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Premaratne G, Niroula J, Moulton JT, Krishnan S. Nanobioelectrocatalysis Using Human Liver Microsomes and Cytochrome P450 Bactosomes: Pyrenyl-Nanocarbon Electrodes. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:2197-2204. [PMID: 38431903 PMCID: PMC11022171 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human liver microsomes containing various drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, along with their NADPH-reductase bound to phospholipid membranes, were absorbed onto 1-pyrene butylamine pi-pi stacked with amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified graphite electrodes. The interfaced microsomal biofilm demonstrated direct electrochemical communication with the underlying electrode surface and enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalytic activity typical of heme enzymes such as P450s over the unmodified electrodes and nonenzymatic currents. Similar enhancements in currents were observed when the bioelectrodes were constructed with recombinant P450 2C9 (single isoform) expressed bactosomes. The designed liver microsomal and 2C9 bactosomal bioelectrodes successfully facilitated the electrocatalytic conversion of diclofenac, a drug candidate, into 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. The enzymatic electrocatalytic metabolite yield was several-fold greater on the modified electrodes than on the unmodified bulk graphite electrodes adsorbed with a microsomal or bactosomal film. The nonenzymatic metabolite production was less than the enzymatically catalyzed metabolite yield in the designed microsomal and bactosomal biofilm electrodes. To test the throughput potential of the designed biofilms, eight-electrode array configurations were tested with the microsomal and bactosomal biofilms toward electrochemical 4'-hydroxydiclofenac metabolite production from diclofenac. The stability of the designed microsomal bioelectrode was assessed using nonfaradaic impedance spectroscopy over 40 h, which indicated good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Premaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jinesh Niroula
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - James T. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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2
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Park R, Lee DH, Koh CS, Kwon YW, Chae SY, Kim CS, Jung HH, Jeong J, Hong SW. Laser-Assisted Structuring of Graphene Films with Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Polymer for Skin/Brain-Interfaced Electrodes. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301753. [PMID: 37820714 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here introduces a facile strategy for the development of flexible and stretchable electrodes that harness the robust characteristics of carbon nanomaterials through laser processing techniques on a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film. By utilizing LCP film as a biocompatible electronic substrate, control is demonstrated over the laser irradiation parameters to achieve efficient pattern generation and transfer printing processes, thereby yielding highly conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) bioelectrodes. To enhance the resolution of the patterned LIG film, shadow masks are employed during laser scanning on the LCP film surface. This approach is compatible with surface-mounted device integration, enabling the circuit writing of LIG/LCP materials in a flexible format. Moreover, kirigami-inspired on-skin bioelectrodes are introduced that exhibit reasonable stretchability, enabling independent connections to healthcare hardware platforms for electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) measurements. Additionally, a brain-interfaced LIG microelectrode array is proposed that combines mechanically compliant architectures with LCP encapsulation for stimulation and recording purposes, leveraging their advantageous structural features and superior electrochemical properties. This developed approach offers a cost-effective and scalable route for producing patterned arrays of laser-converted graphene as bioelectrodes. These bioelectrodes serve as ideal circuit-enabled flexible substrates with long-term reliability in the ionic environment of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowoon Park
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin Su Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kwon
- Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Chae
- Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Jeong
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Xue Y, Chen X, Wang F, Lin J, Liu J. Mechanically-Compliant Bioelectronic Interfaces through Fatigue-Resistant Conducting Polymer Hydrogel Coating. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2304095. [PMID: 37381603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Because of their distinct electrochemical and mechanical properties, conducting polymer hydrogels have been widely exploited as soft, wet, and conducting coatings for conventional metallic electrodes, providing mechanically compliant interfaces and mitigating foreign body responses. However, the long-term viability of these hydrogel coatings is hindered by concerns regarding fatigue crack propagation and/or delamination caused by repetitive volumetric expansion/shrinkage during long-term electrical interfacing. This study reports a general yet reliable approach to achieving a fatigue-resistant conducting polymer hydrogel coating on conventional metallic bioelectrodes by engineering nanocrystalline domains at the interface between the hydrogel and metallic substrates. It demonstrates the efficacy of this robust, biocompatible, and fatigue-resistant conducting hydrogel coating in cardiac pacing, showcasing its ability to effectively reduce the pacing threshold voltage and enhance the long-term reliability of electric stimulation. This study findings highlight the potential of its approach as a promising design and fabrication strategy for the next generation of seamless bioelectronic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingmei Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fucheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingsen Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Huang W, Zulkifli MYB, Chai M, Lin R, Wang J, Chen Y, Chen V, Hou J. Recent advances in enzymatic biofuel cells enabled by innovative materials and techniques. Exploration (Beijing) 2023; 3:20220145. [PMID: 37933234 PMCID: PMC10624391 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of sustainable energy technologies. As a new bio- and eco-friendly energy source, enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have garnered significant research interest due to their capacity to power implantable bioelectronics, portable devices, and biosensors by utilizing biomass as fuel under mild circumstances. Nonetheless, numerous obstacles impeded the commercialization of EBFCs, including their relatively modest power output and poor long-term stability of enzymes. To depict the current progress of EBFC and address the challenges it faces, this review traces back the evolution of EBFC and focuses on contemporary advances such as newly emerged multi or single enzyme systems, various porous framework-enzyme composites techniques, and innovative applications. Besides emphasizing current achievements in this field, from our perspective part we also introduced novel electrode and cell design for highly effective EBFC fabrication. We believe this review will assist readers in comprehending the basic research and applications of EBFCs as well as potentially spark interdisciplinary collaboration for addressing the pressing issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Huang
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Muhammad Yazid Bin Zulkifli
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Milton Chai
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Rijia Lin
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Yuelei Chen
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Vicki Chen
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jingwei Hou
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSaint LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Zhao W, Shao F, Sun F, Su Z, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhu M, Liu Z, Zhou X. Neuron-Inspired Sticky Artificial Spider Silk for Signal Transmission. Advanced Materials 2023; 35:e2300876. [PMID: 37327808 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurons exhibit excellent signal transmission capacity, which inspire artificial neuron materials for applications in the field of wearable electronics and soft robotics. In addition, the neuron fibers exhibit good mechanical robustness by sticking to the organs, which currently has rarely been studied. Here, a sticky artificial spider silk is developed by employing a proton donor-acceptor (PrDA) hydrogel fiber for application as artificial neuron fibers. Tuning the molecular electrostatic interactions by modulating the sequences of proton donors and acceptors, enables combination of excellent mechanical properties, stickiness, and ion conductivity. In addition, the PrDA hydrogel exhibits high spinning capacity for a wide range of donor-acceptor combinations. The PrDA artificial spider silk would shed light on the design of new generation of artificial neuron materials, bio-electrodes, and artificial synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fuqin Sun
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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Park J, Lee S, Lee M, Kim HS, Lee JY. Injectable Conductive Hydrogels with Tunable Degradability as Novel Implantable Bioelectrodes. Small 2023; 19:e2300250. [PMID: 36828790 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrodes have been developed to efficiently mediate electrical signals of biological systems as stimulators and recording devices. Recently, conductive hydrogels have garnered great attention as emerging materials for bioelectrode applications because they can permit intimate/conformal contact with living tissues and tissue-like softness. However, administration and control over the in vivo lifetime of bioelectrodes remain challenges. Here, injectable conductive hydrogels (ICHs) with tunable degradability as implantable bioelectrodes are developed. ICHs were constructed via thiol-ene reactions using poly(ethylene glycol)-tetrathiol and thiol-functionalized reduced graphene oxide with either hydrolyzable poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate or stable poly(ethylene glycol)-dimaleimide, the resultant hydrogels of which are degradable and nondegradable, respectively. The ICH electrodes had conductivities of 21-22 mS cm-1 and Young's moduli of 15-17 kPa, and showed excellent cell and tissue compatibility. The hydrolyzable conductive hydrogels disappeared 3 days after in vivo administration, while the stable conductive hydrogels maintained their shapes for up to 7 days. Our proof-of-concept studies reveal that electromyography signals with significantly improved sensitivity from rats could be obtained from the injected ICH electrodes compared to skin electrodes and injected nonconductive hydrogel electrodes. The ICHs, offering convenience in use, controllable degradation and excellent signal transmission, will have great potential to develop various bioelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junggeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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Niu Y, Tian G, Liang C, Wang T, Ma X, Gong G, Qi D. Thermal-Sinterable EGaIn Nanoparticle Inks for Highly Deformable Bioelectrode Arrays. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202531. [PMID: 36562213 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (especially eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn) nanoparticle inks overcome the poor wettability of high surface tension EGaIn to elastomer substrates and show great potential in soft electronics. Normally, a sintering strategy is required to break the oxide shells of the EGaIn nanoparticles (EGaIn NPs) to achieve conductive paths. Herein, for the first time, thermal-sinterable EGaIn NP inks are prepared by introducing thermal expansion microspheres (TEMs) into EGaIn NP solution. Through the mechanical pressure induced by the expansion of the heated TEMs, the printed EGaIn NPs can be sintered into electrically conductive paths to achieve highly stretchable bioelectrode arrays, which exhibit giant electromechanical performance (up to 680% strain), good cyclic stability (over 2 × 104 cycles), and stable conductivity after high-speed rotation (6000 rpm). Simultaneously, the recording sites are hermetically sealed by ionic elastomer layers, ensuring the complete leakage-free property of EGaIn and reducing the electrochemical impedance of the electrodes (891.16 Ω at 1 kHz). The bioelectrode is successfully applied to monitor dynamic electromyographic signals. The sintering strategy overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional sintering strategies, such as leakage of EGaIn, reformation of large EGaIn droplets, and low throughput, which promotes the application of EGaIn in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Niu
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tianchi Wang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ma
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Gong
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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Kabir MH, Marquez E, Djokoto G, Parker M, Weinstein T, Ghann W, Uddin J, Ali MM, Alam MM, Thompson M, Poyraz AS, Msimanga HZ, Rahman MM, Rulison M, Cramer J. Energy Harvesting by Mesoporous Reduced Graphene Oxide Enhanced the Mediator-Free Glucose-Powered Enzymatic Biofuel Cell for Biomedical Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:24229-24244. [PMID: 35594363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing electrochemical energy in an engineered electrical circuit from biochemical substrates in the human body using biofuel cells is gaining increasing research attention in the current decade due to the wide range of biomedical possibilities it creates for electronic devices. In this report, we describe and characterize the construction of just such an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC). It is simple, mediator-free, and glucose-powered, employing only biocompatible materials. A novel feature is the two-dimensional mesoporous thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) host electrode. An additionally novelty is that we explored the potential of using biocompatible, low-cost filter paper (FP) instead of carbon paper, a conductive polymer, or gold as support for the host electrode. Using glucose (C6H12O6) and molecular oxygen (O2) as the power-generating fuel, the cell consists of a pair of bioelectrodes incorporating immobilized enzymes, the bioanode modified by rGO-glucose oxidase (GOx/rGO), and the biocathode modified by rGO-laccase (Lac/rGO). Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques have been employed to investigate the surface morphology, defects, and chemical structure of rGO, GOx/rGO, and Lac/rGO. N2 sorption, SEM/EDX, and powder X-ray diffraction revealed a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (179 m2 g-1) mesoporous rGO structure with the high C/O ratio of 80:1 as well. Results from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicated that GOx remained in its native biochemical functional form upon being embedded onto the rGO matrix. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the presence of mesoporous rGO greatly enhanced the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic properties of the GOx/rGO and Lac/rGO nanocomposites. The electron transfer rate constant between GOx and rGO was estimated to be 2.14 s-1. The fabricated EBFC (GOx/rGO/FP-Lac/rGO/FP) using a single GOx/rGO/FP bioanode and a single Lac/rGO/FP biocathode provides a maximum power density (Pmax) of 4.0 nW cm-2 with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.04 V and remains stable for more than 15 days with a power output of ∼9.0 nW cm-2 at a pH of 7.4 under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Humayun Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Occupational Health Science, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama 35632, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - Erik Marquez
- Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - Grace Djokoto
- Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - Maurice Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - Talia Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - William Ghann
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21216, United States
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21216, United States
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Max Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Altug S Poyraz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Huggins Z Msimanga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Rulison
- Department of Physics, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
| | - John Cramer
- Department of Physics, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia 30319, United States
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Shi L, Wang R, Sun J. Breathable, Self-Adhesive Dry Electrodes for Stable Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring During Exercise. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12812-12823. [PMID: 35234456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes with high air permeability, low thickness, low elastic modulus, and high adhesion are essential for biomedical signal recordings, which provide data for sports management and biomedical applications. However, nanothickness electrodes interacting with the skin by van der Waals force can be interfered with by sweating, and elastomers with high adhesion prepared by modification are not satisfactory in terms of air permeability. Here, a dry electrode with high stretchability (598%), low elastic modulus (5 MPa), high air permeability (726 g m-2 d-1), and high adhesion (6.33 kPa) was fabricated by semi-embedding Ag nanowires into nonyl and glycerol-modified polyvinyl alcohol. Furthermore, a small amount of 40 wt % ethanol was sprayed on the skin to facilitate microdissolution of the substrate and form immediate conformability with skin texture. The dry electrodes can record high-quality electrocardiogram and electromyogram signals through a robust contact with the skin under skin deformation, with a water stream, or after running for 1 h. The film can also be served as the substrate for self-adhesive strain sensors to monitor motion with higher quality than nonadhesive polydimethylsilane-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liangjing Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
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Spiess S, Kucera J, Seelajaroen H, Sasiain A, Thallner S, Kremser K, Novak D, Guebitz GM, Haberbauer M. Impact of Carbon Felt Electrode Pretreatment on Anodic Biofilm Composition in Microbial Electrolysis Cells. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11060170. [PMID: 34073192 PMCID: PMC8229196 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable technologies for energy production and storage are currently in great demand. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) offer promising solutions for both. Several attempts have been made to improve carbon felt electrode characteristics with various pretreatments in order to enhance performance. This study was motivated by gaps in current knowledge of the impact of pretreatments on the enrichment and microbial composition of bioelectrochemical systems. Therefore, electrodes were treated with poly(neutral red), chitosan, or isopropanol in a first step and then fixed in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Four MECs consisting of organic substance-degrading bioanodes and methane-producing biocathodes were set up and operated in batch mode by controlling the bioanode at 400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl (3M NaCl). After 1 month of operation, Enterococcus species were dominant microorganisms attached to all bioanodes and independent of electrode pretreatment. However, electrode pretreatments led to a decrease in microbial diversity and the enrichment of specific electroactive genera, according to the type of modification used. The MEC containing isopropanol-treated electrodes achieved the highest performance due to presence of both Enterococcus and Geobacter. The obtained results might help to select suitable electrode pretreatments and support growth conditions for desired electroactive microorganisms, whereby performance of BESs and related applications, such as BES-based biosensors, could be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spiess
- K1-MET GmbH, Stahlstrasse 14, 4020 Linz, Austria; (A.S.); (S.T.); (M.H.)
- ACIB GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Krenngasse 37/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiri Kucera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Hathaichanok Seelajaroen
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Amaia Sasiain
- K1-MET GmbH, Stahlstrasse 14, 4020 Linz, Austria; (A.S.); (S.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Sophie Thallner
- K1-MET GmbH, Stahlstrasse 14, 4020 Linz, Austria; (A.S.); (S.T.); (M.H.)
- ACIB GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Krenngasse 37/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Klemens Kremser
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| | - David Novak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- ACIB GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Krenngasse 37/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Marianne Haberbauer
- K1-MET GmbH, Stahlstrasse 14, 4020 Linz, Austria; (A.S.); (S.T.); (M.H.)
- ACIB GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Krenngasse 37/2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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11
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Kim S, Lee S, Park J, Lee JY. Electrochemical Co-deposition of Polydopamine/Hyaluronic Acid for Anti-biofouling Bioelectrodes. Front Chem 2019; 7:262. [PMID: 31114782 PMCID: PMC6503041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrodes are key components of electronic devices that efficiently mediate electrical signals in biological systems. However, conventional bioelectrodes often undergo biofouling associated with non-specific proteins and cell adhesion on the electrode surfaces, which leads to seriously degraded electrical and/or electrochemical properties. Hence, a facile and effective method to modify the surface of bioelectrodes is required to introduce anti-biofouling properties and improve performance. Here, we report an electrochemical surface modification of a bioelectrode via co-deposition of hyaluronic acid (HA) and polydopamine (PDA). The electrochemical polymerization and deposition of PDA offered simple and effective incorporation of highly hydrophilic and anti-fouling HA to the electrode surfaces, with no substantial increase in impedance. HA-incorporated PDA (PDA/HA)-modified electrodes displayed significant resistance to non-specific protein adsorption and the adhesion of fibroblasts. In addition, 4-week subcutaneous implantation studies revealed that the modified electrodes attenuated scar tissue formation compared with that induced by unmodified bare electrodes. This simple and effective electrochemical surface modification could be further employed for various implantable bioelectrodes (e.g., prosthetics and biosensors) and could extend their bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Junggeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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12
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Kim S, Jang LK, Jang M, Lee S, Hardy JG, Lee JY. Electrically Conductive Polydopamine-Polypyrrole as High Performance Biomaterials for Cell Stimulation in Vitro and Electrical Signal Recording in Vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:33032-33042. [PMID: 30192136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers (CPs) such as polypyrrole (PPY) are emerging biomaterials for use as scaffolds and bioelectrodes which interact with biological systems electrically. Still, more electrically conductive and biologically interactive CPs are required to develop high performance biomaterials and medical devices. In this study, in situ electrochemical copolymerization of polydopamine (PDA) and PPY were performed for electrode modification. Their material and biological properties were characterized using multiple techniques. The electrical properties of electrodes coated with PDA/PPY were superior to electrodes coated with PPY alone. The growth and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and PC12 neuronal cells on PDA/PPY was enhanced compared to PPY. Electrical stimulation of PC12 cells on PDA/PPY further promoted neuritogenesis. In vivo electromyography signal measurements demonstrated more sensitive signals from tibia muscles when using PDA/PPY-coated electrodes than bare or PPY-coated electrodes, revealing PDA/PPY to be a high-performance biomaterial with potential for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John George Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute , Lancaster University , Lancaster , Lancashire LA1 4YB , U.K
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13
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Ren L, Sun S, Casillas-Garcia G, Nancarrow M, Peleckis G, Turdy M, Du K, Xu X, Li W, Jiang L, Dou SX, Du Y. A Liquid-Metal-Based Magnetoactive Slurry for Stimuli-Responsive Mechanically Adaptive Electrodes. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802595. [PMID: 30015992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical communication between a biological system and outside equipment allows one to monitor and influence the state of the tissue and nervous networks. As the bridge, bioelectrodes should possess both electrical conductivity and adaptive mechanical properties matching the target soft biosystem, but this is still a big challenge. A family of liquid-metal-based magnetoactive slurries (LMMSs) formed by dispersing magnetic iron particles in a Ga-based liquid metal (LM) matrix is reported here. The mechanical properties, viscosity, and stiffness of such materials rapidly respond to the stimulus of an applied magnetic field. By varying the intensity of the magnetic field, regulation within a factor of 1000 of the Young's modulus from ≈kPa to ≈MPa, and the ability to reach GPa with more dense iron particles inside the LMMS are demonstrated. With the advantage of high conductivity of the LM matrix, the functions of the LMMS are not only limited to the soft implanted electrodes or penetrating electrodes in biosystems: the electrical response based on the LMMS electrodes can also be precisely tuned by simply regulating the applied magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | | | - Mitchell Nancarrow
- Electron Microscopy Center, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Germanas Peleckis
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Mirzat Turdy
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Kunrong Du
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yi Du
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Department of Physics, and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100091, China
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14
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Abstract
Bioelectrochemical technologies have an important and growing role in healthcare, with applications in sensing and diagnostics, as well as the potential to be used as implantable power sources and be integrated with automated drug delivery systems. Challenges associated with enzyme-based electrodes include low current density and short functional lifetimes. Protein engineering is emerging as a powerful tool to overcome these issues. By taking advantage of the ability to precisely define protein sequences, electrodes can be organized into high performing structures, and enable the next generation of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie N Renner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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