1
|
Battaglia M, Sunshine AC, Luo W, Jin R, Stith A, Lindemann M, Miller LS, Sinha S, Wohlfert E, Garrett-Sinha LA. Ets1 and IL17RA cooperate to regulate autoimmune responses and skin immunity to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208200. [PMID: 37691956 PMCID: PMC10486983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ets1 is a lymphoid-enriched transcription factor that regulates B- and Tcell functions in development and disease. Mice that lack Ets1 (Ets1 KO) develop spontaneous autoimmune disease with high levels of autoantibodies. Naïve CD4 + T cells isolated from Ets1 KO mice differentiate more readily to Th17 cells that secrete IL-17, a cytokine implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. To determine if increased IL-17 production contributes to the development of autoimmunity in Ets1 KO mice, we crossed Ets1 KO mice to mice lacking the IL-17 receptor A subunit (IL17RA KO) to generate double knockout (DKO) mice. Methods In this study, the status of the immune system of DKO and control mice was assessed utilizing ELISA, ELISpot, immunofluorescent microscopy, and flow cytometric analysis of the spleen, lymph node, skin. The transcriptome of ventral neck skin was analyzed through RNA sequencing. S. aureus clearance kinetics in in exogenously infected mice was conducted using bioluminescent S. aureus and tracked using an IVIS imaging experimental scheme. Results We found that the absence of IL17RA signaling did not prevent or ameliorate the autoimmune phenotype of Ets1 KO mice but rather that DKO animals exhibited worse symptoms with striking increases in activated B cells and secreted autoantibodies. This was correlated with a prominent increase in the numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition to the autoimmune phenotype, DKO mice also showed signs of immunodeficiency and developed spontaneous skin lesions colonized by Staphylococcus xylosus. When DKO mice were experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus, they were unable to clear the bacteria, suggesting a general immunodeficiency to staphylococcal species. γδ T cells are important for the control of skin staphylococcal infections. We found that mice lacking Ets1 have a complete deficiency of the γδ T-cell subset dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which are involved in skin woundhealing responses, but normal numbers of other skin γδ T cells. To determine if loss of DETC combined with impaired IL-17 signaling might promote susceptibility to staph infection, we depleted DETC from IL17RA KO mice and found that the combined loss of DETC and impaired IL-17 signaling leads to an impaired clearance of the infection. Conclusions Our studies suggest that loss of IL-17 signaling can result in enhanced autoimmunity in Ets1 deficient autoimmune-prone mice. In addition, defects in wound healing, such as that caused by loss of DETC, can cooperate with impaired IL-17 responses to lead to increased susceptibility to skin staph infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alex C. Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Richard Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alifa Stith
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | | | - Lloyd S. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wohlfert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chodaczek G, Toporkiewicz M, Zal MA, Zal T. Epidermal T Cell Dendrites Serve as Conduits for Bidirectional Trafficking of Granular Cargo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1430. [PMID: 29988392 PMCID: PMC6023976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) represent a prototypical lineage of intraepithelial γδ T cells that participate in the maintenance of body barrier homeostasis. Unlike classical T cells, DETCs do not recirculate and they remain persistently activated through their T cell receptors (TCR) at steady state, i.e., in absence of infection or tissue wounding. The steady state TCR signals sustain the formation of immunological synapse-like phosphotyrosine-rich aggregates located on projections (PALPs) which act to anchor and polarize DETC’s long cellular projections toward the apical epidermis while the cell bodies reside in the basal layers. The PALPs are known to contain pre-synaptic accumulations of TCR-containing and lysosomal granules, but how this cargo accumulates there remains unclear. Here, we combined anti-Vγ5 TCR, cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), and LysoTracker (LT)-based intravital labeling of intracellular granules, with high resolution dynamic microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to characterize the steady state composition and transport of DETC granules in steady state epidermis. Intradermal fluorescent Vγ5 antibody decorated DETCs without causing cellular depletion, dendrite mobilization or rounding up and became slowly internalized over 48 h into intracellular granules that, after 6 days, colocalized with LAMP-1 and less so with LT or early endosomal antigen-1. Intradermal CTB was likewise internalized predominantly by DETCs in epidermis, labeling a partly overlapping set of largely LAMP-1+ intracellular granules. These as well as LT-labeled granules readily moved into newly forming dendrites and accumulated at the apical endings. FRAP and spatiotemporal tracking showed that the inside tubular lengths of DETC cellular projections supported dynamic trafficking of lysosomal cargo toward and away from the PALPs, including internalized TCR and lipid raft component ganglioside GM1 (labeled with CTB). By contrast, the rate of GM1 granules transport through comparable dendrites of non-DETCs was twice slower. Our observations suggest that DETCs use chronic TCR activation to establish a polarized conduit system for long-range trans-epithelial transport aimed to accumulate mature lysosomes at the barrier-forming apical epidermis. The biological strategy behind the steady state lysosome polarization by DETCs remains to be uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Toporkiewicz
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Anna Zal
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tomasz Zal
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that progresses through the distinct phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Both inflammation and re-epithelialization, in which skin γδ T cells are heavily involved, are required for efficient skin wound healing. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which reside in murine epidermis, are activated to secrete epidermal cell growth factors, such as IGF-1 and KGF-1/2, to promote re-epithelialization after skin injury. Epidermal IL-15 is not only required for DETC homeostasis in the intact epidermis but it also facilitates the activation and IGF-1 production of DETC after skin injury. Further, the epidermal expression of IL-15 and IGF-1 constitutes a feedback regulatory loop to promote wound repair. Dermis-resident Vγ4 T cells infiltrate into the epidermis at the wound edges through the CCR6-CCL20 pathway after skin injury and provide a major source of IL-17A, which enhances the production of IL-1β and IL-23 in the epidermis to form a positive feedback loop for the initiation and amplification of local inflammation at the early stages of wound healing. IL-1β and IL-23 suppress the production of IGF-1 by DETCs and, therefore, impede wound healing. A functional loop may exist among Vγ4 T cells, epidermal cells, and DETCs to regulate wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China.,Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) expressing invariant Vγ5Vδ1 T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a crucial role in maintaining skin homeostasis in mice. When activated, they secrete cytokines, which recruit various immune cells to sites of infection and promote wound healing. Recently, a member of the butyrophilin family, Skint1, expressed specifically in the skin and thymus was identified as a gene required for DETC development in mice. Skint1 is a gene that arose by rodent-specific gene duplication. Consequently, a gene orthologs to mouse Skint1 exists only in rodents, indicating that Skint1-dependent DETCs are unique to rodents. However, dendritic-shaped epidermal γδ T cells with limited antigen receptor diversity appear to occur in other mammals. Even lampreys, a member of the most primitive class of vertebrates that even lacks TCRs, have γδ T-like lymphocytes that resemble DETCs. This indicates that species as divergent as mice and lampreys share the needs to have innate-like T cells at their body surface, and that the origin of DETC-like cells is as ancient as that of lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sutoh
- Division of Biobank and Data Management, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Rania Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Bai Y, Li Y, Liang G, Jiang Y, Liu Z, Liu M, Hao J, Zhang X, Hu X, Chen J, Wang R, Yin Z, Wu J, Luo G, He W. IL-15 Enhances Activation and IGF-1 Production of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells to Promote Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1557. [PMID: 29225596 PMCID: PMC5705622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered homeostasis and dysfunction of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) contribute to abnormal diabetic wound healing. IL-15 plays important roles in survival and activation of T lymphocytes. Recently, reduction of epidermal IL-15 has been reported as an important mechanism for abnormal DETC homeostasis in streptozotocin -induced diabetic animals. However, the role of IL-15 in impaired diabetic wound healing remains unknown. Here, we found that, through rescuing the insufficient activation of DETCs, IL-15 increased IGF-1 production by DETCs and thereby promoted diabetic skin wound repair. Regulation of IGF-1 in DETCs by IL-15 was partly dependent on the mTOR pathway. In addition, expression of IL-15 and IGF-1 were positively correlated in wounded epidermis. Together, our data indicated that IL-15 enhanced IGF-1 production by DETCs to promoting diabetic wound repair, suggesting IL-15 as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetic wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yashu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Wound Healing Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Rupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geherin SA, Lee MH, Wilson RP, Debes GF. Ovine skin-recirculating γδ T cells express IFN-γ and IL-17 and exit tissue independently of CCR7. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:87-97. [PMID: 23838472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells continuously survey extralymphoid tissues, providing key effector functions during infection and inflammation. Despite their importance, the function and the molecules that drive migration of skin-recirculating γδ T cells are poorly described. Here we found that γδ T cells traveling in the skin-draining afferent lymph of sheep are effectors that produce IFN-γ or IL-17 and express high levels of the skin- and inflammation-seeking molecule E-selectin ligand. Consistent with a role for chemokine receptor CCR7 in mediating T cell exit from extralymphoid tissues, conventional CD4 and CD8T cells in skin-draining lymph were enriched in their expression of CCR7 compared to their skin-residing counterparts. In contrast, co-isolated γδ T cells in skin or lymph lacked expression of CCR7, indicating that they use alternative receptors for egress. Skin-draining γδ T cells were unresponsive to many cutaneous and inflammatory chemokines, including ligands for CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, CCR10, and CXCR3, but showed selective chemotaxis toward the cutaneously expressed CCR6 ligand CCL20. Moreover, IL-17(+) γδ T cells were the most CCL20-responsive subset of γδ T cells. The data suggest that γδ T cells survey the skin and sites of inflammation and infection, entering via CCR6 and E-selectin ligand and leaving independent of the CCR7-CCL21 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skye A Geherin
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|