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Kuligowska K, Lütken H, Christensen B, Skovgaard I, Linde M, Winkelmann T, Müller R. Evaluation of reproductive barriers contributes to the development of novel interspecific hybrids in the Kalanchoë genus. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:15. [PMID: 25603831 PMCID: PMC4352236 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridization is a useful tool in ornamental breeding to increase genetic variability and introduce new valuable traits into existing cultivars. The successful formation of interspecific hybrids is frequently limited by the presence of pre- and post-fertilization barriers. In the present study, we investigated the nature of hybridization barriers occurring in crosses between Kalanchoë species and evaluated possibilities of obtaining interspecific hybrids. RESULTS The qualitative and quantitative analyses of pollen tube growth in situ were performed following intra- and interspecific pollinations. They revealed occurrence of pre-fertilization barriers associated with inhibition of pollen germination on the stigma and abnormal growth of pollen tubes. Unilateral incongruity related to differences in pistil length was also observed. The pollen quality was identified as a strong factor influencing the number of pollen tubes germinating in the stigma. In relation to post-fertilization barriers, endosperm degeneration was a probable barrier hampering production of interspecific hybrids. Moreover, our results demonstrate the relation of genetic distance estimated by AFLP marker analysis of hybridization partners with cross-compatibility of Kalanchoë species. At the same time, differences in ploidy did not influence the success of interspecific crosses. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents the first comprehensive analysis of hybridization barriers occurring within Kalanchoë genus. Reproductive barriers were detected on both, pre- and post-fertilization levels. This new knowledge will contribute to further understanding of reproductive isolation of Kalanchoë species and facilitate breeding of new cultivars. For the first time, interspecific hybrids between K. nyikae as maternal plant and K. blossfeldiana as well as K. blossfeldiana and K. marnieriana were generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuligowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Brian Christensen
- AgroTech A/S, Inst. f. Agri Technology and Food Innovation, Højbakkegård Allé 21, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Ib Skovgaard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marcus Linde
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Renate Müller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9-13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
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Collins RP, Helgadóttir Á, Frankow-Lindberg BE, Skøt L, Jones C, Skøt KP. Temporal changes in population genetic diversity and structure in red and white clover grown in three contrasting environments in northern Europe. Ann Bot 2012; 110:1341-50. [PMID: 22437665 PMCID: PMC3478043 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGOUND AND AIMS: Extending the cultivation of forage legume species into regions where they are close to the margin of their natural distribution requires knowledge of population responses to environmental stresses. This study was conducted at three north European sites (Iceland, Sweden and the UK) using AFLP markers to analyse changes in genetic structure over time in two population types of red and white clover (Trifolium pratense and T. repens, respectively): (1) standard commercial varieties; (2) wide genetic base (WGB) composite populations constructed from many commercial varieties plus unselected material obtained from germplasm collections. METHODS At each site populations were grown in field plots, then randomly sampled after 3-5 years to obtain survivor populations. AFLP markers were used to calculate genetic differentiation within and between original and survivor populations. KEY RESULTS No consistent changes in average genetic diversity were observed between original and survivor populations. In both species the original varieties were always genetically distinct from each other. Significant genetic shift was observed in the white clover 'Ramona' grown in Sweden. The WGB original populations were more genetically similar. However, genetic differentiation occurred between original and survivor WGB germplasm in both species, particularly in Sweden. Regression of climatic data with genetic differentiation showed that low autumn temperature was the best predictor. Within the set of cold sites the highest level of genetic shift in populations was observed in Sweden. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that changes in population structure can occur within a short time span in forage legumes, resulting in the rapid formation of distinct survivor populations in environmentally challenging sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary P Collins
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most important regions for the Earth's plant biodiversity; however, the scarcity of studies on fine scale patterns of genetic variation in this region is striking. Here, an assessment is made of the spatial genetic structure of all known locations of the three Sardinian endemic species of Aquilegia in order to determine the relative roles of gene flow and genetic drift as underlying evolutionary forces canalizing the divergence of Sardinian Aquilegia taxa, and to see if the spatial genetic structure found fits the current taxonomic differentiation of these taxa. METHODS DNA from 89 individuals from all known locations of Aquilegia across Sardinia was analysed by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Both principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian clustering analyses were used to determine the spatial genetic structure irrespective of any taxonomic affiliation. Historical effects of gene flow and genetic drift were assessed by checking for the existence of isolation-by-distance patterns. KEY RESULTS STRUCTURE and PCoA analyses revealed a pattern of genetic variation geographically structured into four spatial genetic groups. No migration-drift equilibrium was detected for Aquilegia in Sardinia, when analysed either as a whole or in individual groups. The scenario approached a Case III pattern sensu Hutchinson and Templeton, which is associated with extreme isolation conditions where genetic drift has historically played a dominant role over gene flow. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of genetic variation of Sardinian taxa of Aquilegia indicates that genetic drift has been historically more influential than gene flow on population structure of Sardinian species of Aquilegia. Limited seed dispersal and divergent selection imposed by habitat conditions have been probably the main causes reinforcing post-Pleistocene geographical isolation of Aquilegia populations. The spatial genetic structure found here is not fully compatible with current taxonomic affiliations of Sardinian Aquilegia taxa. This is probably a consequence of the uncoupling between morphological and genetic patterns of differentiation frequently found in recently radiated taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Garrido
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n, Seville, Spain.
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Mirhoseini SZ, Rabiei B, Potki P, Dalirsefat SB. Amplified fragment length polymorphism mapping of quantitative trait loci for economically important traits in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Sci 2010; 10:153. [PMID: 21070171 PMCID: PMC3016937 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cocoon related characteristics are economically important traits in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). In this study a genetic linkage map was developed that identified QTL controlling the cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell percentage using 161 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Twenty PstI/TaqI primer combinations were employed to genotype 78 F(2) progenies derived from a cross between P107 Japanese inbred line and Khorasan Lemon Iranian native strain. Among polymorphic markers, 159 AFLP markers were assigned to 24 linkage groups at the LOD threshold of 2.5 that varied in length from 4 to 299 cM. The total length of the linkage map was 2747 cM, giving an average marker resolution of 19.31 cM. A total of 21 AFLP markers were identified that were distributed over the ten linkage groups linked to the three studied traits using the composite interval mapping method. The explained variation rate by QTL controlling cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell percentage ranged from 0.02% to 64.85%, 0.2% to 49.11%, and 0.04% to 84.20%, respectively. These QTL controlled by different actions as well as under dominance, additive, partial dominance, dominance, and over dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Z Mirhoseini
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, PO Box 41635-13 14, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, PO Box 41635-1314, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Payam Potki
- Department of Genomics, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (Rasht), PO Box 41635-41 15, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Seyed B Dalirsefat
- Department of Sericulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, PO Box 41635-13 14, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
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Cortis P, Vereecken NJ, Schiestl FP, Barone Lumaga MR, Scrugli A, Cozzolino S. Pollinator convergence and the nature of species' boundaries in sympatric Sardinian Ophrys (Orchidaceae). Ann Bot 2009; 104:497-506. [PMID: 19001428 PMCID: PMC2720645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the sexually deceptive Ophrys genus, species isolation is generally considered ethological and occurs via different, specific pollinators, but there are cases in which Ophrys species can share a common pollinator and differ in pollen placement on the body of the insect. In that condition, species are expected to be reproductively isolated through a pre-mating mechanical barrier. Here, the relative contribution of pre- vs. post-mating barriers to gene flow among two Ophrys species that share a common pollinator and can occur in sympatry is studied. METHODS A natural hybrid zone on Sardinia between O. iricolor and O. incubacea, sharing Andrena morio as pollinator, was investigated by analysing floral traits involved in pollinator attraction as odour extracts both for non-active and active compounds and for labellum morphology. The genetic architecture of the hybrid zone was also estimated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and pollination fitness and seed set of both parental species and their hybrids in the sympatric zone were estimated by controlled crosses. KEY RESULTS Although hybrids were intermediate between parental species in labellum morphology and non-active odour compounds, both parental species and hybrids produced a similar odour bouquet for active compounds. However, hybrids produced significantly lower fruit and seed set than parental species, and the genetic architecture of the hybrid zone suggests that they were mostly first-generation hybrids. CONCLUSIONS The two parental species hybridize in sympatry as a consequence of pollinator overlap and weak mechanical isolation, but post-zygotic barriers reduce hybrid frequency and fitness, and prevent extensive introgression. These results highlight a significant contribution of late post-mating barriers, such as chromosomal divergence, for maintaining reproductive isolation, in an orchid group for which pre-mating barriers are often considered predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Cortis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - N. J. Vereecken
- Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology, Free University of Brussels CP 160/12, Av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. P. Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. R. Barone Lumaga
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale and Orto Botanico, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Scrugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio 13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - S. Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale and Orto Botanico, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Perrini R, Alba V, Ruta C, Morone-Fortunato I, Blanco A, Montemurro C. An evaluation of a new approach to the regeneration of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don, and the molecular characterization of the variation among sets of differently derived regenerants. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 14:377-94. [PMID: 19198762 PMCID: PMC6275807 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-009-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the induction of regeneration from leaves of Helichrysum italicum was established. Calli were found to form on the basal medium only when it was supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), with a percentage ranking of at least 80%. The hormone-free medium showed the highest percentage of shoot regeneration (62%) even though no callus formed. AFLP markers were employed to verify tissue culture-induced variation in the regenerated plantlets obtained by direct shoot regeneration or the indirect shoot regeneration process (callus formation). Seven out of the eleven AFLP primer pairs yielded polymorphic patterns. The average number of fragments per primer pair was 64.1. Singletons were represented by 12 (2.7%) fragments. Student's T-test was performed both on the average number of shared fragments and on the nucleotide diversity, and no significant statistical difference was observed between the two regeneration treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Perrini
- Department of Plant Production, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
| | - Vittorio Alba
- Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Biology and Chemistry, section of Genetics and Breeding, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
| | - Claudia Ruta
- Department of Plant Production, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
| | - Irene Morone-Fortunato
- Department of Plant Production, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Biology and Chemistry, section of Genetics and Breeding, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Biology and Chemistry, section of Genetics and Breeding, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70125 Italy
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Johnson EL, Zhang D, Emche SD. Inter- and intra-specific variation among five Erythroxylum taxa assessed by AFLP. Ann Bot 2005; 95:601-8. [PMID: 15650009 PMCID: PMC4246853 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Aims The four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa (E. coca var. coca, E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense) are indigenous to the Andean region of South America and have been cultivated for folk-medicine and, within the last century, for illicit cocaine production. The objective of this research was to assess the structure of genetic diversity within and among the four cultivated alkaloid-bearing taxa of Erythroxylum in the living collection at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. METHODS Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was performed in 86 Erythroxylum accessions using a capillary genotyping system. Cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to assess the pattern and level of genetic variation among and within the taxa. KEY RESULTS A clear distinction was revealed between E. coca and E. novogranatense. At the intra-specific level, significant differentiation was observed between E. c. var. coca and E. c. var. ipadu, but the differentiation between E. n. var. novogranatense and E. n. var. truxillense was negligible. Erythroxylum c. var. ipadu had a significantly lower amount of diversity than the E. c. var. coca and is genetically different from the E. c. var. ipadu currently under cultivation in Colombia, South America. CONCLUSIONS There is a heterogeneous genetic structure among the cultivated Erythroxylum taxa where E. coca and E. novogranatense are two independent species. Erythroxylum coca var. coca is most likely the ancestral taxon of E. c. var. ipadu and a founder effect may have occurred as E. c. var. ipadu moved from the eastern Andes in Peru and Bolivia into the lowland Amazonian basin. There is an indication of artificial hybridization in coca grown in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel L Johnson
- USDA ARS PSI ACSL, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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CHEN JIANJUN, DEVANAND PACHANOORS, NORMAN DAVIDJ, HENNY RICHARDJ, CHAO CHIHT. Genetic relationships of Aglaonema species and cultivars inferred from AFLP markers. Ann Bot 2004; 93:157-66. [PMID: 14726418 PMCID: PMC4241079 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aglaonema is an important ornamental foliage plant genus, but genetic relationships among its species and cultivars have not been reported. This study analysed genetic relatedness of 54 cultivars derived from nine species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. METHODS Initially, 48 EcoRI + 2/MseI + 3 primer set combinations were screened, from which six primer sets that showed clear scoreable and highly polymorphic fragments were selected and used for AFLP reactions. AFLP fragments were scored and entered into a binary data matrix as discrete variables. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was calculated for all pair-wise comparisons among the 54 cultivars, and a dendrogram was constructed by the unweighted pair-group method using the arithmetic average (UPGMA). KEY RESULTS The number of AFLP fragments generated per primer set ranged from 59 to 112 with fragment sizes varying from 50 to 565 bp. A total of 449 AFLP fragments was detected, of which 314 were polymorphic (70 %). All cultivars were clearly differentiated by their AFLP fingerprints. The 54 cultivars were divided into seven clusters; cultivars within each cluster generally share similar morphological characteristics. Cluster I contains 35 cultivars, most of them are interspecific hybrids developed mainly from A. commutatum, A. crispum or A. nitidum. However, Jaccard's similarity coefficients among these hybrids are 0.84 or higher, suggesting that these popular hybrid cultivars are genetically much closer than previously thought. This genetic similarity may imply that A. nitidum and A. crispum are likely progenitors of A. commutatum. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study demonstrate the efficiency and ease of using AFLP markers for investigating genetic relationships of ornamental foliage plants, a group usually propagated vegetatively. The AFLP markers developed will help future Aglaonema cultivar identification, germplasm conservation and new cultivar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIANJUN CHEN
- Mid‐Florida Research and Education Center
- Department of Environmental Horticulture
| | - PACHANOOR S. DEVANAND
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703‐8504, USA
| | - DAVID J. NORMAN
- Mid‐Florida Research and Education Center
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521‐0124, USA
| | - RICHARD J. HENNY
- Mid‐Florida Research and Education Center
- Department of Environmental Horticulture
| | - CHIH‐CHENG T. CHAO
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703‐8504, USA
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