMSCs-EVs overexpressing TFCP2 may be instrumental for the therapeutic targeting and clinical management of PE.

TFCP2, a binding protein of ATF3, promotes the progression of glioma by activating the synthesis of serine

Glioma is one of the most common malignancies. De novo serine synthesis promotes glioma progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, clarifying the regulatory mechanism of serine synthesis is of great significance for glioma therapy. In this study, we found that the expression of TFCP2 was upregulated in glioma and that TFCP2 promoted glioma cell growth and sphere formation. Knockdown of TFCP2 expression inhibited glioma cell growth, sphere formation and tumorigenicity in nude mice. In terms of its molecular mechanism, TFCP2 was found to interact with ATF3 to cooperatively regulate the de novo synthesis of serine. Knockdown of TFCP2 expression significantly inhibited the binding of ATF3 to the promoter of PHGDH (a rate-limiting enzyme in the serine synthesis process). In conclusion, our studies proved that TFCP2 jointly regulates the de novo synthesis of serine through interaction with ATF3, thus promoting glioma progression. This study suggests that TFCP2 is a potential target for glioma therapy.

circITCH suppresses cell proliferation and metastasis through miR-660/TFCP2 pathway in melanoma

BACKGROUND

Melanoma is an aggressive disease that is rising in incidence. Advanced melanoma is still a life-threatening disease. CircRNAs are documented to be involved in melanoma progression. But circITCH role in melanoma remains unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

To explore the functions of circITCH in melanoma, levels of circITCH in melanoma tissues and paracarcinoma normal tissues were detected. To study the roles of circITCH in melanoma in terms of cell proliferation and migration, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. Mechanism study was designed to investigate the potential regulatory effect of circITCH in melanoma. Results revealed that circITCH expression was repressed in melanoma versus adjacent normal tissues. Function study showed that circITCH suppressed melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis. The mechanism study showed that circITCH-sponged miR-660 to upregulate TFCP2 and suppress melanoma progression.

CONCLUSIONS

The circITCH/miR-660/TFCP2 axis is involved in melanoma progression hence circITCH can be a diagnostic biomarker as well as a target for treating melanoma.

Novel EWSR1-UBP1 fusion expands the spectrum of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas

Over the last decade, the development of next-generation sequencing techniques has led to the molecular dismantlement of adult and pediatric sarcoma, with the identification of multiple gene fusions associated with specific subtypes and currently integrated into diagnostic classifications. In this report, we describe and discuss the identification of a novel EWSR1-UBP1 gene fusion in an adult patient presenting with multi-metastatic sarcoma. Extensive pathological, transcriptomic, and genomic characterization of this tumor in comparison with a cohort of different subtypes of pediatric and adult sarcoma revealed that this fusion represents a novel variant of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with features of TFCP2-rearranged subfamily.

TFCP2 Overcomes Senescence by Cooperating With SREBP2 to Activate Cholesterol Synthesis in Pancreatic Cancer

KRAS mutation is very common in pancreatic cancer. How pancreatic cancer cells overcome oncogene-induced senescence is not fully understood. Our previous studies showed that up-regulation of TFCP2 (transcription factor CP2) in pancreatic cancer promoted the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. However, whether TFCP2 plays an important role in pancreatic cancer cell senescence is not clear. In this study, we found upregulation of TFCP2 expression in pancreatic cancer was associated with KRAS mutation. Overexpression of TFCP2 inhibited cell senescence. Knockdown of TFCP2 promoted cell senescence. Mechanistically, the interaction between TFCP2 and SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2) synergistically activated the expression of HMGCR, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and statins could reverse the inhibitory effect of TFCP2 on senescence. In conclusion, our study reveals a new mechanism underlying the TFCP2 regulation of pancreatic cancer cell senescence, providing a new target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Transcriptional Repression of Ferritin Light Chain Increases Ferroptosis Sensitivity in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent form of regulated cell death. The release of labile iron is one of the important factors affecting sensitivity to ferroptosis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) controls intracellular iron levels by affecting the transcription of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and transferrin receptor (TFRC). However, whether YAP regulates iron metabolism through other target genes remains unknown. Here, we observed that the system Xc^– inhibitor erastin inhibited the binding of the WW domain and PSY motif between YAP and transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2), and then suppressed the transcription of ferritin light chain (FTL) simultaneously mediated by YAP, TFCP2 and forkhead box A1 (FOXA1). Furthermore, inhibition of FTL expression abrogated ferroptosis-resistance in cells with sustained YAP expression. Unlike FTH, which exhibited first an increase and then a decrease in transcription, FTL transcription continued to decline after the addition of erastin, and a decrease in lysine acetyltransferase 5 (KAT5)-dependent acetylation of FTL was also observed. In lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues, lipid peroxidation and labile iron decreased, while YAP, TFCP2 and FTL increased compared to their adjacent normal tissues, and the lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was negatively correlated with the level of FTL or the degree of LUAD malignancy, but LUAD tissues with lower levels of 4-HNE showed a higher sensitivity to ferroptosis. In conclusion, the findings from this study indicated that the suppression of FTL transcription through the inhibition of the YAP-TFCP2-KAT5 complex could be another mechanism for elevating ferroptosis sensitivity and inducing cell death, and ferroptotic therapy is more likely to achieve better results in LUAD patients with a lower degree of lipid peroxidation.

DNA hypermethylation contributes to colorectal cancer metastasis by regulating the binding of CEBPB and TFCP2 to the CPEB1 promoter

Background

Aberrant DNA methylation has been firmly established as a factor contributing to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) via its capacity to silence tumour suppressor genes. However, the methylation status of multiple tumour suppressor genes and their roles in promoting CRC metastasis are not well characterised.

Methods

We explored the methylation and expression profiles of CPEB1 (the gene encoding cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1), a candidate CRC tumour suppressor gene, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and validated these results in both CRC cell lines and cells from Han Chinese CRC patients (n = 104). The functional role of CPEB1 in CRC was examined in experiments performed in vitro and in vivo. A candidate transcription factor capable of regulating CPEB1 expression was predicted in silico and validated by luciferase reporter, DNA pull-down, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays.

Results

Hypermethylation and decreased expression of CPEB1 in CRC tumour tissues were revealed by TCGA database. We also identified a significant inverse correlation (Pearson’s R = − 0.43, P < 0.001) between promoter methylation and CPEB1 expression. We validated these results in CRC samples and two CRC cell lines. We also demonstrated that up-regulation of CPEB1 resulted in significantly decreased tumour growth, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity and promoted tumour cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. We identified the transcription factors CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB) and transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) as critical regulators of CPEB1 expression. Hypermethylation of the CPEB1 promoter resulted in a simultaneous increase in the capacity for TFCP2 binding and a decreased likelihood of CEBPB binding, both of which led to diminished expression of CPEB1.

Conclusions

Our results identified a novel tumour-suppressive role of CPEB1 in CRC and found that hypermethylation of the CPEB1 promoter may lead to diminished expression due to decreased chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding. Collectively, these results suggest a potential role for CPEB1 in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01071-z.

Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS-TFCP2 or EWSR1-TFCP2 fusion: report of two cases

The WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone divides rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) into alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing types. Advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed for further refinement of RMS classification including the identification of new subtypes. Very rare RMS with epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, female predominance, marked osseous predilection, ALK expression, EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions, and highly aggressive clinical behavior have recently been recognized with only 23 cases reported in the English language literature. Herein, we report two additional cases with detailed clinicopathologic description and molecular confirmation. In brief, two young women presented each with a primary bone tumor-one with a frontal bone tumor and another with an osseous pelvic tumor. Both tumors showed epithelioid to spindle cell morphology, ALK expression, and EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions. Both patients died of disease less than 17 months from diagnosis despite administration of multiple lines of aggressive treatment. In addition, we review the literature and discuss differential diagnostic and potential treatment considerations.

Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS-TFCP2 or EWSR1-TFCP2 fusion: report of two cases

The WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone divides rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) into alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing types. Advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed for further refinement of RMS classification including the identification of new subtypes. Very rare RMS with epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, female predominance, marked osseous predilection, ALK expression, EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions, and highly aggressive clinical behavior have recently been recognized with only 23 cases reported in the English language literature. Herein, we report two additional cases with detailed clinicopathologic description and molecular confirmation. In brief, two young women presented each with a primary bone tumor-one with a frontal bone tumor and another with an osseous pelvic tumor. Both tumors showed epithelioid to spindle cell morphology, ALK expression, and EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions. Both patients died of disease less than 17 months from diagnosis despite administration of multiple lines of aggressive treatment. In addition, we review the literature and discuss differential diagnostic and potential treatment considerations.

The current landscape of rhabdomyosarcomas: an update

Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignancies associated with a rhabdomyoblastic phenotype which can be demonstrated morphologically or by immunohistochemistry for MYOD1 and myogenin. Rhabdomyosarcomas are currently subdivided into 4 types in the 2013 WHO classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone, including embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma, and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Recent studies have significantly impacted this classification with the emergence of three distinct new subtypes of rhabdomyosarcomas, namely rhabdomyosarcoma with MYOD1 mutations, rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2 fusions, and rhabdomyosarcoma with VGLL2/NCOA2 fusions. Although all these tumors share the terminology "rhabdomyosarcoma," their morphology, clinical behavior, and underlying molecular alterations are dramatically different. Finally, the presence of a rhabdomyoblastic phenotype within a tumor is by no means a diagnostic of a rhabdomyosarcoma, as this may be seen in many other mesenchymal malignancies, such as mesenchymal chondrosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheaths tumors, and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcomas. In this review, we present the main clinical, morphological, and molecular features of these tumors and discuss the evolution of the current classification.

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma in a lumbar vertebra with FUS-TFCP2 fusion

A 70-year-old woman developed severe buttock pain that progressed to a walking disturbance. Radiographs and computed tomography scans revealed an osteolytic lesion with osteosclerosis extending from the body to the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebra. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multinodular masses in the fifth lumbar vertebral body extending into the spinous processes and right transverse process. The masses were hypointense to isointense on T1-weighted images and hypointense to hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Histologic examination of biopsy specimens showed destruction of the trabecula of the vertebral bone by a fascicular and solid proliferation of spindle tumor cells and scattered rhabdomyoblasts, in a fibrotic background. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for keratins, vimentin, desmin, MyoD1, myogenin, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detected split signals for FUS and TFCP2 in 80% and 64% of the tumor cells, respectively, suggesting FUS-TFCP2 fusion. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed a FUS-TFCP2 fusion. The final diagnosis was spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of a lumbar vertebra with a FUS-TFCP2 fusion. A spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with a FUS-TFCP2 fusion in a vertebral bone is rare and should be differentiated from metastatic carcinoma, particularly in the elderly.

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of bone with FUS-TFCP2 fusion: confirmation of a very recently described rhabdomyosarcoma subtype

AIMS

Rhabdomyosarcomas of bone are extremely rare, with fewer than 10 reported cases. A very rare subtype of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma harbouring a FUS-TFCP2 fusion and involving both soft tissue and bone locations has been reported very recently. We report only the fourth case of this unusual, clinically aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma.

MATERIAL AND RESULTS

A previously well 72-year-old male presented with a destructive lesion of the mandible. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of a needle biopsy and the subsequent resection showed a spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. RNA-seq, RT-PCR and FISH confirmed the presence of the FUS-TFCP2 fusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas carrying the FUS-TFCP2 fusion are very rare rhabdomyosarcoma variants with osseous predilection. The classification and differential diagnosis of this unusual molecular variant of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma are discussed.

TFCP2 activates beta-catenin/TCF signaling in the progression of pancreatic cancer

Aberrant activation of beta-catenin/TCF (T-cell factor) signaling is frequently observed in the pancreatic cancer. However, the regulation of nuclear beta-catenin/TCF transcription machinery remains largely unknown. In this study, TFCP2 (transcriptional factor CP2) expression in pancreatic cancer was detected by qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. Western blot, colony formation assay, migration and invasion experiment were performed to investigate the effects of TFCP2 on the growth and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo, mouse metastasis models were utilized to determine metastasis ability. Western blots were used to evaluate the related protein expression. Luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the role of TFCP2 on beta-catenin/TCF signaling. We have shown that the transcription factor TFCP2 was up-regulated in the pancreatic cancer. Over-expression of TFCP2 promoted the growth, migration, invasion and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells, while knocking down the expression of TFCP2 inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, colony formation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. The mechanism study revealed that TFCP2 interacted beta-catenin, enhanced the interaction between beta-catenin and TCF4, and activated beta-catenin/TCF signaling. Taken together, our study demonstrated the oncogenic roles of TFCP2 in pancreatic cancer, and suggested that TFCP2 might be a target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Transcription factor LSF (TFCP2) inhibits melanoma growth

Late SV40 factor 3 (LSF), a transcription factor, contributes to human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, decreased expression level of LSF in skin melanoma compared to that in benign melanocytic tumors and nevi in mice and humans was found in this study. Anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of melanoma cells was suppressed by LSF overexpression through an increased percentage of G1 phase cells and an increased p21^CIP1 expression level in vitro and in vivo. Anchorage-dependent growth in LSF-overexpressed melanoma cells was promoted by depletion of LSF in the LSF-overexpressed cells. Integrated results of our EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed binding of LSF within a 150-bp upstream region of the transcription start site of p21CIP1 in melanoma cells. Taken together, our results suggest potential roles of LSF as a growth regulator through control of the transcription of p21^CIP1 in melanocytes and melanoma cells as well as a biomarker for nevus.