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Sezer Z, Pavel STI, Inal A, Yetiskin H, Kaplan B, Uygut MA, Aslan AF, Bayram A, Mazicioglu M, Kalin Unuvar G, Yuce ZT, Aydin G, Kaya RK, Ates I, Kara A, Ozdarendeli A. Long-Term Immunogenicity and Safety of a Homologous Third Dose Booster Vaccination with TURKOVAC: Phase 2 Clinical Study Findings with 32-Week Post-Booster Follow-Up. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:140. [PMID: 38400124 PMCID: PMC10893411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity wanes over time and warrants booster doses. We investigated the long-term (32 weeks) immunogenicity and safety of a third, homologous, open-label booster dose of TURKOVAC, administered 12 weeks after completion of the primary series in a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 2 study. Forty-two participants included in the analysis were evaluated for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (with microneutralization (MNT50) and focus reduction (FRNT50) tests), SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD (Spike S1 Receptor Binding Domain), and whole SARS-CoV-2 (with ELISA) IgGs on the day of booster injection and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 thereafter. Antibody titers increased significantly from week 1 and remained higher than the pre-booster titers until at least week 4 (week 8 for whole SARS-CoV-2) (p < 0.05 for all). Seroconversion (titers ≥ 4-fold compared with pre-immune status) persisted 16 weeks (MNT50: 6-fold; FRNT50: 5.4-fold) for NAbs and 32 weeks for S1 RBD (7.9-fold) and whole SARS-CoV-2 (9.4-fold) IgGs. Nine participants (20.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR between weeks 8 and 32 of booster vaccination; none of them were hospitalized or died. These findings suggest that boosting with TURKOVAC can provide effective protection against COVID-19 for at least 8 weeks and reduce the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Sezer
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
- Good Clinical Practise Centre (IKUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Shaikh Terkis Islam Pavel
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Inal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
- Good Clinical Practise Centre (IKUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Hazel Yetiskin
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Busra Kaplan
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Muhammet Ali Uygut
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Furkan Aslan
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Adnan Bayram
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Mumtaz Mazicioglu
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Gamze Kalin Unuvar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Ture Yuce
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | - Gunsu Aydin
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
| | | | - Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06530, Türkiye
| | - Ates Kara
- Health Institutes of Türkiye (TUSEB), Istanbul 34718, Türkiye
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06430, Türkiye
| | - Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Türkiye
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Ates I, Batirel A, Aydin M, Karadag FY, Erden A, Kucuksahin O, Armagan B, Guven SC, Karakas O, Gokdemir S, Altunal LN, Buber AA, Gemcioglu E, Zengin O, Inan O, Sahiner ES, Korukluoglu G, Sezer Z, Ozdarendeli A, Omma A, Kara A. Long-Term Results of Immunogenicity of Booster Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (Hybrid COV-RAPEL TR Study) in Turkiye: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Phase 2 Clinical Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1234. [PMID: 37515050 PMCID: PMC10416156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of vaccines decreases over time, causing a need for booster doses. This study aimed to present the long-term (Day 84) immunogenicity results of the double-blind, randomized, controlled, phase II Hybrid COV-RAPEL TR Study (NCT04979949), in which the TURKOVAC or CoronaVac vaccines were used as a booster after the second dose of primary vaccination with CoronaVac. A total of 190 participants from the Hybrid COV-RAPEL TR Study, who had both Day 28 and Day 84 immunogenicity results, were included. The immunogenicity on Day 84, regarding the neutralizing antibody positivity (Wuhan and Delta variants) and anti-spike immunoglobulin (Ig) G (IgG) antibody positivity, was compared between TURKOVAC and CoronaVac vaccine arms according to sex and age groups. Overall, antibody positivity showed a slight decrease on Day 84 vs. Day 28, but was not different between TURKOVAC and CoronaVac arms either for sexes or for age groups. However, TURKOVAC produced better antibody response against the Delta variant than CoronaVac, while CoronaVac was superior over TURKOVAC regarding neutralizing antibody positivity in the 50-60 years age group, regardless of the variant. A single booster dose, after the completion of the primary vaccination, increases antibody positivity on Day 28 which persists until Day 84 with a slight decrease. However, an additional booster dose may be required thereafter, since the decrease in antibody titer may be faster over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Batirel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, International Medical School, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, 34865 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehtap Aydin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, 34760 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Yilmaz Karadag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Sancaktepe Sehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, 34785 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Abdulsamet Erden
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye (B.A.)
| | - Orhan Kucuksahin
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye (B.A.)
| | - Berkan Armagan
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye (B.A.)
| | - Serdar Can Guven
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye (B.A.)
| | - Ozlem Karakas
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye (B.A.)
| | - Selim Gokdemir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, 34865 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Lutfiye Nilsun Altunal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, 34760 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aslihan Ayse Buber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Sancaktepe Sehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, 34785 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emin Gemcioglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Oguzhan Zengin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Osman Inan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Enes Seyda Sahiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- Virology Laboratory, General Directorate of Public Health, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Zafer Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Türkiye
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Omma
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ates Kara
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye
- Türkiye Vaccine Institute, 06270 Ankara, Türkiye
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Ozdarendeli A, Sezer Z, Pavel STI, Inal A, Yetiskin H, Kaplan B, Uygut MA, Bayram A, Mazicioglu M, Unuvar GK, Yuce ZT, Aydin G, Aslan AF, Kaya RK, Koc RC, Ates I, Kara A. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated whole virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, TURKOVAC, in healthy adults: Interim results from randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 and 2 trials. Vaccine 2023; 41:380-90. [PMID: 36460536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of safe and effective vaccine options is crucial to the success of fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we report interim safety and immunogenicity findings of the phase 1&2 trials of ERUCoV-VAC, an inactivated whole virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. METHODS Double-blind, randomised, single centre, phase 1 and 2 trials included SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthy adults aged 18-55 years (18-64 in phase 2). All participants, except the first 4 in phase 1 who received ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg or 6 μg unblinded and monitored for 7 days for safety purposes, were assigned to receive two intramuscular doses of ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg or 6 μg (an inactivated vaccine containing alhydrogel as adjuvant) or placebo 21 days apart (28 days in phase 2) according to computer-generated randomisation schemes. Both trials are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (phase 1, NCT04691947 and phase 2, NCT04824391). RESULTS Forty-four participants (3 μg [n:17], 6 μg [n:17], placebo [n:10]) in phase 1 and 250 (3 μg [n:100], 6 μg [n:100], placebo [n:50]) in phase 2 received ≥1 dose. In phase 1 trial, 25 adverse events AEs (80 % mild) occured in 15 participants (34.1 %) until day 43. There was no dose-response relationship noted in safety events in ERUCoV-VAC recipients (p = 0.4905). Pain at injection site was the most common AE (9/44;20.5 %). Both doses of ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg and 6 μg groups were comparable in inducing SARS-CoV-2 wild-type neutralising antibody (MNT50): GMTs (95 %CI) were 8.3 (6.4-10.3) vs. 8.6 (7.0-10.2) at day 43 (p = 0.7357) and 9.7 (6.0-13.4) vs. 10.8 (8.8-12.8) at day 60 (p = 0.8644), respectively. FRNT50 confirmed MNT50 results: SARS-CoV-2 wild-type neutralising antibody GMTs (95 %CI) were 8.4 (6.3-10.5) vs. 9.0 (7.2-10.8) at day 43 (p = 0.5393) and 11.0 (7.0-14.9) vs. 12.3 (10.3-14.5) at day 60 (p = 0.8578). Neutralising antibody seroconversion rates (95 %CI) were 86.7 % (59.5-98.3) vs 94.1 % (71.3-99.8) at day 43 (p = 0.8727) and 92.8 % (66.1-99.8) vs. 100 % (79.4-100.0) at day 60 (p = 0.8873), in ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg and 6 μg groups, respectively. In phase 2 trial, 268 AEs, (67.2 % moderate in severity) occured in 153 (61.2 %) participants. The most common local and systemic AEs were pain at injection site (23 events in 21 [8.4 %] subjects) and headache (56 events in 47 [18.8 %] subjects), respectively. Pain at injection site was the only AE with a significantly higher frequency in the ERUCoV-VAC groups than in the placebo arm in the phase 2 study (p = 0.0322). ERUCoV-VAC groups were comparable in frequency of AEs (p = 0.4587). ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg and 6 μg groups were comparable neutralising antibody (MNT50): GMTs (95 %CI) were 30.0 (37.9-22.0) vs. 34.9 (47.6-22.1) at day 43 (p = 0.0666) and 34.2 (23.8-44.5) and 39.6 (22.7-58.0) at day 60, (p = 0.2166), respectively. FRNT50 confirmed MNT50 results: SARS-CoV-2 wildtype neutralising antibody GMTs were 28.9 (20.0-37.7) and 30.1 (18.5-41.6) at day 43 (p = 0.3366) and 34.2 (23.8-44.5) and 39.6 (22.7-58.0) at day 60 (p = 0.8777). Neutralising antibody seroconversion rates (95 %CI) were 95.7 % (91.4-99.8) vs. 98.9 % (96.9-100.0) at day 43 (p = 0.8710) and 96.6 % (92.8-100.0) vs 98.9 % (96.7-100.0) at day 60 (p = 0.9129) in ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg and 6 μg groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Two-dose regimens of ERUCoV-VAC 3 μg and 6 μg 28 days both had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and elicited comparable neutralising antibody responses and seroconversion rates exceeding 95 % at day 43 and 60 after the first vaccination. Data availability Data will be made available on request.
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Omma A, Batirel A, Aydin M, Yilmaz Karadag F, Erden A, Kucuksahin O, Armagan B, Güven SC, Karakas O, Gokdemir S, Altunal LN, Buber AA, Gemcioglu E, Zengin O, Inan O, Sahiner ES, Korukluoglu G, Sezer Z, Ozdarendeli A, Kara A, Ates I. Safety and immunogenicity of inactive vaccines as booster doses for COVID-19 in Türkiye: A randomized trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2122503. [PMID: 36315843 PMCID: PMC9746394 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2122503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective neutralizing antibody titers reduce in time after COVID-19 vaccinations, as in individuals who have had COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of CoronaVac and TURKOVAC vaccines used as a booster dose after CoronaVac primary vaccination. This double-blind, randomized, controlled, phase II, multicenter study included healthy male and female adults (18-60 years) who were vaccinated with two doses of CoronaVac vaccine and did not exceed the duration of at least 90 days and a maximum of 270 days from the second dose of vaccination. Among 236 eligible volunteers, 222 were recruited for randomization between July 12, 2021 and September 10, 2021; 108 and 114 were randomized to the TURKOVAC and CoronaVac arms, respectively. The primary endpoint was adverse events (AEs) (ClinicalTrials.gov; Identifier: NCT04979949). On day 28, at the neutralizing antibody threshold of 1/6, the positivity rate reached 100% from 46.2% to 98.2% from 52.6% in the TURKOVAC and CoronaVac arms, respectively, against the Wuhan variant and the positivity rate reached 80.6% from 8.7% in the TURKOVAC arm vs. 71.9% from 14.0% in the CoronaVac arm against the Delta variant. IgG spike antibody positivity rate increased from 57.3% to 98.1% and from 57.9% to 97.4% in the TURKOVAC and CoronaVac arms, respectively. The TURKOVAC and CoronaVac arms were comparable regarding the frequency of overall AEs. Both vaccines administered as booster yielded higher antibody titers with acceptable safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Omma
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye,CONTACT Ahmet Omma Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara06800, Turkey
| | - Ayse Batirel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, International Medical School, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehtap Aydin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Yilmaz Karadag
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Sancaktepe Sehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Orhan Kucuksahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Berkan Armagan
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Ozlem Karakas
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Selim Gokdemir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Lutfiye Nilsun Altunal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aslihan Ayse Buber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Sancaktepe Sehit Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emin Gemcioglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Oguzhan Zengin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Osman Inan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Enes Seyda Sahiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- National Virology Reference Laboratory, General Directorate of Public Health, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Zafer Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye,Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ates Kara
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye,Head of Türkiye Vaccine Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
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Tanriover MD, Aydin OA, Guner R, Yildiz O, Celik I, Doganay HL, Kose S, Akhan S, Akalin EH, Sezer Z, Ozdarendeli A, Unal S. Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of the Two-Dose Schedules of TURKOVAC versus CoronaVac in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Non-Inferiority Phase III Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1865. [PMID: 36366373 PMCID: PMC9698857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the interim results of the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the two-dose schedules of TURKOVAC versus CoronaVac. This was a randomized, observer-blinded, non-inferiority trial (NCT04942405). Volunteers were 18-55 years old and randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive either TURKOVAC or CoronaVac at Day 0 and Day 28, both of which are 3 μg/0.5 mL of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The primary efficacy outcome was the prevention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at least 14 days after the second dose in the modified per-protocol (mPP) group. Safety analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) group. Between 22 June 2021 and 7 January 2022, 1290 participants were randomized. The mITT group consisted of 915 participants, and the mPP group consisted of 732 participants. During a median follow-up of 90 (IQR 86-90) days, the relative risk reduction with TURKOVAC compared to CoronaVac was 41.03% (95% CI 12.95-60.06) for preventing PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19. The incidences of adverse events (AEs) overall were 58.8% in TURKOVAC and 49.7% in CoronaVac arms (p = 0.006), with no fatalities or grade four AEs. TURKOVAC was non-inferior to CoronaVac in terms of efficacy and demonstrated a good safety and tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Durusu Tanriover
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye
- Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ozlem Altuntas Aydin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Başaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, 34480 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Rahmet Guner
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Orhan Yildiz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ilhami Celik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, 38080 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Hamdi Levent Doganay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Park Pendik Hospital, 34899 Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, 34734 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sukran Kose
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, 35020 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sila Akhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Emin Halis Akalin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Zafer Sezer
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Department of Microbiology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, 38030 Kayseri, Türkiye
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Serhat Unal
- Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye
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6
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Pavel STI, Yetiskin H, Uygut MA, Aslan AF, Aydın G, İnan Ö, Kaplan B, Ozdarendeli A. Development of an Inactivated Vaccine against SARS CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1266. [PMID: 34835197 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 with its mutating strains has posed a global threat to safety during this COVID-19 pandemic. Thus far, there are 123 candidate vaccines in human clinical trials and more than 190 candidates in preclinical development worldwide as per the WHO on 1 October 2021. The various types of vaccines that are currently approved for emergency use include viral vectors (e.g., adenovirus, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, Gamaleya Sputnik V, and Johnson & Johnson), mRNA (Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech), and whole inactivated (Sinovac Biotech and Sinopharm) vaccines. Amidst the emerging cases and shortages of vaccines for global distribution, it is vital to develop a vaccine candidate that recapitulates the severe and fatal progression of COVID-19 and further helps to cope with the current outbreak. Hence, we present the preclinical immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and safety evaluation of a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (ERUCoV-VAC) formulated in aluminium hydroxide, in three animal models, BALB/c mice, transgenic mice (K18-hACE2), and ferrets. The hCoV-19/Turkey/ERAGEM-001/2020 strain was used for the safety evaluation of ERUCoV-VAC. It was found that ERUCoV-VAC was highly immunogenic and elicited a strong immune response in BALB/c mice. The protective efficacy of the vaccine in K18-hACE2 showed that ERUCoV-VAC induced complete protection of the mice from a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Similar viral clearance rates with the safety evaluation of the vaccine in upper respiratory tracts were also positively appreciable in the ferret models. ERUCoV-VAC has been authorized by the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency and has now entered phase 3 clinical development (NCT04942405). The name of ERUCoV-VAC has been changed to TURKOVAC in the phase 3 clinical trial.
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