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R R, Thakur P, Kumar N, Saini N, Banerjee S, Singh RP, Patel M, Kumaran S. Multi-oligomeric and catalytically compromised serine acetyltransferase and cysteine regulatory complex of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochimie 2024; 221:110-124. [PMID: 38311199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
l-cysteine, a primary building block of mycothiol, plays an essential role in the defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, it is unclear how Mtb regulates cysteine biosynthesis as no study has reported the cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) in Mtb. Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and cysteine synthase (CS) interact to form CRC. Although MtCS has been characterized well, minimal information is available on MtSAT, which synthesizes, O-acetylserine (OAS), the precursor of cysteine. This study fills the gap and provides experimental evidence for the presence of MtCRC and a non-canonical multi-oligomeric MtSAT. We employed multiple analytical methods to characterize the oligomeric and kinetic properties of MtSAT and MtCRC. Results show that MtSAT, lacking >75 N-terminal amino acids exists in three different assembly states; trimer, hexamer, and dodecamer, compared to the single hexameric state of SAT of other bacteria. While hexamers display the highest catalytic turnover, the trimer is the least active. The predominance of trimers at low physiologically relevant concentrations suggests that MtSAT displays the lowest catalytic potential known. Further, the catalytic potential of MtSAT is also significantly reduced in CRC state, in contrast to enhanced activity of SAT in CRC of other organisms. Our study provides insights into multi-oligomeric MtSAT with reduced catalytic potential and demonstrates that both MtSAT and MtCS of Mycobacterium interact to form CRC, although with altered catalytic properties. We discuss our results in light of the altered biochemistry of the last step of canonical sulfate-dependent cysteine biosynthesis of Mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahisuddin R
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Payal Thakur
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Narender Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Neha Saini
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Shrijta Banerjee
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Ravi Pratap Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Madhuri Patel
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - S Kumaran
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
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Barros RGC, Pereira UC, Andrade JKS, Nogueira JP, de Oliveira CS, Narain N. Process optimization for simultaneous production of phenolic acids and enzymes with high transfructosylation activity in cupuassu ( Theobroma grandiflorum) residue by submerged fermentation with Aspergillus carbonarius. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:3895-3907. [PMID: 36193385 PMCID: PMC9525564 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) generates a large amount of waste, which can be better used to obtain products with high added value through biotechnological processes. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain optimized conditions for the simultaneous production of phenolic acids, invertases and transferases enzymes in cupuassu residue with Aspergillus carbonarius. The main methodologies used to select the variables that influence the system were a Plackett-Burman design, followed by a Central Composite Rotational Design. The optimal conditions were use of 17.3% sucrose, 5.1% residue and 4.6% yeast extract to produce 2204.89 ± 5.75 mg GAE/100 g, 39.84 ± 2.08 U/mL of hydrolytic activity, 168.09 ± 3.81 U/mL of transfructosylation activity and 4.23 ± 0.19 of transfructosylation and hydrolytic activity ratio. Among the phenolic acids identified by the UFLC-DAD system, there was an increase of 148.17% in gallic acid and 205.51% in protocatechuic acid. The antioxidant activities also showed changes after fermentation, with an increase of 350% for the ABTS assay, 51.97% for FRAP, 22.65% for ORAC and 16.03% for DPPH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that cupuassu residue is fermented with Aspergillus carbonarius to obtain invertases and transferases enzymes and phenolic acids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05418-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gleyse Chagas Barros
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Ubatã Corrêa Pereira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Julianna Karla Santana Andrade
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Juliete Pedreira Nogueira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Christean Santos de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Narendra Narain
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
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Yurchenko V, Morozov A. Responses of hepatic biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to humic acid. Fish Physiol Biochem 2022; 48:1-13. [PMID: 34816351 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances, a major component of natural organic matter in surface waters, can induce biotransformation enzyme activities and influence antioxidant defense in fish. The study aimed to provide a molecular basis for the stress responses, the synthesis of biotransformation, and antioxidant enzymes in particular. Adult medaka fish (Hd-rR strain) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of humic acid for 96 h. The actual humic acid concentrations in water were determined photometrically and expressed as organic carbon concentrations. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for protein profile analysis of medaka liver samples. The relative amount of isozymes was determined using the label-free quantification approach. Hepatic biotransformation enzyme activities were measured as well. Thus, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity showed a pronounced induction at the highest tested concentration (9.4 mg C/L). Various biotransformation and antioxidant isozymes responded to humic acid differently, reflecting a balanced interplay of proteins that ensures the metabolism of humic acid in fish liver. Some isozymes were not affected by humic acid. The study provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms of the fish stress response to the humic acid-related challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Yurchenko
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia.
| | - Alexey Morozov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
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Karnsakul W, Wasuwanich P, Ingviya T, Vasilescu A, Carson KA, Mogayzel PJ, Schwarz KB. A longitudinal assessment of non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose and predict cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:546-552. [PMID: 32482593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A practical, inexpensive, and non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis is needed as a reliable screening test for cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD). Studies have shown the utility of AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as good biomarkers for identifying CFLD. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of APRI, FIB-4, AST/ALT ratio, platelet count, GGT, and GGT platelet ratio (GPR) in predicting CFLD development. METHODS Data was collected from CF Foundation Patient Registry for patients aged 3-21 years at Johns Hopkins from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2014. Collected data included demographic characteristics, presence of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, and variceal bleeding, AST, ALT, GGT, platelet count, and FEV1. The sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker were analyzed and reported by the area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. RESULTS By the end of the study, 144 "healthy" CF, 12 CFLD, 19 CF-associated pulmonary disease (CFPD), and 4 CFLD with CFPD cases were identified. APRI scores were higher in CFLD, 0.85 versus 0.28 in "healthy" CF and 0.23 in CFPD groups (p<0.001). GPR had the highest AUROC curve at 0.91. CONCLUSIONS GPR, GGT, APRI score, and platelet count were potentially useful biomarkers while FIB-4 did not predict CFLD development. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to analyze the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikrom Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul Wasuwanich
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Medical Data Center for Research and Innovation, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Vasilescu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn A Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Mogayzel
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Munakata R, Takemura T, Tatsumi K, Moriyoshi E, Yanagihara K, Sugiyama A, Suzuki H, Seki H, Muranaka T, Kawano N, Yoshimatsu K, Kawahara N, Yamaura T, Grosjean J, Bourgaud F, Hehn A, Yazaki K. Isolation of Artemisia capillaris membrane-bound di-prenyltransferase for phenylpropanoids and redesign of artepillin C in yeast. Commun Biol 2019; 2:384. [PMID: 31646187 PMCID: PMC6802118 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various prenylated phenolic metabolites, including flavonoids, phloroglucinols, and coumarins, many of which have multiple prenyl moieties and display various biological activities. Prenylated phenylpropanes, such as artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-p-coumaric acid), exhibit a broad range of pharmaceutical effects. To date, however, no prenyltransferases (PTs) involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanes and no plant enzymes that introduce multiple prenyl residues to native substrates with different regio-specificities have been identified. This study describes the isolation from Artemisia capillaris of a phenylpropane-specific PT gene, AcPT1, belonging to UbiA superfamily. This gene encodes a membrane-bound enzyme, which accepts p-coumaric acid as its specific substrate and transfers two prenyl residues stepwise to yield artepillin C. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular evolution of this gene family, contributing to the chemical diversification of plant specialized metabolites. These results also enabled the design of a yeast platform for the synthetic biology of artepillin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, LAE, F54000 Nancy, France
| | - Tomoya Takemura
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Eiko Moriyoshi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Koki Yanagihara
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research & Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Takao Yamaura
- The Yamashina Botanical Research Institute, Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd., 39 Sakanotsuji-cho, Ohyake, Yamashina-ku Kyoto, 607-8182 Japan
| | | | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- Plant Advanced Technologies – PAT, 19 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, LAE, F54000 Nancy, France
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
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Seong Eun J, Hyeun-Kyoo S, Hyekyung H. Inhibitory potential of three Yin-tonification herbal formulas on the activities of human major cytochrome P450 and UDP- glucuronosyl transferases isozymes in vitro. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018; 38:511-522. [PMID: 32186076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of Yin-tonification herbal formulas Jaeumganghwa-tang (Ziyin Jianghuo Tang, JEGHT), Ssanghwa-tang (Shuanghe Tang, SHT) and Yukmijihwang-tang (Liuwei Di huang Tang, YMJHT) on the activities of human major cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases isozymes (UGTs) in vitro. METHODS The activities of CYP450s (CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1) and UGTs (UGT1A1, UGT1A4 and UGT2B7) were assessed using in vitro fluorescence- and luminescence-based enzyme assays, respectively. The effects of herbal formulas on the activities of CYP450s and UGTs were presented as IC50 values. RESULTS JEGHT showed the potent inhibition of the CYP2D6 activity, with weak inhibition on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A4 and UGT2B7. SHT inhibited the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, whereas the negligible inhibition of the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A4 and UGT2B7 through SHT was observed. YMJHT inhibited CYP2E1 activity, with a negligible inhibition on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT1A4 and UGT2B7. CONCLUSION These findings provide information about the potential interactions between three Yin-tonifi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seong Eun
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hyeun-Kyoo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Hyekyung
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Unissa AN, Sukumar S, Hanna LE. The Role of N-Acetyl Transferases on Isoniazid Resistance from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human: An In Silico Approach. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:255-264. [PMID: 28747958 PMCID: PMC5526952 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.80.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-acetyl transferase (NAT) inactivates the pro-drug isoniazid (INH) to N-acetyl INH through a process of acetylation, and confers low-level resistance to INH in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Similar to NAT of MTB, NAT2 in humans performs the same function of acetylation. Rapid acetylators, may not respond to INH treatment efficiently, and could be a potential risk factor, for the development of INH resistance in humans. Methods To understand the contribution of NAT of MTB and NAT2 of humans in developing INH resistance using in silico approaches, in this study, the wild type (WT) and mutant (MT)-NATs of MTB, and humans, were modeled and docked, with substrates and product (acetyl CoA, INH, and acetyl INH). The MT models were built, using templates 4BGF of MTB, and 2PFR of humans. Results On the basis of docking results of MTB-NAT, it can be suggested that in comparison to the WT, binding affinity of MT-G207R, was found to be lower with acetyl CoA, and higher with acetyl-INH and INH. In case of MT-NAT2 from humans, the pattern of score with respect to acetyl CoA and acetyl-INH, was similar to MT-NAT of MTB, but revealed a decrease in INH score. Conclusion In MTB, MT-NAT revealed high affinity towards acetyl-INH, which can be interpreted as increased formation of acetyl-INH, and therefore, may lead to INH resistance through inactivation of INH. Similarly, in MT-NAT2 (rapid acetylators), acetylation occurs rapidly, serving as a possible risk factor for developing INH resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameeruddin Nusrath Unissa
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Swathi Sukumar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
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Antonopoulou I, Varriale S, Topakas E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Faraco V. Enzymatic synthesis of bioactive compounds with high potential for cosmeceutical application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6519-6543. [PMID: 27276911 PMCID: PMC4939304 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active ingredients purporting to offer a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit. The active ingredients can be extracted and purified from natural sources (botanicals, herbal extracts, or animals) but can also be obtained biotechnologically by fermentation and cell cultures or by enzymatic synthesis and modification of natural compounds. A cosmeceutical ingredient should possess an attractive property such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin whitening, anti-aging, anti-wrinkling, or photoprotective activity, among others. During the past years, there has been an increased interest on the enzymatic synthesis of bioactive esters and glycosides based on (trans)esterification, (trans)glycosylation, or oxidation reactions. Natural bioactive compounds with exceptional theurapeutic properties and low toxicity may offer a new insight into the design and development of potent and beneficial cosmetics. This review gives an overview of the enzymatic modifications which are performed currently for the synthesis of products with attractive properties for the cosmeceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io Antonopoulou
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Simona Varriale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15700, Athens, Greece
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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Yong HS, Eamsobhana P, Lim PE, Razali R, Aziz FA, Rosli NSM, Poole-Johnson J, Anwar A. Draft genome of neurotropic nematode parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis. Acta Trop 2015; 148:51-7. [PMID: 25910624 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a bursate nematode parasite that causes eosinophilic meningitis (or meningoencephalitis) in humans in many parts of the world. The genomic data from A. cantonensis will form a useful resource for comparative genomic and chemogenomic studies to aid the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. We have sequenced, assembled and annotated the genome of A. cantonensis. The genome size is estimated to be ∼260 Mb, with 17,280 genomic scaffolds, 91X coverage, 81.45% for complete and 93.95% for partial score based on CEGMA analysis of genome completeness. The number of predicted genes of ≥300 bp was 17,482. A total of 7737 predicted protein-coding genes of ≥50 amino acids were identified in the assembled genome. Among the proteins of known function, kinases are the most abundant followed by transferases. The draft genome contains 34 excretory-secretory proteins (ES), a minimum of 44 Nematode Astacin (NAS) metalloproteases, 12 Homeobox (HOX) genes, and 30 neurotransmitters. The assembled genome size (260 Mb) is larger than those of Pristionchus pacificus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Necator americanus, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Trichinella spiralis, Brugia malayi and Loa loa, but smaller than Haemonchus contortus and Ascaris suum. The repeat content (25%) is similar to H. contortus. The GC content (41.17%) is lower compared to P. pacificus (42.7%) and H. contortus (43.1%) but higher compared to C. briggsae (37.69%), A. suum (37.9%) and N. americanus (40.2%) while the scaffold N50 is 42,191. This draft genome will facilitate the understanding of many unresolved issues on the parasite and the disorder it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Sen Yong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Praphathip Eamsobhana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Phaik-Eem Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozaimi Razali
- Sengenics HIR, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Arif Anwar
- Sengenics HIR, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gökcan H, Konuklar FAS. Stereoelectronic explanations for the mechanistic details of transimination and HF elimination reactions. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 51:173-83. [PMID: 24929816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The β-fluoroamines are commonly used as substrate analogs to determine the mechanistic details of enzymatic reactions. Presence of fluorine atom gives rise to the alterations in the electronic profile and the pKa of molecules which results in mechanistic deviations. The fluorine-substituted mechanism-based substrate analogs are widely used in the inactivation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. The presence of fluorine atom also alters the sequence of reactions taking place in PLP-dependent enzymes where the HF elimination reaction appears in between the transimination and inactivation reactions. Despite the amount of the works on β-fluoroamines, the effect of stereoelectronic differences on the transimination and HF elimination reactions taking place in PLP-dependent enzymes has not been investigated yet. A density functional theory study is conducted to elucidate mechanistic details of the reactions occurring in PLP-dependent enzymes. In order to understand the mechanistic insights of different isomers and the effect of the fluorine atom, 4-amino-3-fluorobutanoic acid (3-F-GABA) enantiomers are chosen to be investigated besides 4-aminobutanoic acid (GABA), which is the natural substrate for γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT). The investigated β-fluoroamines are the experimentally proposed potential inhibitors of PLP-dependent enzyme GABA-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Gökcan
- Istanbul Technical University, Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering Division, Ayazağa Campus, 34496 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Aylin Sungur Konuklar
- Istanbul Technical University, Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering Division, Ayazağa Campus, 34496 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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