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Wang Y, Jiang H, Yu L, Gao Z, Liu W, Mei Q, Gu Y. Understanding the Role of Children's Footwear on Children's Feet and Gait Development: A Systematic Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101418. [PMID: 37239704 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's footwear plays an important role in the healthy growth of foot and gait development during the growing stage. This review aims to synthesize findings of previous investigations and to explore the biomechanical influences of different types of children's footwear on foot health and gait development, thus guiding the healthy and safe growth of children's feet and gait. Online databases were searched for potential eligible articles, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. In total, nineteen articles were identified after searching based on the inclusion requirements. The following five aspects of biomechanical parameters were identified in the literature, including spatiotemporal, kinematics, kinetics, electromyography (EMG), and plantar pressure distribution. Children's footwear can affect their foot health and gait performance. In addition, children's shoes with different flexibility and sole hardness have different effects on children's feet and gait development. Compared to barefoot, the stride length, step length, stride time, and step time were increased, but cadence was decreased with wearing shoes. Furthermore, the support base and toe-off time increased. Double support time and stance time increased, but single support time decreased. The hip, knee, and ankle joints showed increased range of motion in children with the rear-foot strike with larger ground reaction force as well. Future studies may need to evaluate the influence of footwear types on gait performance of children in different age groups. Findings in this study may provide recommendations for suitable footwear types for different ages, achieving the aim of growth and development in a healthy and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hanhui Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Tsuboi Y, Ito A, Otsuka T, Murakami H, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Habilitation Improves Mouse Gait Development Following Neonatal Brain Injury. Prog Rehabil Med 2022; 7:20220061. [PMID: 36479304 PMCID: PMC9706041 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonatal brain injury during gait development disrupts neural circuits and causes permanent gait dysfunction. Rehabilitation as an intervention to improve impaired gait function has been used in adults as a treatment for stroke and spinal cord injury. However, although neonates have greater neuroplasticity and regenerative capacity than adults, normal gait development and the effects of habilitation on gait function following neonatal brain injury are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we generated cryogenic injury in mice at postnatal day 2 and subsequently performed habilitative training to promote autonomous limb movement for 4 weeks. We also quantitatively analyzed the gait acquisition process in developing mice using the Catwalk XT system. RESULTS Using quantitative gait analyses, we showed that during normal gait development in mice, stance phase function matures later than swing phase function. We also demonstrated that habilitation in which active limb movements were enhanced by suspending mice with a rubber band with no floor grounding promotes motor learning, including gait function, in mice with impaired acquisition of gait function resulting from neonatal brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a basis for research on gait development in mice and suggest new habilitation strategies for patients with impaired gait development caused by perinatal brain diseases such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and periventricular leukomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsuboi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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Liu W, Mei Q, Yu P, Gao Z, Hu Q, Fekete G, István B, Gu Y. Biomechanical Characteristics of the Typically Developing Toddler Gait: A Narrative Review. Children (Basel) 2022; 9:406. [PMID: 35327778 PMCID: PMC8946917 DOI: 10.3390/children9030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Independent ambulation is one of the most important motor skills in typically developing toddlers. Gait analysis is a key evaluation method in basic and clinical research. A narrative review on the literature of toddler gait development was conducted following inclusion criteria, explicitly including the factors of English article, age range, no external intervention during the experimental process of studies involved, the non-symptomatic toddler, and no pathological gait. Studies about toddlers' morphological, physiological, and biomechanical aspects at this developmental stage were identified. Remarkable gait characteristics and specific development rules of toddlers at different ages were reported. Changes in gait biomechanics are age and walking experience-dependent. Gait patterns are related to the maturation of the neuro and musculoskeletal systems. This review thus provides critical and theoretical information and the nature of toddler walking development for clinicians and other scientific researchers. Future studies may systematically recruit subjects with more explicit criteria with larger samples for longitudinal studies. A particular design could be conducted to analyze empirically before practical application. Additionally, the influence of external interventions on the development of toddler gait may need consideration for gait development in the toddler cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Qiuli Hu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
| | - Gustav Fekete
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Bíró István
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.L.); (P.Y.); (Z.G.); (Q.H.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary;
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Gorissen BMC, Serra Bragança FM, Wolschrijn CF, Back W, van Weeren PR. The development of hoof balance and landing preference in the post-natal period. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:809-817. [PMID: 29679400 PMCID: PMC6175397 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Foals can follow the herd within hours of birth, but it has been shown that kinetic gait parameters and static balance still have to mature. However, development of dynamic balance has not been investigated. Objectives To objectively quantify landing and pressure pattern dynamics under the hoof during the first half year of life. Study design Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm. Methods Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from ten Dutch warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe‐heel and medial‐lateral hoof balance asymmetry indexes and to determine preferred landing strategy. Concurrently, radiographs of the tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of time point, limb pair (front/hind), side (left/right) and osteochondrosis status of every foal. Results At 25% of stance duration at walk, front limbs were more loaded in the heel region in weeks 6–20 (P≤0.04), the medial‐lateral balance was more to the lateral side from week 6 onwards at both walk and trot (P≤0.04). Landing preference gradually changed in the same directions. Variability in pressure distribution decreased over time. (Subclinical) osteochondrosis did not influence any of the measured parameters. Main limitations This study is limited by the relatively small sample size only containing one breed from a single stud farm. Conclusions Dynamic hoof balance in new‐born foals is more variable and less oriented towards the lateral side of the hoof and to the heel than in mature horses. This pattern changes gradually during the first weeks of life. Knowledge of this process is essential for the clinician when considering interventions in this area in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Serra Bragança
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Gorissen BMC, Wolschrijn CF, Serra Bragança FM, Geerts AAJ, Leenders WOJL, Back W, van Weeren PR. The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:467-474. [PMID: 27859501 PMCID: PMC5484372 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reason for performing study Foals stand and walk immediately after birth, but insight into the subsequent longitudinal development of their gait kinetics in the early juvenile phase and the possible influence of osteochondrosis thereon is lacking. Objectives To quantify gait kinetics in foals during the first half year of life, taking into account their osteochondrosis status. Study design Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm. Methods Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from 11 Dutch Warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to determine body mass normalised peak vertical force, normalised vertical impulse and stance duration. Coefficients of variation of peak vertical force and stance duration were used as measures for gait maturity. Radiographs of tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at age 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of age, limb, presence of osteochondrosis and speed on gait parameters. Results Mean walking and trotting velocity increased over time as did stance duration and normalised vertical impulse, normalised peak vertical force values however remained relatively constant. During the first weeks of their life only the coefficient of variation of stance duration decreased significantly, while the coefficient of variation of peak vertical force did not. None of the foals was visibly lame, but the presence of osteochondrosis resulted in a temporarily but significantly reduced normalised peak vertical force. Main limitations This study is a relatively small sample size of one breed from a single stud farm. A stand‐alone pressure plate was used and body mass was estimated rather than measured. Conclusions Despite being precocious, foals need time to mature their gait. During growth, velocity at walk and trot increases, but normalised peak vertical force remains relatively constant. Although not visibly lame, a temporary reduction in normalised peak vertical force was detected in osteochondrosis positive foals using a pressure plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. C. Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology DivisionFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - C. F. Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology DivisionFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - F. M. Serra Bragança
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - W. Back
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Naito M, Aoki S, Kamide A, Miyamura K, Honda M, Nagai A, Mezawa H, Hashimoto K. Gait analysis in Down syndrome pediatric patients using a sheet-type gait analyzer: Pilot study. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:860-3. [PMID: 25998919 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Down syndrome (DS), who are likely to suffer from a large number of musculoskeletal problems, tend to have a unique pattern of walking in clinical settings. Despite such apparent uniqueness, few studies have empirically investigated gait development pattern in DS children, especially at an earlier age. We therefore conducted gait analysis in young DS children who are prescribed insoles, to explore how their gait patterns develop, using the gait parameters identified by Sutherland et al. as determinants of gait maturity of typical children. METHODS Participants consisted of 63 DS children (31 boys) aged 1-6 years (mean, 4 years 1 month) with a diagnosis of flat feet who were prescribed orthotic insoles. A 2.4 m sheet-type gait analyzer was used to analyze gait pattern. We measured the following variables: walking velocity (cm/min), cadence (steps/min), step length (cm), and single-limb stance phase ratio (%), and examined their relationship with age on regression analysis. RESULTS Walking velocity and step length were significantly and positively related to age. Cadence was also significantly, but negatively associated with age. In contrast, SLS phase ratio did not have a statistically significant relationship with age. CONCLUSION Down syndrome children have unique gait development patterns. Although walking velocity, cadence, and step length were found to develop with age, as in typical children, SLS phase ratio did not change with age in DS children. Further studies with a larger sample are necessary to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Naito
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of General Pediatrics and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aoki
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Kamide
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyamura
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Honda
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Nico Children's Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nagai
- Department of General Pediatrics and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mezawa
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Hashimoto
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and Developmental Evaluation Center, Tokyo, Japan
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