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Liversedge SP, Olkoniemi H, Zang C, Li X, Yan G, Bai X, Hyönä J. Universality in eye movements and reading: A replication with increased power. Cognition 2024; 242:105636. [PMID: 37857054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Liversedge, Drieghe, Li, Yan, Bai and Hyönä (2016) reported an eye movement study that investigated reading in Chinese, Finnish and English (languages with markedly different orthographic characteristics). Analyses of the eye movement records showed robust differences in fine grained characteristics of eye movements between languages, however, overall sentence reading times did not differ. Liversedge et al. interpreted the entire set of results across languages as reflecting universal aspects of processing in reading. However, the study has been criticized as being statistically underpowered (Brysbaert, 2019) given that only 19-21 subjects were tested in each language. Also, given current best practice, the original statistical analyses can be considered to be somewhat weak (e.g., no inclusion of random slopes and no formal comparison of performance between the three languages). Finally, the original study did not include any formal statistical model to assess effects across all three languages simultaneously. To address these (and some other) concerns, we tested at least 80 new subjects in each language and conducted formal statistical modeling of our data across all three languages. To do this, we included an index that captured variability in visual complexity in each language. Unlike the original findings, the new analyses showed shorter total sentence reading times for Chinese relative to Finnish and English readers. The other main findings reported in the original study were consistent. We suggest that the faster reading times for Chinese subjects occurred due to cultural changes that have taken place in the decade or so that lapsed between when the original and current subjects were tested. We maintain our view that the results can be taken to reflect universality in aspects of reading and we evaluate the claims regarding a lack of statistical power that were levelled against the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chuanli Zang
- University of Central Lancashire, UK; Tianjin Normal University, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Normal University, PR China
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Greulich P. Quantitative Modelling in Stem Cell Biology and Beyond: How to Make Best Use of It. Curr Stem Cell Rep 2023; 9:67-76. [PMID: 38145009 PMCID: PMC10739548 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-023-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This article gives a broad overview of quantitative modelling approaches in biology and provides guidance on how to employ them to boost stem cell research, by helping to answer biological questions and to predict the outcome of biological processes. Recent Findings The twenty-first century has seen a steady increase in the proportion of cell biology publications employing mathematical modelling to aid experimental research. However, quantitative modelling is often used as a rather decorative element to confirm experimental findings, an approach which often yields only marginal added value, and is in many cases scientifically questionable. Summary Quantitative modelling can boost biological research in manifold ways, but one has to take some careful considerations before embarking on a modelling campaign, in order to maximise its added value, to avoid pitfalls that may lead to wrong results, and to be aware of its fundamental limitations, imposed by the risks of over-fitting and "universality".
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Greulich
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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3
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Wang S, Li H, Dong K, Shu W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhao R, Wei S, Feng D, Xiao X, Zhang W. A universal and specific RNA biosensor via DNA circuit-mediated PAM-independent CRISPR/Cas12a and PolyA-rolling circle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 226:115139. [PMID: 36774734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Point of care testing (POCT) has important clinical significance for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of diseases. At present, the biosensor based on CRISPR/Cas12a has become a powerful diagnostic tool due to its high sensitivity. However, CRISPR/Cas12a requires PAM sequence to recognize target double strand and only can recognize specific sequence, so it is not universal. The current RNA detection techniques either lack consideration for specificity and universality, are expensive and difficult, or both. Therefore, it is crucial to create a CRISPR/Cas12a-based RNA detection system that is easy to use, cheap, specific, and universal in order to further its use in molecular diagnostics. Here, we established a DNA circuit-mediated PAM-independent CRISPR/Cas12a coupled PolyA-rolling circle amplification for RNA detection biosensor, namely DCPRBiosensor. The DCPRBiosensor not only functions as a simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive RNA detection sensor, but it also boasts innovative specificity and universality features. More importantly, DCPRBiosensor removes the PAM restriction of CRISPR/Cas12a. The DCPRBiosensor's detection limit reached 100 aM and it had a linear relationship between 100 aM and 10 pM. We detected four piRNAs to verify the universality and stability of DCPRBiosensor. Then, we verified that DCPRBiosensor has good discrimination ability for single-base mismatch. Finally, we successfully detected piRNA in DLD-1 and HCT-116 cells and urine mixed samples within 4.5 h. In conclusion, we believe that DCPRBiosensor will have a substantial impact on both the development of CRISPR/as12a's applications and the investigation of the clinical value of piRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Haojia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Kejun Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Wan Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Sitian Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Dilu Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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4
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Basnight-Brown D, Janssen SMJ, Thomas AK. Exploration of human cognitive universals and human cognitive diversity. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:505-8. [PMID: 36859524 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
In this editorial, the editors briefly introduce the aims of the Special Issue. If the goal of the scientific field of Cognitive Psychology is to improve our understanding of human cognition, then research needs to be conducted on a much broader slice of humanity than it has mostly been doing. The first aim of this Special Issue was to examine cognitive processes in populations that are different from the typical Western young adult samples often used in previously published studies. Studies in this issue therefore included both non-WEIRD participants as well as WEIRD participants who process information using different sensory experiences (e.g., individuals who are deaf). The second aim was to amplify - where possible - the research of scholars from less well-represented regions. The authors of the studies were affiliated with a diverse range of academic institutes and frequently included partnerships between Western and non-Western investigators.
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Wang H, Liu R, Dong K, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xiao X, Zhang W, Wang X. A universal and sensitive gene mutation detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12a. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340886. [PMID: 36764772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide mutations are highly related to the occurrence and development of cancer. The development of simple single nucleotide mutation detection methods with high sensitivity and specificity has great clinical significance for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of cancer. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas12a has been developed as a highly sensitive, simple and fast tool for nucleic acid detection. However, the specificity and universality of current detection methods based on it are still insufficient, so their clinical applications are limited. Herein, we developed a simple and rapid single nucleotide mutation detection method based on CRISPR/Cas12a system. This method not only solves the problem of PAM sequence restriction of CRISPR/Cas12a, but also significantly improves the specificity of CRISPR/Cas12a for single nucleotide mutation and greatly improves the sensitivity. We detected three clinically significant mutations, PTEN R130Q, BRAF V600E, and TP53 R248W, with a detection limit of 0.1%. Finally, we further verified the clinical practicability of this method. We selected TP53 R248W mutation site for testing. The accuracy of testing results for 10 clinical samples was as high as 100%. In conclusion, the detection method of specific PCR combined with CRISPR/Cas12a is simple, rapid, universal and highly sensitive. We believe that this method has promising application prospects in clinical diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China; Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kejun Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China.
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Markwalder U, Saalbach H, Schalk L. Elephants are Gray: Linguistic Sensitivity and the Use of Generic Utterances in Pedagogical and Nonpedagogical Contexts. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13173. [PMID: 35738505 PMCID: PMC9286666 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that humans adapt their language depending on context. This linguistic sensitivity has been suggested to indicate a natural pedagogy shared by all humans. This sensitivity has, however, only been demonstrated with English‐speaking samples thus far. In two studies, we followed the experimental procedure of the original study to replicate their findings with German‐speaking samples. With Study 2 conducted in the diglossic environment of the German‐speaking part of Switzerland, we were additionally able to provide a first test for whether this sensitivity is restricted to the language spoken in formal educational settings or occurs also in everyday language. Across both studies, we found a more frequent use of generic utterances in the pedagogical context than in the nonpedagogical context, both in Germany (Study 1) and in Switzerland (Study 2). These results and the strong effect sizes provide clear support for a natural pedagogy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Saalbach
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University.,Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, Leipzig University
| | - Lennart Schalk
- Institute for Research on Instruction and Subject-Specific Education, PH Schwyz
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Joe K, Gooyabadi M. Methodology for using a Bayesian nonparametric model to uncover universal patterns in color naming. MethodsX 2021; 8:101572. [PMID: 35004206 PMCID: PMC8720911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Language is an integral part of society which enables communication among its members. To shed light on how words gain their meaning and how their meaning evolves over time, color naming is often used as a case study. The color domain can be defined by a physical space, making it a useful concept for studying denotation of meaning. Though humans can distinguish millions of colors, language provides us with a small, manageable set of terms for categorizing the space. Partitions of the color space vary across different language groups and evolve over time (e.g. new color terms may enter a language). Investigating universal patterns in color naming provides insight into the mechanisms that give rise to the observed data. Recently, computational techniques have been utilized to study this phenomenon. Here, we develop a methodology for transforming a color naming data set-namely, the World Color Survey-which is based on constraints imposed by the stimulus space. This transformed data is used to initialize a nonparametric Bayesian machine learning model in order to implement a culture and theory-independent study of universal color naming patterns across different language groups. All of the methods described are executed by our Python software package called ColorBBDP. • Data from the World Color Survey is transformed from its original format into binary features vectors which can be given as input to the Beta-Bernoulli Dirichlet Process Mixture Model. • This paper provides a specific application of Variational Inference on the Beta-Bernoulli Dirichlet Process Mixture Model towards a color naming data set. • New mathematical measures for performing post-cluster analyses are also detailed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirbi Joe
- Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Maryam Gooyabadi
- Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
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8
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Rodriguez Q. Idealizations and analogies: Explaining critical phenomena. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2021; 89:235-247. [PMID: 34500144 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The "universality" of critical phenomena is much discussed in philosophy of scientific explanation, idealizations and philosophy of physics. Lange and Reutlinger recently opposed Batterman concerning the role of some deliberate distortions in unifying a large class of phenomena, regardless of microscopic constitution. They argue for an essential explanatory role for "commonalities" rather than that of idealizations. Building on Batterman's insight, this article aims to show that assessing the differences between the universality of critical phenomena and two paradigmatic cases of "commonality strategy"-the ideal gas model and the harmonic oscillator model-is necessary to avoid the objections raised by Lange and Reutlinger. Taking these universal explanations as benchmarks for critical phenomena reveals the importance of the different roles played by analogies underlying the use of the models. A special combination of physical and formal analogies allows one to explain the epistemic autonomy of the universality of critical phenomena through an explicative loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Rodriguez
- Université Clermont Auvergne, PHIER, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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9
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Witkower Z, Hill AK, Koster J, Tracy JL. Beyond Face Value: Evidence for the Universality of Bodily Expressions of Emotion. Affect Sci 2021; 2:221-229. [PMID: 36059900 PMCID: PMC9382937 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Research on emotion communication typically focuses on facial expressions, yet scientists dating back to Darwin have noted the importance of the body in conveying emotions. In fact, studies have found that the body is reliably used to express and recognize anger, fear, and sadness, by individuals in several industrialized populations. Here, we provide the first evidence that bodily expressions of these three emotions are reliably recognized by members of an isolated small-scale traditional society: the Mayangna of Nicaragua. Specifically, we found that recognition rates for sadness and anger bodily expressions were high, and recognition rates for a fear bodily expression were lower but still significantly greater than chance. Given that the Mayangna are unlikely to have learned these bodily expressions through cross-cultural transmission, their ability to recognize these displays provides strong evidence for the universality of each expression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00052-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Witkower
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6K 1Z4 Canada
| | | | | | - Jessica L. Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6K 1Z4 Canada
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Nazarenko T, Blyuss O, Whitwell H, Zaikin A. Ensemble of correlation, parenclitic and synolitic graphs as a tool to detect universal changes in complex biological systems: Comment on "Dynamic and thermodynamic models of adaptation" by A.N. Gorban et al. Phys Life Rev 2021; 38:120-123. [PMID: 34090824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nazarenko
- Department of Mathematics and Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- Department of Mathematics and Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK; School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Harfield, UK; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Harry Whitwell
- National Phenome Centre and Imperial Clinical Phenotyping Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, IRDB Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK; Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Department of Mathematics and Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Cipolloni G, Erdős L, Schröder D. Edge universality for non-Hermitian random matrices. Probab Theory Relat Fields 2021; 179:1-28. [PMID: 33707804 DOI: 10.1007/s00440-020-01003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We consider large non-Hermitian real or complex random matrices \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$X$$\end{document}X with independent, identically distributed centred entries. We prove that their local eigenvalue statistics near the spectral edge, the unit circle, coincide with those of the Ginibre ensemble, i.e. when the matrix elements of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
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\begin{document}$$X$$\end{document}X are Gaussian. This result is the non-Hermitian counterpart of the universality of the Tracy–Widom distribution at the spectral edges of the Wigner ensemble.
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Abstract
Echo state networks (ESNs) have been recently proved to be universal approximants for input/output systems with respect to various Lp-type criteria. When 1≤p<∞, only p-integrability hypotheses need to be imposed, while in the case p=∞ a uniform boundedness hypotheses on the inputs is required. This note shows that, in the last case, a universal family of ESNs can be constructed that contains exclusively elements that have the echo state and the fading memory properties. This conclusion could not be drawn with the results and methods available so far in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gonon
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathematics Institute, Theresienstrasse 39, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Juan-Pablo Ortega
- Universität Sankt Gallen, Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Bodanstrasse 6, CH-9000 Sankt Gallen, Switzerland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
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Abstract
The rate coding response of a single peripheral sensory neuron in the asymptotic, near-equilibrium limit can be derived using information theory, asymptotic Bayesian statistics and a theory of complex systems. Almost no biological knowledge is required. The theoretical expression shows good agreement with spike-frequency adaptation data across different sensory modalities and animal species. The approach permits the discovery of a new neurophysiological equation and shares similarities with statistical physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3G4, Canada.
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Childs KK, Gryglewicz K, Elligson R Jr. An Assessment of the Utility of the Youth Mental Health First Aid Training: Effectiveness, Satisfaction, and Universality. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:1581-91. [PMID: 32285372 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) is a training program developed to educate child-serving professionals on how to properly identify and respond to mental health needs among children and adolescents. The current study tested the utility of the training by examining the effectiveness, satisfaction, and universality across child-serving occupations. Data collected from 893 child-serving professionals was used to compare training effectiveness and training experiences across four different occupational settings (child welfare, education, support services, and the justice system). Using a pretest/posttest survey design, strong support for the effectiveness of YMHFA (i.e. knowledge, confidence, preparedness, and intentions to intervene), satisfaction with the training program, and universality of effectiveness and satisfaction across the occupational groups was found. Results highlight the utility of YMHFA across different sectors of child-serving agencies and support its sustainability.
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Assefa Y, Hill PS, Van Damme W, Dean J, Gilks CF. Leaving no one behind: lessons from implementation of policies for universal HIV treatment to universal health coverage. Global Health 2020; 16:17. [PMID: 32093771 PMCID: PMC7038514 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG - 3) aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. SDG-3 has a specific target on universal health coverage (UHC), which emphasizes the importance of all people and communities having access to quality health services without risking financial hardship. The objective of this study is to review progress towards UHC using antiretroviral treatment (ART) as a case study. METHODS We used a mixed-methods design including qualitative and quantitative approaches. We reviewed and synthesised the evidence on the evolution of the WHO HIV treatment guidelines between 2002 and 2019. We calculated ART coverage over time by gender, age group, and location. We also estimated ART coverage differences and ratios. FINDINGS ART guidelines have evolved from "treating the sickest" to "treating all". ART coverage increased globally from under 7% in 2005 to 62% in 2018. There have been successes in increasing ART coverage in all populations and locations. However, progress varies by population and location in many regions. There is inequity in ART coverage: women (68%) versus men (55%), and adults (62%) versus children (54%). This inequity has widened over time, and with expanded ART eligibility criteria. On the other hand, data from at least one high-burden country (Ethiopia) shows that inequity among regions has narrowed over time due to the improvements in the primary health care systems and implementation of the public health approach in the country. CONCLUSION ART coverage has increased at global, regional and national levels to all population groups. However, the gains have not been equitable among locations and populations. Policies towards universality may widen the inequity in resource-limited settings unless countries take precautions and "put the last first". We argue that primary health care and public health approaches, with multi-sectoral actions and community engagement, are vital to minimize inequity, achieve UHC and leave no one behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter S. Hill
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Judith Dean
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles F. Gilks
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Yang Q, Lv Z, Liu L, Peng H, Song X, Wang J. Spiking neural P systems with multiple channels and polarizations. Biosystems 2019; 185:104020. [PMID: 31437527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate a new variant of spiking neural P systems (SNP systems, in short), called spiking neural P systems with multiple channels and polarizations (SNP-MCP systems, in short). The variant integrates two interesting features: multiple channel and polarization. Each neuron can use its multiple channels to connect one or more subsequent sets of neurons. Moreover, both polarizations and regular expressions are used in rules to control the spiking of neurons. The computational power of the variant is discussed. The Turing universality of the variant as number generating/accepting devices is proven, and then a small universal system with 150 neurons is constructed to compute any Turing computable function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zeqiong Lv
- School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Liucheng Liu
- School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hong Peng
- School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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17
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Abstract
Hypotheses derived from models can be tested in an empirical study: If the model reliably fails to predict behavior, it can be dismissed or modified. Models can also be evaluated before data are collected: More useful models have a high level of empirical content (Popper in Logik der Forschung, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 1934), i.e., they make precise predictions (degree of precision) for many events (level of universality). I apply these criteria to reflect on some critical aspects of Kirsch's (Cognit Process, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-019-00904-3 ) unifying computational model of decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jekel
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Straße 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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18
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León-Cortés JL, Leal Fernández G, Sánchez-Pérez HJ. Health reform in Mexico: governance and potential outcomes. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:30. [PMID: 30732653 PMCID: PMC6367748 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-0929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adopting key mechanisms to restructure public policy in developing countries is a crucial political task. The strengthening of infrastructure of health services, care quality, monitoring and population health; all might contribute to assuring the functionality of a national system for health monitoring and care. Over the last decades, the Mexican government has launched wide-ranging political reforms aiming to overcome socioeconomic and environmental problems, namely health, education, finances, energy and pension. The proposed (but yet not implemented) health reform in Mexico during E. Peña Nieto’s administration (2012–2018) pretended an adjustment in Article 4 of the Mexican Constitution to compact medical care and reduce the State’s responsibility to a provision of minimum health packages for the population. Here we use a simple analytical model to describe and interprete the concepts of context, process, actors and content and the outcome of three of the most important resulting components of this intended reform i.e. universality, basic packages, and ‘outsourcing’. In light of the start of the Mexico’s new federal administration, we argue that, if not properly defined by all actors, the implementation of such structural health reform in Mexico would precipitate a model of private/public association exacerbating a crisis of political representation, human rights, justice and governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L León-Cortés
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana & Av. Periférico Sur S/N, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. .,Network GRAAL (Research Groups for America and Africa Latins), San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo Leal Fernández
- Unidad Xochimilco, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Delegación Coyoacán, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor J Sánchez-Pérez
- Network GRAAL (Research Groups for America and Africa Latins), San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.,Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana & Av. Periférico Sur S/N, 29290, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
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19
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Zhu Q, Teng F, Wang Z, Wang Y, Lu N. Confining analyte droplets on visible Si pillars for improving reproducibility and sensitivity of SALDI-TOF MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1135-42. [PMID: 30623222 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-01565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a universal method to efficiently improve reproducibility and sensitivity of surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF MS). In this method, the Si pillar array with unique surface wettability is used as substrate for ionizing analyte. The Si pillar is fabricated based on the combination of photolithography and metal-assisted chemical etching, which is of hydrophilic top and hydrophobic bottom and side wall. Based on the surface wettability of the Si pillar, a droplet of an aqueous analyte solution can be confined on the top of the Si pillar. After evaporation of solvent, an analyte deposition spot is formed on the top of Si pillar. The visible size of the Si pillar allows the sample spot to be easily found. Meanwhile, the diameter of the Si pillar is smaller than that of the laser, allowing the observation of all analyte molecules under one laser shot. Therefore, the reproducibility and sensitivity are highly improved with this method, which allows for the quantitative analysis. Furthermore, this method is applicable for different analytes dissolved in water, including amino acids, dye molecules, polypeptides, and polymers. The application of this substrate is demonstrated by analyzing real samples at low concentration. It should be a promising method for sensitive and reproducible detection for SALDI-TOF MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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20
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Abásolo I, Saez M, López-Casasnovas G. Financial crisis and income-related inequalities in the universal provision of a public service: the case of healthcare in Spain. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:134. [PMID: 28738806 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this paper is to analyse whether the recent recession has altered health care utilisation patterns of different income groups in Spain. Methods Based on information concerning individuals ‘income and health care use, along with health need indicators and demographic characteristics (provided by the Spanish National Health Surveys from 2006/07 and 2011/12), econometric models are estimated in two parts (mixed logistic regressions and truncated negative binominal regressions) for each of the public health services studied (family doctor appointments, appointments with specialists, hospitalisations, emergencies and prescription drug use). Results The results show that the principle of universal access to public health provision does not in fact prevent a financial crisis from affecting certain income groups more than others in their utilisation of public health services. Conclusions Specifically, in relative terms the recession has been more detrimental to low-income groups in the cases of specialist appointments and hospitalisations, whereas it has worked to their advantage in the cases of emergency services and family doctor appointments.
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21
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Ispolatov Y. Small-scale universality and large-scale diversity: Comment on "Drivers of structural features in gene regulatory networks: From biophysical constraints to biological function" by O.C. Martin, A. Krzywicki, and M. Zagorski. Phys Life Rev 2016; 17:163-5. [PMID: 27341748 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Das SR, Mohammed AMS, Maize K, Sadeque S, Shakouri A, Janes DB, Alam MA. Evidence of Universal Temperature Scaling in Self-Heated Percolating Networks. Nano Lett 2016; 16:3130-3136. [PMID: 27070737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During routine operation, electrically percolating nanocomposites are subjected to high voltages, leading to spatially heterogeneous current distribution. The heterogeneity implies localized self-heating that may (self-consistently) reroute the percolation pathways and even irreversibly damage the material. In the absence of experiments that can spatially resolve the current distribution and a nonlinear percolation model suitable to interpret them, one relies on empirical rules and safety factors to engineer these materials. In this paper, we use ultrahigh resolution thermo-reflectance imaging, coupled with a new imaging processing technique, to map the spatial distribution ΔT(x, y; I) and histogram f(ΔT) of temperature rise due to self-heating in two types of 2D networks (percolating and copercolating). Remarkably, we find that the self-heating can be described by a simple two-parameter Weibull distribution, even under voltages high enough to reconfigure the percolation pathways. Given the generality of the phenomenological argument supporting the distribution, other percolating networks are likely to show similar stress distribution in response to sufficiently large stimuli. Furthermore, the spatial evolution of the self-heating of network was investigated by analyzing the spatial distribution and spatial correlation, respectively. An estimation of degree of hotspot clustering reveals a mechanism analogous to crystallization physics. The results should encourage nonlinear generalization of percolation models necessary for predictive engineering of nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprem R Das
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Amr M S Mohammed
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kerry Maize
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sajia Sadeque
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ali Shakouri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David B Janes
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Ajanki OH, Erdős L, Krüger T. Local Spectral Statistics of Gaussian Matrices with Correlated Entries. J Stat Phys 2016; 163:280-302. [PMID: 27418707 PMCID: PMC4926669 DOI: 10.1007/s10955-016-1479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We prove optimal local law, bulk universality and non-trivial decay for the off-diagonal elements of the resolvent for a class of translation invariant Gaussian random matrix ensembles with correlated entries.
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24
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Liversedge SP, Drieghe D, Li X, Yan G, Bai X, Hyönä J. Universality in eye movements and reading: A trilingual investigation. Cognition 2015; 147:1-20. [PMID: 26605961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Universality in language has been a core issue in the fields of linguistics and psycholinguistics for many years (e.g., Chomsky, 1965). Recently, Frost (2012) has argued that establishing universals of process is critical to the development of meaningful, theoretically motivated, cross-linguistic models of reading. In contrast, other researchers argue that there is no such thing as universals of reading (e.g., Coltheart & Crain, 2012). Reading is a complex, visually mediated psychological process, and eye movements are the behavioural means by which we encode the visual information required for linguistic processing. To investigate universality of representation and process across languages we examined eye movement behaviour during reading of very comparable stimuli in three languages, Chinese, English and Finnish. These languages differ in numerous respects (character based vs. alphabetic, visual density, informational density, word spacing, orthographic depth, agglutination, etc.). We used linear mixed modelling techniques to identify variables that captured common variance across languages. Despite fundamental visual and linguistic differences in the orthographies, statistical models of reading behaviour were strikingly similar in a number of respects, and thus, we argue that their composition might reflect universality of representation and process in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Normal University, PR China
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25
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Braun E, Marom S. Universality, complexity and the praxis of biology: Two case studies. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2015; 53:68-72. [PMID: 25903120 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of biology provides a prime example for a naturally occurring complex system. The approach to this complexity reflects the tension between a reductionist, reverse-engineering stance, and more abstract, systemic ones. Both of us are reductionists, but our observations challenge reductionism, at least the naive version of it. Here we describe the challenge, focusing on two universal characteristics of biological complexity: two-way microscopic-macroscopic degeneracy, and lack of time scale separation within and between levels of organization. These two features and their consequences for the praxis of experimental biology, reflect inherent difficulties in separating the dynamics of any given level of organization from the coupled dynamics of all other levels, including the environment within which the system is embedded. Where these difficulties are not deeply acknowledged, the impacts of fallacies that are inherent to naive reductionism are significant. In an era where technology enables experimental high-resolution access to numerous observables, the challenge faced by the mature reductionist-identification of relevant microscopic variables-becomes more demanding than ever. The demonstrations provided here are taken from two very different biological realizations: populations of microorganisms and populations of neurons, thus making the lesson potentially general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Braun
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Shimon Marom
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.
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26
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Barberis L, Pasquale MA, Condat CA. Joint fitting reveals hidden interactions in tumor growth. J Theor Biol 2015; 365:420-32. [PMID: 25451531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is often the result of the simultaneous development of two or more cancer cell populations. Crucial to the system evolution are the interactions between these populations. To obtain information about these interactions we apply the recently developed vector universality (VUN) formalism to various instances of competition between tumor populations. The formalism allows us (a) to quantify the growth mechanisms of a HeLa cell colony, describing the phenotype switching responsible for its fast expansion, (b) to reliably reconstruct the evolution of the necrotic and viable fractions in both in vitro and in vivo tumors using data for the time dependences of the total masses alone, and (c) to show how the shedding of cells leading to subspheroid formation is beneficial to both the spheroid and subspheroid populations, suggesting that shedding is a strong positive influence on cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barberis
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos, CONICET - UNLP, La Plata, Argentina; Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
| | - M A Pasquale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, CONICET - UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C A Condat
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET - UNC, Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
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27
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Basu M, Bhattacharyya NP, Mohanty PK. Universality splitting in distribution of number of miRNA co-targets. Syst Synth Biol 2014; 8:21-6. [PMID: 24592288 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a recent work (Basu et al., in EPL 105:28007, 2014) it was pointed out that the link-weight distribution of microRNA co-target network of a wide class of species are universal up to scaling. The number cell types, widely accepted as a measure of complexity, turns out to be proportional to these scale-factor. In this article we discuss additional universal features of these networks and show that, this universality splits if one considers distribution of number of common targets of three or more number of microRNAs. These distributions for different species can be collapsed onto two distinct set of universal functions, revealing the fact that the species which appeared in early evolution have different complexity measure compared to those appeared late.
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28
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Abstract
The present paper is divided into three sections. The first section deals with two issues: the impact of poverty on children and the hypothesized mechanisms by which poverty affects children. The second section discusses four guiding principles for programs that aim to reduce deficits in the quality of life and life chances of poor children. The third section describes promising intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Offord
- Canadian Centre for Studies of Children at Risk, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario
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