Correlation Between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels, Free Fatty Acid Levels, and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

BACKGROUND

The mortality of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is quite high, which is largely due to cardiovascular complications caused by endothelial dysfunction. One of the important inflammatory mediators that contribute to RA joints arthritis of TNF-α, also proven to play a role in endothelial dysfunction and play a role in increasing intracellular lipolysis, thus increasing circulating FFA levels.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the correlation between TNF-α levels with VCAM-1 levels, correlation of TNF-α levels with FFA levels, and correlation of FFA levels with VCAM-1 levels.

METHODS

Cross sectional and retrospective design studies of adult RA patients treated at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), without metabolic disturbances, acute infection, cardiovascular disorders, or other autoimmune diseases. The cross-sectional data was collected from October to November 2017, while retrospective samples were collected since August 2016. TNF-α, VCAM-1, and FFA levels were assessed by serum blood test by ELISA method. Correlation analysis is done by Pearson analysis when the data distribution is normal and with Spearman analysis when the data distribution is not normal.

RESULTS

A total of 35 subjects were enrolled in the study. Most (97.1%) were women with an average age of 45.29 years, median disease duration of 48 months, and most had moderate disease activity (65.7%). No significant correlation was found between TNF-α levels and VCAM-1 levels (p = 0.677; r = +0.073). as well betwen TNF-α levels and FFA levels (p = 0.227; r = -0.21). The correlation between FFA and VCAM-1 levels showed significant correlation with negative correlation and weak correlation (p = 0.036; r = -0.355).

CONCLUSIONS

(1) There was no correlation between TNF-α levels and VCAM-1 levels in RA patients; (2) There was no correlation between TNF-α levels and FFA levels in RA patients; (3) There was a negative correlation between FFA levels and VCAM-1 levels in RA patients.

Magnolol Nanoparticles Exhibit Improved Water Solubility and Suppress TNF-α-Induced VCAM-1 Expression in Endothelial Cells

The expression of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells enables the attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium, which may lead to inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. Magnolol is a major bioactive compound derived from the plant species Magnolia officinalis. In this study, we synthesized a novel nanoparticle formulation of magnolol to improve its water solubility and physicochemical properties, evaluated its effects on TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells, and determined the signal transduction pathways involved. Our findings demonstrated that the magnolol nanoparticle system showed great improvements in physicochemical properties and water solubility owing to a reduction in particle size, transformation from a crystalline to amorphous structure, and the formation of hydrogen bonds with the nanoparticle carriers. In terms of its biological actions, magnolol nanoparticles attenuated TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 protein expression, promoter activity, and mRNA expression in endothelial cells in vitro. This was found to be mediated by the ERK, AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, magnolol nanoparticles inhibited TNF-α-induced leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and suppressed TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in the aortic endothelium of mice. In summary, since magnolol nanoparticles inhibit endothelial VCAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, this novel drug formulation may be a potentially useful therapeutic formulation to prevent the development of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases.

Follicular Stimulating Hormone Accelerates Atherogenesis by Increasing Endothelial VCAM-1 Expression

Rationale: Postmenopausal atherosclerosis (AS) has for decades been attributed to estrogen deficiency. Although the follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels rise sharply in parallel, the direct effect of FSH on AS has never been investigated. In this study, we explored the possible role of FSH in the development of AS. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of 48 healthy premenopausal and 15 postmenopausal women. ApoE knockout mice were used as atherosclerosis model and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured as cell model. Serum hormones and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels were measured. Real-time PCR, histology for atherosclerotic lesions, immunofluorescence, luciferase assay, transfection experiments, flow chamber adhesion assay and western blot were performed. Results: In ApoE knockout mice, administration of FSH increased the atherosclerotic lesions and serum VCAM-1 concentration. Importantly, in blood samples of postmenopausal women, we detected significantly higher levels of FSH and VCAM-1 compared with those from premenopausal women, and there was a positive correlation between these two molecules. In cultured HUVECs, FSH receptor (FSHR) mRNA and protein expression were detected and FSH enhanced VCAM-1 expression. This effect was mediated by the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which was sequentially enhanced by the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade. FSH first enhanced Gα_S activity resulting in elevated cAMP level and PKA activity, which relayed the signals from FSHR to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade. Furthermore, FSHR was detected in endothelial caveolae fraction and interacted with caveolin-1 and Gα_S. The disruption of caveolae or the silencing of caveolin-1 blocked FSH effects on signaling activation and VCAM-1 expression, suggesting the existence of a functional signaling module in membrane caveolae. Finally, FSH increased human monocyte adhesion to HUVECs which was reversed by the VCAM-1 neutralizing antibody. Conclusion: FSHR was located in the membrane caveolae of HUVECs and FSH promoted VCAM-1 expression via FSHR/Gα_S /cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB pathway. This may contribute to the deleterious role of FSH in the development of AS in postmenopausal women.

Endothelial adhesion molecules and multiple organ failure in patients with severe sepsis

OBJECTIVE

To determine if serum levels of endothelial adhesion molecules were associated with the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) and in-hospital mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis.

DESIGN

This study was a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Patients were admitted to two tertiary intensive care units in San Antonio, TX, between 2007 and 2012.

PATIENTS

Patients with severe sepsis at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were consistent with previously published criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock in adults. Exclusion criteria included immunosuppressive medications or conditions.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS

Baseline serum levels of the following endothelial cell adhesion molecules were measured within the first 72h of ICU admission: Intracellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The primary and secondary outcomes were development of MOF (⩾2 organ dysfunction) and in-hospital mortality, respectively.

MAIN RESULTS

Forty-eight patients were enrolled in this study, of which 29 (60%) developed MOF. Patients that developed MOF had higher levels of VCAM-1 (p=0.01) and ICAM-1 (p=0.01), but not VEGF (p=0.70) compared with patients without MOF (single organ failure only). The area under the curve (AUC) to predict MOF according to VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VEGF was 0.71, 0.73, and 0.54, respectively. Only increased VCAM-1 levels were associated with in-hospital mortality (p=0.03). These associations were maintained even after adjusting for APACHE and SOFA scores using logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of serum ICAM-1 was associated with the development of MOF. High levels of VCAM-1 was associated with both MOF and in-hospital mortality.