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Abstract
Lectins including flowering plant lectins, algal lectins, cyanobacterial lectins, actinomycete lectin, worm lectins, and the nonpeptidic lectin mimics pradimicins and benanomicins, exhibit anti-HIV activity. The anti-HIV plant lectins include Artocarpus heterophyllus (jacalin) lectin, concanavalin A, Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) agglutinin-related lectins, Musa acuminata (banana) lectin, Myrianthus holstii lectin, Narcissus pseudonarcissus lectin, and Urtica diocia agglutinin. The anti-HIV algal lectins comprise Boodlea coacta lectin, Griffithsin, Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin. The anti-HIV cyanobacterial lectins are cyanovirin-N, scytovirin, Microcystis viridis lectin, and microvirin. Actinohivin is an anti-HIV actinomycete lectin. The anti-HIV worm lectins include Chaetopterus variopedatus polychaete marine worm lectin, Serpula vermicularis sea worm lectin, and C-type lectin Mermaid from nematode (Laxus oneistus). The anti-HIV nonpeptidic lectin mimics comprise pradimicins and benanomicins. Their anti-HIV mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafae Akkouh
- Department of Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikdreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Senjam Sunil Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal 795003, India.
| | - Cuiming Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Okello MO, Mishra S, Nishonov M, Mankowski MK, Russell JD, Wei J, Hogan PA, Ptak RG, Nair V. A novel anti-HIV active integrase inhibitor with a favorable in vitro cytochrome P450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase metabolism profile. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:365-72. [PMID: 23602851 PMCID: PMC3677213 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase have resulted in two approved drugs. However, co-infection of HIV with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other microbial and viral agents has introduced added complications to this pandemic, requiring favorable drug-drug interaction profiles for antiviral therapeutics targeting HIV. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) are pivotal determining factors in the occurrence of adverse drug-drug interactions. For this reason, it is important that anti-HIV agents, such as integrase inhibitors, possess favorable profiles with respect to CYP and UGT. We have discovered a novel HIV integrase inhibitor (compound 1) that exhibits low nM antiviral activity against a diverse set of HIV-1 isolates, and against HIV-2 and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Compound 1 displays low in vitro cytotoxicity and its resistance and related drug susceptibility profiles are favorable. Data from in vitro studies revealed that compound 1 was not a substrate for UGT isoforms and that it was not an inhibitor or activator of key CYP isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice O. Okello
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Malik Nishonov
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marie K. Mankowski
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Julie D. Russell
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jiayi Wei
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Priscilla A. Hogan
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Vasu Nair
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Bori ID, Hung HY, Qian K, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Anti-AIDS agents 88. Anti-HIV conjugates of betulin and betulinic acid with AZT prepared via click chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:1987-1989. [PMID: 22711941 PMCID: PMC3375835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new strategy to link AZT with betulin/betulinic acid (BA) by click chemistry was designed and achieved. This conjugation via a triazole linkage offers a new direction for modification of anti-HIV triterpenes. Click chemistry provides an easy and productive way for linking two molecules, even when one of them is a large natural product. Among the newly synthesized conjugates, compounds 15 and 16 showed potent anti-HIV activity with EC(50) values of 0.067 and 0.10 µM, respectively, which are comparable to that of AZT (EC(50): 0.10 µM) in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim D. Bori
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 401, Taiwan
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Tanaka H, Chiba H, Inokoshi J, Kuno A, Sugai T, Takahashi A, Ito Y, Tsunoda M, Suzuki K, Takénaka A, Sekiguchi T, Umeyama H, Hirabayashi J, Ōmura S. Mechanism by which the lectin actinohivin blocks HIV infection of target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15633-8. [PMID: 19717426 PMCID: PMC2734881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907572106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various lectins have attracted attention as potential microbicides to prevent HIV transmission. Their capacity to bind glycoproteins has been suggested as a means to block HIV binding and entry into susceptible cells. The previously undescribed lectin actinohivin (AH), isolated by us from an actinomycete, exhibits potent in vitro anti-HIV activity by binding to high-mannose (Man) type glycans (HMTGs) of gp120, an envelope glycoprotein of HIV. AH contains 114 aa and consists of three segments, all of which need to show high affinity to gp120 for the anti-HIV characteristic. To generate the needed mechanistic understanding of AH binding to HIV in anticipation of seeking approval for human testing as a microbicide, we have used multiple molecular tools to characterize it. AH showed a weak affinity to Man alpha(1-2)Man, Man alpha(1-2)Man alpha(1-2)Man, of HMTG (Man8 or Man9) or RNase B (which has a single HMTG), but exhibited a strong and highly specific affinity (K(d) = 3.4 x 10(-8) M) to gp120 of HIV, which contains multiple Man8 and/or Man9 units. We have compared AH to an alternative lectin, cyanovirin-N, which did not display similar levels of discrimination between high- and low-density HMTGs. X-ray crystal analysis of AH revealed a 3D structure containing three sugar-binding pockets. Thus, the strong specific affinity of AH to gp120 is considered to be due to multivalent interaction of the three sugar-binding pockets with three HMTGs of gp120 via the "cluster effect" of lectin. Thus, AH is a good candidate for investigation as a safe microbicide to help prevent HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; and
| | | | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaru Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Takénaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sekiguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | | | - Jun Hirabayashi
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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