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Ptaszyńska K, Malaika A, Morawa Eblagon K, Figueiredo JL, Kozłowski M. Promoting Effect of Ball Milling on the Functionalization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Glycerol Etherification. Molecules 2024; 29:1623. [PMID: 38611901 PMCID: PMC11013610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A facile and eco-friendly approach using in situ-generated 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) was applied to prepare highly functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effectiveness of this functionalization was additionally enhanced by a green and short-time ball milling process applied beforehand. The obtained BDS-modified CNTs presented significant activity in glycerol etherification, producing tert-butyl glycerol ethers, which are considered promising fuel additives. Excellent results of ~56% glycerol conversion and ~10% yield of higher-substituted tert-butyl glycerol ethers were obtained within just 1 h of reaction at 120 °C using a low catalyst loading of only 2.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the sulfonated CNTs were reusable over several reaction cycles, with only a minor decrease in activity. Additionally, the sample activity could be restored by a simple regeneration approach. Finally, a clear correlation was found between the content of -SO3H groups on the surface of CNTs and the catalytic performances of these materials in glycerol etherification. Improved interaction between functionalized ball-milled CNTs and the reactants was also suggested to positively affect the activity of these catalysts in the tested process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ptaszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Malaika
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (K.M.E.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Luís Figueiredo
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (K.M.E.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mieczysław Kozłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
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Keogh J, Inrirai P, Artioli N, Manyar H. Nanostructured Solid/Liquid Acid Catalysts for Glycerol Esterification: The Key to Convert Liability into Assets. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:615. [PMID: 38607149 PMCID: PMC11013476 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the growing concerns about the dwindling fossil fuel reserves, increasing energy demand, and climate emergency, it is imperative to develop and deploy sustainable energy technologies to ensure future energy supply and to transition to the net-zero world. In this context, there is great potential in the biorefinery concept for supplying drop in biofuels in the form of biodiesel. Biodiesel as a fuel can certainly bridge the gap where electrification or the use of hydrogen is not feasible, for instance, in heavy vehicles and in the farm and marine transportation sectors. However, the biodiesel industry also generates a large amount of crude glycerol as the by-product. Due to the presence of several impurities, crude glycerol may not be a suitable feedstock for all high-value products derived from glycerol, but it fits well with glycerol esterification for producing glycerol acetins, which have numerous applications. This review critically looks at the processes using nanostructured solid/liquid acid catalysts for glycerol esterification, including the economic viability of the scale-up. The homogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include mineral acids and Brønsted acidic ionic liquids, such as SO3H-functionalized and heteropoly acid based ionic liquids. The heterogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include solid acid catalysts such as metal oxides, ion-exchange resins, zeolites, and supported heteropoly acid-based catalysts. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis studies have shown the process to be highly profitable, confirming the viability of glycerol esterification as a potential tool for economic value addition to the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keogh
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Patcharaporn Inrirai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nancy Artioli
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Haresh Manyar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Dhanarasu M, Rameshkumar KA, Maadeswaran P, Venkatesh Raja K. The combined effect of acetone and ZnO with diesel-biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Environ Technol 2023; 44:3575-3584. [PMID: 35392777 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2064242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this experimental study, the performance, combustion and emission analysis of the combined effect of acetone and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) dispersed diesel-biodiesel (B20) blends were done in four-stroke, single-cylinder and water-cooled diesel engine. ZnO was synthesized by the solvothermal method using cow urine as a solvent and reducing agent. The synthesized ZnO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil through a trans-esterification process. The synthesized ZnO was dispersed in 10, 20 and 30 ppm with diesel-biodiesel blend along with 10% of acetone to form B20A10Zn10, B20A10Zn20 and B20A10Zn30 test fuels. The experimental results show that adding acetone and ZnO with diesel-biodiesel blend tends to promising physiochemical properties of the test fuels and produced better results in performance and emission. The test fuel, B20A10Zn30, gave a better outcome than all other fuels and recorded a 0.4% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), while there was an 8% increase in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). Compared to diesel, the emissions, such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and smoke, were 7.97%, 20%, 1.8% and 1.49% lower than the conventional diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dhanarasu
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K A Rameshkumar
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Maadeswaran
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Venkatesh Raja
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamilnadu, India
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Baranchikov AE, Razumov MI, Kameneva SV, Sozarukova MM, Beshkareva TS, Filippova AD, Kozlov DA, Ivanova OS, Shcherbakov AB, Ivanov VK. Facile Synthesis of Stable Cerium Dioxide Sols in Nonpolar Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:5028. [PMID: 35956978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method is proposed for the preparation of stable sols of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide in nonpolar solvents, based on surface modification of CeO2 nanoparticles obtained by thermal hydrolysis of concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate with residues of 2-ethylhexanoic and octanoic acids. The synthesis was carried out at temperatures below 100 °C and did not require the use of expensive and toxic reagents. An assessment of the radical-scavenging properties of the obtained sols using the superoxide anion-radical neutralization model revealed that they demonstrate notable antioxidant activity. The results obtained indicate the potential of the nanoscale cerium dioxide sols in nonpolar solvents to be used for creating nanobiomaterials possessing antioxidant properties.
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Talebian-Kiakalaieh A, Amin NAS, Najaafi N, Tarighi S. A Review on the Catalytic Acetalization of Bio-renewable Glycerol to Fuel Additives. Front Chem 2018; 6:573. [PMID: 30534550 PMCID: PMC6275326 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 20 years have seen an unprecedented breakthrough in the biodiesel industry worldwide leads to abundance of glycerol. Therefore, the economic utilization of glycerol to various value-added chemicals is vital for the sustainability of the biodiesel industry. One of the promising processes is acetalization of glycerol to acetals and ketals for applications as fuel additives. These products could be obtained by acid-catalyzed reaction of glycerol with aldehydes and ketones. Application of different supported heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites, heteropoly acids, metal-based and acid-exchange resins have been evaluated comprehensively in this field. In this review, the glycerol acetalization has been reported, focusing on innovative and potential technologies for sustainable production of solketal. In addition, the impacts of various parameters such as application of different reactants, reaction temperature, water removal, utilization of crude-glycerol on catalytic activity in both batch and continuous processes are discussed. The outcomes of this research will therefore significantly improve the technology required in tomorrow's bio-refineries. This review provides spectacular opportunities for us to use such renewables and will consequently benefit the industry, environment and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Talebian-Kiakalaieh
- Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
- Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aishah Saidina Amin
- Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia
| | | | - Sara Tarighi
- Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
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Bugarski AD, Hummer JA, Stachulak JS, Miller A, Patts LD, Cauda EG. Emissions from a Diesel Engine using Fe-based Fuel Additives and a Sintered Metal Filtration System. Ann Occup Hyg 2015; 60:252-62. [PMID: 26424805 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of laboratory tests were conducted to assess the effects of Fe-containing fuel additives on aerosols emitted by a diesel engine retrofitted with a sintered metal filter (SMF) system. Emission measurements performed upstream and downstream of the SMF system were compared, for cases when the engine was fueled with neat ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) and with ULSD treated with two formulations of additives containing Fe-based catalysts. The effects were assessed for four steady-state engine operating conditions and one transient cycle. The results showed that the SMF system reduced the average total number and surface area concentrations of aerosols by more than 100-fold. The total mass and elemental carbon results confirmed that the SMF system was indeed very effective in the removal of diesel aerosols. When added at the recommended concentrations (30 p.p.m. of iron), the tested additives had minor adverse impacts on the number, surface area, and mass concentrations of filter-out (FOut) aerosols. For one of the test cases, the additives may have contributed to measurable concentrations of engine-out (EOut) nucleation mode aerosols. The additives had only a minor impact on the concentration and size distribution of volatile and semi-volatile FOut aerosols. Metal analysis showed that the introduction of Fe with the additives substantially increased Fe concentration in the EOut, but the SMF system was effective in removal of Fe-containing aerosols. The FOut Fe concentrations for all three tested fuels were found to be much lower than the corresponding EOut Fe concentrations for the case of untreated ULSD fuel. The results support recommendations that these additives should not be used in diesel engines unless they are equipped with exhaust filtration systems. Since the tested SMF system was found to be very efficient in removing Fe introduced by the additives, the use of these additives should not result in a measurable increase in emissions of de novo generated Fe-containing aerosols. The findings from this study should promote a better understanding of the benefits and challenges of using sintered metal systems and fuel additives to control the exposure of underground miners and other workers to diesel aerosols and gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Bugarski
- 1.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA;
| | - Jon A Hummer
- 1.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Jozef S Stachulak
- 2.MIRARCO Mining Innovation, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Arthur Miller
- 1.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Larry D Patts
- 1.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Emanuele G Cauda
- 1.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
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