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Kovic Ž, Kobua M, Fogarty M, Donohoe CL, Kelly ME, Fitzmaurice GJ, Fitzgerald M, Zambra P, Geary U, Ward ME. Valid consent in the acute hospital setting: perspectives of patients and members of the public. Ir J Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11845-024-03658-w. [PMID: 38578384 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who interact with healthcare services have an ethical and legal right to control their own lives, to make informed decisions, and to consent to what happens to them. For consent to be considered ethically and legally valid, three key criteria must be met: consent must be given voluntarily; people must be sufficiently informed of all options; and people should have capacity to make the decision to give or withhold their consent. AIM This study set out to explore, through the use of surveys, the perspectives of patients and public in relation to consent. METHOD Surveys were developed for patients and the public and administered paper based (patients) and through social media (public). RESULTS One hundred and forty surveys were posted to patients, with a 38% response rate; 104 responses were received from the public. Ninety-six percent of patients were satisfied that the decision they made was informed; 100% felt they had made a voluntary decision; 98% felt the clinician seemed knowledgeable about the procedure. What matters most to the public were being informed about the risks associated with the proposed procedure and being assured that whatever choice they make they will receive the best care possible. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight interesting similarities and differences in relation to consent between members of the public thinking about a possible treatment, surgery, or procedure and those patients who have actually been through the process in the past 12 months. Recommendations have been developed on the basis of these findings to co-design improvements in consent practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Kovic
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Motheo Kobua
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Fogarty
- Quality and Safety Improvement Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Claire L Donohoe
- Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Paul Zambra
- Quality and Safety Improvement Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Una Geary
- Quality and Safety Improvement Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marie E Ward
- Quality and Safety Improvement Directorate, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
- Centre for Innovative Human Systems, School of Psychology, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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2
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Krempel R, Monzel M. Aphantasia and in voluntary imagery. Conscious Cogn 2024; 120:103679. [PMID: 38564857 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Aphantasia is a condition that is often characterized as the impaired ability to create voluntary mental images. Aphantasia is assumed to selectively affect voluntary imagery mainly because even though aphantasics report being unable to visualize something at will, many report having visual dreams. We argue that this common characterization of aphantasia is incorrect. Studies on aphantasia are often not clear about whether they are assessing voluntary or involuntary imagery, but some studies show that several forms of involuntary imagery are also affected in aphantasia (including imagery in dreams). We also raise problems for two attempts to show that involuntary images are preserved in aphantasia. In addition, we report the results of a study about afterimages in aphantasia, which suggest that these tend to be less intense in aphantasics than in controls. Involuntary imagery is often treated as a unitary kind that is either present or absent in aphantasia. We suggest that this approach is mistaken and that we should look at different types of involuntary imagery case by case. Doing so reveals no evidence of preserved involuntary imagery in aphantasia. We suggest that a broader characterization of aphantasia, as a deficit in forming mental imagery, whether voluntary or not, is more appropriate. Characterizing aphantasia as a volitional deficit is likely to lead researchers to give incorrect explanations for aphantasia, and to look for the wrong mechanisms underlying it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Krempel
- Center for Logic, Epistemology and History of Science, State University of Campinas, R. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 251 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil; Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Merlin Monzel
- Department of Psychology, Personality Psychology and Biological Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Rafie F, Rajizadeh MA, Shahbazi M, Pourranjbar M, Nekouei AH, Sheibani V, Peterson D. Effects of voluntary, and forced exercises on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102357. [PMID: 37393777 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. Cognitive dysfunction represents a common and challenging non-motor symptom for people with Parkinson's disease. The number of neurotrophic proteins in the brain is critical in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. This research aims to compare the effects of two types of exercise, forced and voluntary, on spatial memory and learning and neurochemical factors (CDNF and BDNF). METHODS In this research, 60 male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10): the control (CTL) group without exercise, the Parkinson's groups without and with forced (FE) and voluntary (VE) exercises, and the sham groups (with voluntary and forced exercise). The animals in the forced exercise group were placed on the treadmill for four weeks (five days a week). At the same time, voluntary exercise training groups were placed in a special cage equipped with a rotating wheel. At the end of 4 weeks, learning and spatial memory were evaluated with the Morris water maze test. BDNF and CDNF protein levels in the hippocampus were measured by the ELISA method. RESULTS The results showed that although the PD group without exercise was at a significantly lower level than other groups in terms of cognitive function and neurochemical factors, both types of exercise, could improve these problems. CONCLUSION According to our results, 4 weeks of voluntary and forced exercises were all found to reverse the cognitive impairments of PD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Rafie
- Health Solutions, College of (CHS), Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Department of Physical Education & Exercise Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pourranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir H Nekouei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Daniel Peterson
- Health Solutions, College of (CHS), Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Pheonix VA Medical Center. Phoenix, AZ, USA
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4
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Kirk EA, Rice CL. The relationship of agonist muscle single motor unit firing rates and elbow extension limb movement kinematics. Exp Brain Res 2021. [PMID: 34240233 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between single motor unit (MU) firing rates (FRs) and limb movement velocity during voluntary shortening contractions when accounting for the effects of time course variability between different kinematic comparisons. Single MU trains recorded by intramuscular electromyography in agonist muscles of the anconeus (n = 15 participants) and lateral head of the triceps brachii (n = 6) were measured during each voluntary shortening contraction. Elbow extension movements consisted of a targeted velocity occurring along the sagittal plane at 25, 50, 75 and 100% of maximum velocity. To account for the effect of differences in contraction time course between parameters, each MU potential was time locked throughout the shortening muscle contraction and linked with separated kinematic parameters of the elbow joint. Across targeted movement velocities, instantaneous FRs were significantly correlated with elbow extension rate of torque development (r = 0.45) and torque (r = 0.40), but FRs were not correlated with velocity (r = 0.03, p = n.s.). Instead, FRs had a weak indirect relationship with limb movement velocity and position assessed through multiple correlation of the stepwise kinematic progression. Results show that voluntary descending synaptic inputs correspond to a more direct relationship between agonist muscle FRs and torque during shortening contractions, but not velocity. Instead, FRs were indirectly correlated to preparing the magnitude of imminent movement velocity of the lagging limb through torque.
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Sriani D, Agustia D. Does voluntary integrated reporting reduce information asymmetry? Evidence from Europe and Asia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05602. [PMID: 33367121 PMCID: PMC7749384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of voluntary integrated reporting on information asymmetry in European and Asian firms and investigate size as a moderator variable to this relationship. Using a final sample of 94 firms in Europe and Asia that published integrated reports in 2016, the Ordinary Least Square is then performed to analyze the data on quarterly basis. The quarterly analysis is used to look at the relevance of accounting information decline as the time lag increases. The results show that there is an insignificant relationship between integrated reporting quality and information asymmetry which is captured by spread. In addition, the insignificant effect of size to moderate this relationship is also found. These results are supported by additional analysis. This research contributes to the existing debate about whether integrated reporting affects the market, particularly information asymmetry. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of integrated reporting quality on the market on a quarterly basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Sriani
- Airlangga University, Airlangga Street 4-6, Gubeng, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Dian Agustia
- Airlangga University, Airlangga Street 4-6, Gubeng, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Garakani A, Cerrito BM, Aloysi AS, Martinez JM, Buono FD. Retrospective Chart Review of Voluntary Admissions to an Inpatient Psychiatric Hospital in New York City: A Demographic Breakdown. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:448-55. [PMID: 31654251 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current paper evaluates psychiatric needs of voluntary admissions in a large urban psychiatric hospital through a retrospective chart review, as this research is limited within the United States. A total of 581 voluntary adult psychiatric admission charts were reviewed. Continuous variables were evaluated using an ANOVA while associations between variables were examined by an unadjusted Pearson correlation coefficient a stepwise linear regression analysis. Men were significantly more likely to have a past admission for psychiatric services (p = .016), suicidal ideation (p < .001) and test positive for substances (p < .001) than women, and were more likely to be unemployed, homeless and without insurance. Women were more likely to have a past suicide attempt and a depressive disorder. A significant relationship between gender and rationale for seeking voluntary admission (p < .001) was found. This study offers understanding of male and female voluntary admissions, and a foundation for improving treatment interventions to reduce recurrent readmissions.
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Abstract
Evaluations of tear functions frequently involve some form of voluntary control over blink behaviour. To the degree that voluntary control of blinking risks departure from normal-range spontaneous blinking, the tear function findings from such studies may be confounded. Even subject awareness that blinking is being assessed may influence findings if such awareness results in any degree of voluntary control. Ideally, the influence on blink rate and tear functions induced by therapeutic or experimental interventions could be measured against a normal-range baseline spontaneous blink rate in order that any differences found could be validly attributed to those interventions. Sometimes pre-intervention 'rest-related' baseline blink rates have been incorrectly described as 'basal' blink rates without specification of pre-intervention conditions of 'rest' or consideration of any contributions from voluntary control. Also, studies which use only blink rates to measure blink efficiency ignore the critically important contribution of incomplete blinking to blink inefficiency. This review finds that the assessment of normal-range spontaneous blink rates depends on measurement conditions which have frequently been ignored previously. For example, normal-range spontaneous blink rates appear more likely to occur with fixation targets which have a disengaged affect and an associated neutral influence on and from dopamine activity. Ideally, fixation targets should also involve minimal cognitive loading and vision demands. In addition, normal-range (symptom free) spontaneous blink rates are more likely to be assessed in a comfortable ambient environment without subject awareness that blink behaviour is being assessed and when voluntary blinking is not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W McMonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia.
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8
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the rate of 72-hour letters (written requests for discharge, with 72 hours indicating the time the hospital has to discharge or seek retention) placed by voluntary psychiatric inpatients at a New York City hospital and determine whether there are factors contributing to the rates of discharge requests. Charts from all voluntary psychiatric hospitalizations during the calendar year 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Included were all single voluntary admissions by adults (age 18 years and older) to the hospital. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with the following factors: urine toxicology, cigarette use on admission, suicidal ideation upon presentation, employment, past inpatient psychiatric admission, and admission day. A linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between discharge requests and these factors. Of the total sample (N = 581), 119 (20.5%) patients submitted 72-hour letters. The stepwise linear regression analysis confirmed a positive relationship between letter placement and admission day (M = 3.5, SD = 1.7), unemployment (M = 4.7, SD = 2.1), suicidal ideation (M = .5, SD = .5), positive urine toxicology (M = .47, SD = .5), previous psychiatric hospitalization (M = .7, SD = .5) and cigarette usage (M = .5, SD.5) R2 = .043, (6, 461) = 3.42, p = .003). These specific variables accounted for 55.6% of likelihood of a patient submitting a 72-hour letter. Several factors, related to substance and tobacco use, employment, and recurrent use of inpatient services, likely contribute to requests for early discharge. Addressing these factors may help improve inpatient care, reduce costs and improve patient outcomes in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Garakani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Silver Hill Hospital, 208 Valley Road, New Canaan, CT, 06840, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jacob M Appel
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy S Aloysi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose M Martinez
- Dysautonomia Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Larkin
- Silver Hill Hospital, 208 Valley Road, New Canaan, CT, 06840, USA
| | - Frank D Buono
- Silver Hill Hospital, 208 Valley Road, New Canaan, CT, 06840, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Hudson AL, Walsh LD, Gandevia SC, Butler JE. Respiratory muscle activity in voluntary breathing tracking tasks: Implications for the assessment of respiratory motor control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 274:103353. [PMID: 31760130 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
How the involuntary (bulbospinal) and voluntary (corticospinal) pathways interact in respiratory muscle control is not established. To determine the role of excitatory corticobulbar pathways in humans, studies typically compare electromyographic activity (EMG) or evoked responses in respiratory muscles during hypercapnic and voluntary tasks. Although ventilation is matched between tasks by having participants track signals of ventilation, these tasks may not result in matched respiratory muscle activity. The aim of this study was to describe respiratory muscle activity and ribcage and abdominal excursions during two different voluntary conditions, compared to hypercapnic hyperventilation. Ventilation was matched in the voluntary conditions via (i) a simple target of lung volume ('volume tracking') or (ii) targets of both ribcage and abdominal excursions, adjusted to end-expiratory lung volume in hypercapnic hyperventilation ('bands tracking'). Compared to hypercapnic hyperventilation, respiratory parameters such as tidal volume were similar, but the ratio of ribcage to abdominal excursion was higher for both voluntary tasks. Inspiratory scalene and parasternal intercostal muscle activity was higher in volume tracking, but diaphragm and abdominal muscle activity showed little to no change. There were no differences in muscle activity in bands tracking for any muscle, compared to hypercapnic hyperventilation. An elevated ratio of ribcage to abdominal excursion in the bands tracking task indicates that participants could not accurately match the targets in this condition. Inspiratory muscle activity is altered in some muscles in some voluntary tasks, compared to hypercapnia. Therefore, differences in muscle activity should be considered in interpretation of studies that use these protocols to investigate respiratory muscle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hudson
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lee D Walsh
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Platypus Technical Consultants Pty Ltd, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane E Butler
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Gray VL, Yang CL, Fujimoto M, McCombe Waller S, Rogers MW. Stepping characteristics during externally induced lateral reactive and voluntary steps in chronic stroke. Gait Posture 2019; 71:198-204. [PMID: 31078009 PMCID: PMC6589388 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stepping is critical for responding to perturbations, whether externally induced or self-initiated. Falls post-stroke is equally likely to happen from either mechanism. The objective of the study was, to examine lateral stepping performance during waist-pull induced reactive steps and voluntary choice reaction time steps in chronic stroke and controls. METHODS In this cross-sectional study participants with chronic stroke (N = 10) and age- and gender-matched controls (N = 10) performed reactive and voluntary lateral steps. Step initiation time, global step length, step clearance, and step velocity were calculated. Other measures for reactive step included, Balance tolerance limit (perturbation magnitude when recovery transitioned from single to multiple steps), and step type. The Community Balance & Mobility Scale, and hip abductor and adductor isokinetic asymmetry torque ratio were assessed. RESULTS The paretic and non-paretic leg were combined since step characteristics did not differ. Step (voluntary vs. reactive) by group (stroke vs. controls) was significant for step initiation time. The stroke group took longer initiating a voluntary step (P = 0.004). Reactive and voluntary steps were executed slower (P = 0.041), with a reduced step length (P = 0.028) by the stroke group. The stroke group had a lower balance tolerance limit (P = 0.01) and took reactive medial steps more frequently (P = 0.001). The Community Balance & Mobility Scale (P > 0.001), and hip abductor and adductor asymmetry torque ratio (P > 0.001; P = 0.015) was reduced in the stroke group. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate individuals post-stroke are slower initiating and executing reactive and voluntary steps. Though the reactive step timing is less impaired, this may be a method for enhancing faster voluntary movements and training reactive balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Gray
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Chieh-Ling Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Masahiro Fujimoto
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Sandy McCombe Waller
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mark W Rogers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
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Rubin DI. Normal and abnormal voluntary activity. Handb Clin Neurol 2019; 160:281-301. [PMID: 31277854 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
An important component of needle EMG entails recording and interpreting the electrical signals generated from motor units during voluntary contraction. The recorded motor unit potentials (MUPs) reflect the number of motor units within a muscle and the distribution and density of muscle fibers within a motor unit within a portion of a muscle. Various MUP parameters are assessed to determine the integrity of the motor units, including recruitment, stability, phases and turns, duration, and amplitude. Each of these parameters is altered in a different way in various neuromuscular diseases. In neurogenic disorders, the earliest changes occur in the recruitment pattern of motor units followed by MUP morphologic changes (increased MUP phases and duration) as reinnervation occurs. MUP instability, indicating impaired neuromuscular transmission, also occurs in reinnervating neurogenic disorders as well as in neuromuscular junction disorders. In myopathies, a reduction in the size of the motor unit is manifested by MUPs of low amplitude and short duration. Interpreting the voluntary MUP changes along with spontaneous activity helps to determine the type, severity, and temporal course of neuromuscular diseases.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physical activity is increasingly recommended for chronic pain. In this review, we briefly survey recent, high-quality meta-analyses on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations, followed by a critical discussion of the rodent literature. RECENT FINDINGS Most meta-analytical studies on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations describe moderate improvements in various types of chronic pain, despite substantial variability in the outcomes reported in the primary literature. The most consistent findings suggest that while greater adherence to exercise programs produces better outcomes, there is minimal support for the superiority of one type of exercise over another. The rodent literature similarly suggests that while regular exercise reduces hypersensitivity in rodent models of chronic pain, exercise benefits do not appear to relate to either the type of injury or any particular facet of the exercise paradigm. Potential factors underlying these results are discussed, including the putative involvement of stress-induced analgesic effects associated with certain types of exercise paradigms. Exercise research using rodent models of chronic pain would benefit from increased attention to the role of stress in exercise-induced analgesia, as well as the incorporation of more clinically relevant exercise paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Henry Pitcher
- Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 1E-420, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Seidel M, King JA, Ritschel F, Boehm I, Geisler D, Bernardoni F, Beck M, Pauligk S, Biemann R, Strobel A, Goschke T, Walter H, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29321971 PMCID: PMC5756056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models and recent advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) have increasingly focused on the role of alterations in the processing and regulation of emotions. To date, however, our understanding of these changes is still limited and reports of emotional dysregulation in AN have been based largely on self-report data, and there is a relative lack of objective experimental evidence or neurobiological data. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the hemodynamic correlates of passive viewing and voluntary downregulation of negative emotions by means of the reappraisal strategy detachment in AN patients. Detachment is regarded as adaptive regulation strategy associated with a reduction in emotion-related amygdala activity and increased recruitment of prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Emotion regulation efficacy was assessed via behavioral arousal ratings and fMRI activation elicited by an established experimental paradigm including negative images. Participants were instructed to either simply view emotional pictures or detach themselves from feelings triggered by the stimuli. The sample consisted of 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and a pairwise age-matched healthy control group. Behavioral and neuroimaging data analyses indicated a reduction of arousal and amygdala activity during the regulation condition for both patients and controls. However, compared with controls, individuals with AN showed increased activation in the amygdala as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the passive viewing of aversive compared with neutral pictures. These results extend previous findings indicative of altered processing of salient emotional stimuli in AN, but do not point to a general deficit in the voluntary regulation of negative emotions. Increased dlPFC activation in AN during passive viewing of negative stimuli is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder may be characterized by excessive self-control. Taken together, the data seem to suggest that reappraisal via detachment may be an effective strategy to reduce negative arousal for individuals with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A King
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Boehm
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Bernardoni
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Beck
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pauligk
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychology, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Wang MP, Li WHC, Suen YN, Cheung KC, Lau OS, Lam TH, Chan SSC. Association between employer's knowledge and attitude towards smoking cessation and voluntary promotion in workplace: a survey study. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:44. [PMID: 29162997 PMCID: PMC5686804 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace smoking cessation (SC) intervention is effective in increasing quit rate but little was known about the factors associated with voluntary SC promotion. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation, including banning smoking in all indoor area of workplaces, has been enforced in Hong Kong. This survey investigated the prevalence of company’s compliance with smoke-free legislation and examined the relation between voluntary SC promotion in workplace and employer’s knowledge of and attitude towards smoking and SC. Methods Half (50.3%, n = 292) of a convenience sample of companies completed a self-administered questionnaire on company’s voluntary SC promotion in the workplace. Factors investigated included company’s characteristics (size, type, and number of smoking employees); employers’ knowledge of smoking, second-hand smoke and SC effects on health; perceived responsibility in assisting employees to quit smoking and smoking prohibition in workplace (smoke free policy). Logistic regression yielded adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for voluntary SC promotion. Results A notable proportion of companies (14.7%) showed non-compliance with the smoke free workplace ordinance and only 10% voluntarily promoted SC. Perceived greater negative impact of smoking on the company (adjusted odds ratio[aOR] 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.20) and better knowledge of smoking (aOR 1.40, 95%CI 1.00-1.94) were associated with voluntary SC promotion. Positive but non-significant associations were observed between perceived responsibility of assisting employees to quit, workplace smoke free policy and voluntary SC promotion. Company characteristics were generally not associated with voluntary SC promotion except white collar companies were less likely to promote SC (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08-0.85). Conclusions This is the first survey on company’s SC promotion in the Chinese population. A notable proportion of companies was not compliant with the smoke-free workplace ordinance. Employers with a higher level of knowledge and perceived impact of smoking on companies and from blue-collar companies were more likely to promote SC in workplace. The findings inform future workplace intervention design and policy. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02179424) dated 27 June 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | | | - Yi Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ka Ching Cheung
- Department of Asian and Policy Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Oi Sze Lau
- The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Nabih Z, Amiar L, Abidli Z, Windy M, Soulaymani A, Mokhtari A, Soulaymani-Bencheikh R. Epidemiology and risk factors of voluntary pesticide poisoning in Morocco (2008-2014). Epidemiol Health 2017; 39:e2017040. [PMID: 28882026 PMCID: PMC5675979 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the epidemiological profile and risk factors of voluntary poisoning by pesticides. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of all cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides registered at the AntiPoison and Pharmacovigilance Center of Morocco between January 2008 and December 2014. RESULTS During the study period, 2,690 cases of acute pesticide poisoning were registered. The region of Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer accounted for the largest proportion, with 598 cases. The average age of the patients was 24.63±10.29 years. The sex ratio (female-to-male) was 0.45. Adults and teenagers were most affected by this type of poisoning, with 1,667 cases (62.0%) and 806 cases (30.0%), respectively. Suicide attempts accounted for 98.4% of the cases (2,469 cases). Pesticide poisoning occurred more often in urban zones (64.8%). Insecticides were incriminated in 14.0% of cases, with a mortality rate of 4.2%. Among the 1,635 patients for whom the outcomes were known, 154 died, corresponding to a mortality rate of 5.7%. CONCLUSIONS Voluntary intoxication by pesticides presents a real scourge that affects public health, and in this study, we developed an epidemiological profile of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, this study has limitations in that it did not evaluate the impact of the socioeconomic and psychological factors that are important contributors to this type of poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Nabih
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Latifa Amiar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Abidli
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Maria Windy
- Moroccan Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Soulaymani
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelrhani Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about cystic fibrosis patients, who are not considered to be terminally ill, and who die after voluntary cessation of treatment. AIM This study was undertaken to provide an international snapshot of this issue. DESIGN An online survey was distributed across three continents. SETTING Distribution to the medical directors of the cystic fibrosis centres affiliated with the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Cystic Fibrosis Australia (inclusion of New Zealand) and to every clinician member of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society. RESULTS More than 200 cystic fibrosis patients not considered to be terminally ill and, who voluntarily ceased treatment, were reported by the clinicians surveyed. Detailed data were reported in 102 patients (4 children, 25 adolescents and 73 adults). Only one child, six adolescents and one adult were judged by clinicians not to be competent to make the decision to stop treatment. Time-consuming and low immediate-impact therapies, such as respiratory physiotherapy, were most frequently discontinued. Resignation was the main reported reason for discontinuing treatment, followed by reactive depression and lack of familial support. A total of 69% of the patients received palliative care and 72% died in the 6 months following cessation of treatment. CONCLUSION Death of cystic fibrosis patients, not considered to be terminally ill, is reported in Europe, the United States and Australia due to voluntary cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Pisaturo
- 1 Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alain Deppen
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Rochat
- 1 Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,3 Respiratory Unit, Department of Paediatrics, CHUV Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaudenz M Hafen
- 1 Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,3 Respiratory Unit, Department of Paediatrics, CHUV Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sands G, Chadborn N, Craig C, Gladman J. Qualitative study investigating the commissioning process for older people's services provided by third sector organisations: SOPRANO study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010724. [PMID: 27194316 PMCID: PMC4874110 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The commissioning of third sector services for older people may influence the quality, availability and coordination of services for older people. The SOPRANO study aims to understand the relationships between and processes of commissioning bodies and third sector organisations providing health and social care services for older people. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This qualitative study will be based in the East Midlands region of England. An initial scoping survey of commissioners will give an overview of services to maintain the health and well-being of older people in the community that are commissioned. Following this, semistructured interviews will be conducted with 4 sample groups: health and social care commissioners, service provider managers, service provider case workers and older service users. A sample size of 10-15 participants in each of the 4 groups is expected to be sufficient to reach data saturation, resulting in a final expected sample size of 40-60 participants. Informed consent will be gained from all participants, and those unable to provide informed consent will be excluded. The interview data will be analysed by 2 researchers using framework content analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Approval for the study has been gained from the University of Nottingham School of Medicine ethical review board, and the relevant approvals have been gained from the National Health Service (NHS) research and development departments for interviewing NHS staff. Early engagement with a wide range of stakeholders will ensure that the research findings are extensively disseminated to relevant stakeholders (including commissioners and third sector providers) in an accessible format using the extensive communication networks available to the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care CLAHRCs (applied health research organisations covering all of England). The study will also be disseminated through academic routes such as conference presentations and journal papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Sands
- NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East Midlands (CLAHRC EM), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil Chadborn
- NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East Midlands (CLAHRC EM), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Craig
- NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East Midlands (CLAHRC EM), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - John Gladman
- Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
College students engage in many unhealthy behaviors, one of these, heavy alcohol use, is a major global public health problem. Objective This longitudinal study examined whether students' mandated/voluntary status in a program to reduce college drinking was associated with overall health, ethnicity, gender, and personality traits. Both mandated and voluntary groups participated in the Motivational Intervention (MI) program to prevent high risk drinking. Methods Freshmen (710 voluntary, 190 mandated, n = 900) between the ages of 18 and 21, received the MI at baseline and again at 2 weeks, with boosters at 3, 6 and 12 months. Participants completed three measures: the Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ); the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII). Mandated and voluntary participants were compared at baseline and following the intervention using two sample t-tests for continuous variables (overall health, personality traits, drinking measures), and chi-square for categorical variables (gender, ethnicity). Linear mixed models were used to identify associations between HPLP II scores and mandated/voluntary status, time, ethnicity gender and SURPS scale scores. Results In both groups, alcohol consumption dropped significantly by 12 months. Overall health-promoting behaviors, physical activity, stress management, and interpersonal relations improved in both groups between baseline and 12 months. Associations were found between alcohol consumption, personality traits, gender, and lifestyle health-promoting behaviors. In particular, impulsivity and hopelessness were associated with poor health behaviors. Conclusions Intervention programs to reduce drinking by college students need to address developmental dynamics of freshmen students, including gender, psychosocial factors, personality, and lifestyle health-promoting behaviors. Mandated and voluntary students participated in the Motivational Intervention (MI) program. MI was effective from baseline to 12 months in reducing alcohol consumption and its consequences. Associations found between personality traits, and health-promoting behaviors. MI programs on campuses need to use a comprehensive design that addresses health-promoting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Kazemi
- College of Health and Human Services, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., CHHS 444C, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Maureen J Levine
- College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Walden University,155 5th Ave, South, Minneapolis, MN, 55401, United States
| | - Jacek Dmochowski
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., CHHS471, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - K Roger Van Horn
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, United States
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Fretwell 345c, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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Abstract
Volition, the acquired voluntary control of our actions (at will), requires from birth to development and beyond a proper balance across multiple layers of the nervous systems. These levels range from the autonomic, to the automatic, to the voluntary control level, providing as well taxonomy with phylogenetic order of appearance in evolution. In the past few decades of movement research at the behavioral and systems levels, there has been a paucity of studies focusing on the possible contributions of involuntary movements to volitional control. Moreover, the work focusing on voluntary behavior has given us a valuable body of knowledge about constrained and highly over practiced activities while work involving unrestrained, naturalistic behaviors remains scarce. Perhaps in making theoretical assumptions about our data acquisition and analyses without properly empirically verifying, these assumptions have left us with a somewhat skewed notion of how we think the brain may be realizing the neural control of bodily motions; a notion that does not exactly correspond to the outcome of the extant empirical work assessing unrestrained movements as the nervous system acquires them and modifies skillful behaviors on demand. This chapter takes advantage of new technological advances and new analytics to invite rethinking some of the problems that we study in movement science by enforcing somewhat oversimplified assumptions on the data that we model, acquire, and analyze. I show that by relaxing our a priori assumptions of normality, linearity and stationarity in data from biophysical rhythms of the nervous systems, we would gain better insights into the motor phenomena. Further, we would shy away from a "self-fulfilling prophesy" paradigm with a tendency to a priori handcraft the outcome of our inquiry. The new lens to study natural movements and their control includes as well involuntary motions that take place largely beneath deliberate awareness. I present examples of solutions amenable to the habilitation and rehabilitation of volition in patient populations and discuss a new vision for movement science in light of making a seamless transition from volitional to intentional control of actions and thoughts.
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Thomson G, Balaam MC, Hymers K. Building social capital through breastfeeding peer support: insights from an evaluation of a voluntary breastfeeding peer support service in North-West England. Int Breastfeed J 2015; 10:15. [PMID: 25897318 PMCID: PMC4404123 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-015-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peer support is reported to be a key method to help build social capital in communities. To date there are no studies that describe how this can be achieved through a breastfeeding peer support service. In this paper we present findings from an evaluation of a voluntary model of breastfeeding peer support in North-West England to describe how the service was operationalized and embedded into the community. This study was undertaken from May, 2012 to May, 2013. Methods Interviews (group or individual) were held with 87 participants: 24 breastfeeding women, 13 peer supporters and 50 health and community professionals. The data contained within 23 monthly monitoring reports (January, 2011 to February 2013) compiled by the voluntary peer support service were also extracted and analysed. Results Thematic analysis was undertaken using social capital concepts as a theoretical lens. Key findings were identified to resonate with’bonding’, ‘bridging’ and ‘linking’ forms of social capital. These insights illuminate how the peer support service facilitates ‘bonds’ with its members, and within and between women who access the service; how the service ‘bridges’ with individuals from different interests and backgrounds, and how ‘links’ were forged with those in authority to gain access and reach to women and to promote a breastfeeding culture. Some of the tensions highlighted within the social capital literature were also identified. Conclusions Horizontal and vertical relationships forged between the peer support service and community members enabled peer support to be embedded into care pathways, helped to promote positive attitudes to breastfeeding and to disseminate knowledge and maximise reach for breastfeeding support across the community. Further effort to engage with those of different ethnic backgrounds and to resolve tensions between peer supporters and health professionals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Thomson
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Nurture Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Marie-Clare Balaam
- Research in Childbirth and Health Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE UK
| | - Kirsty Hymers
- East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Road, Blackburn, Lancashire BB2 3HH UK
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Kazemi DM, Levine MJ, Qi L, Dmochowski J. Brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking mandated and voluntary freshmen: A 1-year follow-up assessment. Nurs Outlook 2015; 63:349-56. [PMID: 25982774 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse among freshmen university students is a major public health issue with associated costs to individuals and the society of substantial morbidity, high-risk negative behaviors (e.g., blackouts, rape, suicide, and violence), and mortality. This longitudinal study compared the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention (MI) in decreasing alcohol consumption and related consequences among mandated students and voluntary students. Readiness to change drinking behaviors was compared between the groups. METHODS Eligible participants (710 voluntary and 190 mandated, N = 900) received MI at baseline and again at 2 weeks with boosters at 3, 6, and 12 months. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the two groups. RESULTS Alcohol use and related consequences in both groups decreased significantly between baseline and 12 months. At baseline, a significantly larger percent of students from the mandated group than the voluntary group were in the action stage of change (52.1% vs. 27.5%), and a significantly smaller percentage of mandated students were in the precontemplation stage (p < .0001). DISCUSSION MI effects were sustained over 12 months. Alcohol consumption and related consequences decreased significantly among the freshmen who were mandated to attend the program as well as among students who volunteered to participate in the study. The findings support the importance of advanced practice nurses conducting MI as an intervention with college students.
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Pack W, Klein SA, Carney T. Bias-free double judgment accuracy during spatial attention cueing: performance enhancement from voluntary and involuntary attention. Vision Res 2014; 105:204-12. [PMID: 25159288 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that involuntary attention improves target identification accuracy for letters using non-predictive peripheral cues, helping to resolve some of the controversy over performance enhancement from involuntary attention. While various cueing studies have demonstrated that their reported cueing effects were not due to response bias to the cue, very few investigations have quantified the extent of any response bias or developed methods of removing bias from observed results in a double judgment accuracy task. We have devised a method to quantify and remove response bias to cued locations in a double judgment accuracy cueing task, revealing the true, unbiased performance enhancement from involuntary and voluntary attention. In a 7-alternative forced choice cueing task using backward masked stimuli to temporally constrain stimulus processing, non-predictive cueing increased target detection and discrimination at cued locations relative to uncued locations even after cue location bias had been corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Pack
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, 420 Minor Hall Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Stanley A Klein
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, 420 Minor Hall Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Thom Carney
- Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, 420 Minor Hall Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Muir C. A patient representative's journey: working within the NHS as part of a research team. Patient Educ Couns 2014; 95:293-294. [PMID: 24447524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassey Muir
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK.
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Ray S, Singh Z, Banerjee A. Psychosocial Variables of Voluntary Blood Donors at Blood Bank of a Medical College. Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 61:130-2. [PMID: 27407733 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(05)80007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to study the motivational factors leading to voluntary blood donation and understanding the psychosocial variables of blood donors. METHODS 300 blood donors were selected by systematic random sampling method. RESULT It was observed that most of the voluntary donors were males (89.3%) and belonged to age group 16-25 years (48%). Most of the donors (93.46%) had studied upto high school and above and 84.33% of the donors belonged to the middle class. 27% of the donors had donated blood previously. The common motivational factors to donate blood were for 'a good cause', 'for the society' and 'to save a life'. 4.67% of them donated blood for self satisfaction. CONCLUSION Motivation, recruitment and retention of voluntary blood donors are important criteria to achieve safe blood donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougat Ray
- Officer In-charge, Station Health Organization, Visakpatnam
| | - Zile Singh
- Senior Advisor(PSM), Military Hospital Jalandhar Cantt
| | - A Banerjee
- Deputy Assistant Director Health, HQ 101 Area (Med), C/o 99 APO
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Fernandes H, D'souza PF, D'souza PM. Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in voluntary and replacement donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2010; 26:89-91. [PMID: 21886389 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-010-0044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in voluntary and replacement donors. A total of 9599 donors were analysed for the prevalence of TTI over a period of 2 years.Of these 61.2% were voluntary donors and 38.8% were replacement donors. Prevalence of TTI in total donors was 0.6%. Prevalence of hepatitis B was highest (0.34%) followed by syphilis (0.11%), HIV&HCV (0.06%) and malaria (0.01%). Prevalence was more in male replacement donors. Extensive donor selection and screening procedures will help in improving the blood safety.
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