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Yang X, Li T, Liu J, Sun H, Cheng L, Song X, Han Z, Luo H, Han W, Xie L, Jiang L. Effects of minocycline on dendrites, dendritic spines, and microglia in immature mouse brains after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14352. [PMID: 37438982 PMCID: PMC10848062 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether minocycline could influence alterations of microglial subtypes, the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines, the microstructures of synapses and synaptic proteins, or even cognition outcomes in immature male mice following status epilepticus (SE) induced by kainic acid. METHODS Golgi staining was performed to visualize the dendrites and dendritic spines of neurons of the hippocampus. The microstructures of synapses and synaptic proteins were observed using transmission electron microscopy and western blotting analysis, respectively. Microglial reactivation and their markers were evaluated using flow cytometry. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to analyze spatial learning and memory ability. RESULTS Significant partial spines increase (predominate in thin spines) was observed in the dendrites of neurons after acute SE and partial loss (mainly in thin spines) was presented by days 14 and 28 post-SE. The postsynaptic ultrastructure was impaired on the 7th and 14th days after SE. The proportion of M1 microglia increased significantly only after acute SE Similarly, the proportion of M2 microglia increased in the acute stage with high expression levels of all surface markers. In contrast, a decrease in M2 microglia and their markers was noted by day 14 post-SE. Minocycline could reverse the changes in dendrites and synaptic proteins caused by SE, and increase the levels of synaptic proteins. Meanwhile, minocycline could inhibit the reactivation of M1 microglia and the expression of their markers, except for promoting CD200R. In addition, treatment with minocycline could regulate the expression of M2 microglia and their surface markers, as well as ameliorating the impaired spatial learning and memory on the 28th day after SE. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic spines and microglia are dynamically changed after SE. Minocycline could ameliorate the impaired cognition in the kainic acid-induced mouse model by decreasing the damage to dendrites and altering microglial reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Li Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Xiaojie Song
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Ziyao Han
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Hanyu Luo
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Wei Han
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
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Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Useinovic N. Early exposure to general anaesthesia and increasing trends in developmental behavioural impairments: is there a link? Br J Anaesth 2023:S0007-0912(23)00180-0. [PMID: 37173202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades there has been an increase in reports of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and perhaps autism spectrum disorder that appear to coincide with a substantial number of general anaesthesia interventions during early stages of human brain development. Is there a link between anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive effects considering the growing body of evidence in numerous animal species, including humans, that suggests long-lasting socio-affective behavioural impairments after early exposure to general anaesthesia? Could routinely used general anaesthetics contribute as environmental toxins? Here we present the case that this notion is worthy of further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Nemanja Useinovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhang S, Li W, Xu Y, Li T, Ek J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Song J, Zhu C, Wang X. Alpha1-antitrypsin protects the immature mouse brain following hypoxic-ischemic injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1137497. [PMID: 36950515 PMCID: PMC10025360 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1137497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Preterm brain injury often leads to lifelong disabilities affecting both cognitive and motor functions, and effective therapies are limited. Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteinases with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective properties, might be beneficial in treating preterm brain injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AAT has neuroprotective effects in a mouse preterm brain injury model. Methods: Preterm brain injury was induced on postnatal day 5, and mouse pups' right common carotid arteries were cut between two ligations followed by hypoxia induction. Brain injury was evaluated through immunohistochemistry staining and magnetic resonance imaging. Fluoro-Jade B and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to investigate the neuronal cell death and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The motor function and anxiety-like behaviors were revealed by CatWalk gait analysis and the open field test. Results: After hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insult, brain injury was alleviated by AAT treatment, and this was accompanied by reduced BBB permeability, reduced neuronal cell death and caspase-3 activation, and inhibition of microglia activation. In addition, AAT administration significantly improved HI-induced motor function deficiencies in mice. The neuroprotective effect of AAT was more pronounced in male mice. Conclusion: AAT treatment is neuroprotective against preterm brain injury in neonatal mice, and the effect is more pronounced in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wendong Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Children’s Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Joakim Ek
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Henan Children’s Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Changlian Zhu Xiaoyang Wang
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Changlian Zhu Xiaoyang Wang
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Strużyńska L, Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Sulkowski G. Developmental neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles: the current state of knowledge and future directions. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:1-26. [PMID: 35921173 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing production and use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an antimicrobial agent in an array of medical and commercial products, including those designed for infants and children, poses a substantial risk of exposure during the developmental period. This review summarizes current knowledge on developmental neurotoxicity of AgNPs in both pre- and post-natal stages with a focus on the biological specificity of immature organisms that predisposes them to neurotoxic insults as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying AgNP-induced neurotoxicity. The current review revealed that AgNPs increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and selectively damage neurons in the brain of immature rats exposed pre and postnatally. Among the AgNP-induced molecular mechanisms underlying toxic insult is cellular stress, which can consequently lead to cell death. Glutamatergic neurons and NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission also appear to be a target for AgNPs during the postnatal period of exposure. Collected data indicate also that our current knowledge of the impact of AgNPs on the developing nervous system remains insufficient and further studies are required during different stages of development with investigation of environmentally-relevant doses of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strużyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical, Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical, Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical, Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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López-Meraz ML, Álvarez-Croda DM. Microglia and Status Epilepticus in the Immature Brain. Epilepsia Open 2022; 8 Suppl 1:S73-S81. [PMID: 35531942 PMCID: PMC10173848 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which are activated due to brain damage, as part of the neuroinflammatory response. Microglia undergo morphological and biochemical modifications during activation, adopting a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory state. In the developing brain, status epilepticus (SE) promotes microglia activation that is associated with neuronal injury in some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. However, the timing of this activation, the anatomical pattern, and the morphological and biochemical characteristics of microglia in the immature brain are age-dependent and have not been fully characterized. Therefore, this review focuses on the response of microglia to SE and its relationship to neurodegeneration.
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Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Testosterone: much more for the brain than a sex hormone. Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:411-413. [PMID: 35115156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial advocacy for the scientific community to focus on sex-specific differences in biology, the role of sex hormones remains inadequately studied in the field of anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity. A recent study by Yang and colleagues published in this journal addresses the importance of studying sex hormones during critical stages of brain development. The authors demonstrate that exogenous testosterone administered to immature mice pups around the time of sevoflurane exposure increased brain levels of testosterone, attenuated tau phosphorylation, inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3β activation and its interaction/binding with tau, reversed sevoflurane-induced decreases in neuronal activation, and attenuated cognitive impairments. Their well-designed experiments suggest an important role that testosterone plays in balancing several important pathways crucial for neuronal protection and normal function of neuronal circuits in the male mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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7
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Neudecker V, Perez-Zoghbi JF, Brambrink AM. Does inflammation mediate behavioural alterations in anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity? Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:602-605. [PMID: 35115157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaesthesia exposure early in life potentially impairs neurobehavioural development. A recent study in the Journal investigated the possibility that progesterone mitigates anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity in neonatal rats exposed to sevoflurane. The novel findings show that the steroid hormone progesterone protects against development of behavioural alterations caused by sevoflurane. The protective mechanism is proposed to relate to anti-inflammatory properties of progesterone, which brings up important questions regarding the role of inflammation in mediating the neurobehavioural alterations in anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity. We discuss this mechanism and encourage new research that may clarify the underlying mechanisms of progesterone-induced protection and extend these findings into a translational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Neudecker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose F Perez-Zoghbi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ansgar M Brambrink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Sex hormones and the young brain: are we ready to embrace neuroprotective strategies? Br J Anaesth 2021; 128:229-231. [PMID: 34857358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing animal and clinical data continue to point to general anaesthetics as being potentially detrimental to the very young brain. While we are trying to understand the mechanisms responsible for this worrisome phenomenon, we must consider the value of protective strategies that would enable use of currently available general anaesthetics while avoiding histopathological changes and long-lasting impairment in behavioural and cognitive development. Wali and colleagues1 report that the gestational hormone progesterone is a promising 'safening' agent that ameliorates systemic inflammation caused by sevoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anaesthetic, while preventing development of cognitive impairment and an anxious phenotype.
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Stepanova A, Konrad C, Guerrero-Castillo S, Manfredi G, Vannucci S, Arnold S, Galkin A. Deactivation of mitochondrial complex I after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1790-1802. [PMID: 29629602 PMCID: PMC6727140 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18770331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mortality from perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury reached 1.15 million worldwide in 2010 and is also a major factor for neurological disability in infants. HI directly influences the oxidative phosphorylation enzyme complexes in mitochondria, but the exact mechanism of HI-reoxygenation response in brain remains largely unresolved. After induction of HI-reoxygenation in postnatal day 10 rats, activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes were analysed and complexome profiling was performed. The effect of conformational state (active/deactive (A/D) transition) of mitochondrial complex I on H2O2 release was measured simultaneously with mitochondrial oxygen consumption. In contrast to cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, HI-reoxygenation resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial complex I at 4 h after reoxygenation. Immediately after HI, we observed a robust increase in the content of deactive (D) form of complex I. The D-form is less active in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via reversed electron transfer, indicating the key role of the deactivation of complex I in ischemia/reoxygenation. We describe a novel mechanism of mitochondrial response to ischemia in the immature brain. HI induced a deactivation of complex I in order to reduce ROS production following reoxygenation. Delayed activation of complex I represents a novel mitochondrial target for pathological-activated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stepanova
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK.,2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Csaba Konrad
- 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Castillo
- 3 Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Vannucci
- 4 Department of Pediatrics/Newborn Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanne Arnold
- 3 Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Galkin
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK.,2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Osato K, Sato Y, Osato A, Sato M, Zhu C, Leist M, Kuhn HG, Blomgren K. Carbamylated Erythropoietin Decreased Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone, but Not the Dentate Gyrus, After Irradiation to the Developing Rat Brain. Front Neurol 2018; 9:738. [PMID: 30258396 PMCID: PMC6143677 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy for pediatric brain tumors causes progressive, debilitating late effects, including cognitive decline. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to be neuroprotective and to promote neuroregeneration. Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) retains the protective properties of EPO but is not erythrogenic. To study the effects of CEPO on the developing brain exposed to radiotherapy, a single irradiation (IR) dose of 6 Gy was administered to the brains of postnatal day 9 (P9) rats, and CEPO (40 μg/kg s.c.) was injected on P8, P9, P11, P13, and P15. To examine proliferation, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected on P15, P16, and P17. CEPO administration did not affect BrdU incorporation in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the hippocampus or in the subventricular zone (SVZ) as quantified 7 days after the last BrdU injection, whereas IR decreased BrdU incorporation in the GCL and SVZ by 63% and 18%, respectively. CEPO did not affect BrdU incorporation in the GCL of irradiated brains, although it was reduced even further (to 31%) in the SVZ. To evaluate the effect of CEPO on neurogenesis, BrdU/doublecortin double-positive cells were quantified. CEPO did not affect neurogenesis in non-irradiated brains, whereas IR decreased neurogenesis by 58% in the dentate gyrus (DG) but did not affect it in the SVZ. In the DG, CEPO did not affect the rate of neurogenesis following IR, whereas in the SVZ, the rate decreased by 30% following IR compared with the rate in vehicle-treated rats. Neither CEPO nor IR changed the number of microglia. In summary, CEPO did not promote neurogenesis in non-irradiated or irradiated rat brains and even aggravated the decreased neurogenesis in the SVZ. This raises concerns regarding the use of EPO-related compounds following radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osato
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akari Osato
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Machiko Sato
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Narita Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hans G. Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Faustino-Mendes T, Machado-Pereira M, Castelo-Branco M, Ferreira R. The Ischemic Immature Brain: Views on Current Experimental Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:277. [PMID: 30210301 PMCID: PMC6123378 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Machado-Pereira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Hospital Center of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Ley D, Romantsik O, Vallius S, Sveinsdóttir K, Sveinsdóttir S, Agyemang AA, Baumgarten M, Mörgelin M, Lutay N, Bruschettini M, Holmqvist B, Gram M. High Presence of Extracellular Hemoglobin in the Periventricular White Matter Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Front Physiol 2016; 7:330. [PMID: 27536248 PMCID: PMC4971438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants continues to be a major clinical problem, occurring in about 15-20% of very preterm infants. In contrast to other brain lesions the incidence of IVH has not been reduced over the last decade, but actually slightly increased. Currently over 50% of surviving infants develop post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation and about 35% develop severe neurological impairment, mainly cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. To date there is no therapy available to prevent infants from developing either hydrocephalus or serious neurological disability. It is known that blood rapidly accumulates within the ventricles following IVH and this leads to disruption of normal anatomy and increased local pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms causing brain injury following IVH are incompletely understood. We propose that extracellular hemoglobin is central in the pathophysiology of periventricular white matter damage following IVH. Using a preterm rabbit pup model of IVH the distribution of extracellular hemoglobin was characterized at 72 h following hemorrhage. Evaluation of histology, histochemistry, hemoglobin immunolabeling and scanning electron microscopy revealed presence of extensive amounts of extracellular hemoglobin, i.e., not retained within erythrocytes, in the periventricular white matter, widely distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, double immunolabeling together with the migration and differentiation markers polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) demonstrates that a significant proportion of the extracellular hemoglobin is distributed in areas of the periventricular white matter with high extracellular plasticity. In conclusion, these findings support that extracellular hemoglobin may contribute to the pathophysiological processes that cause irreversible damage to the immature brain following IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Romantsik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Suvi Vallius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristbjörg Sveinsdóttir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Snjolaug Sveinsdóttir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Alex A Agyemang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Baumgarten
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Gram
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
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13
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Zhou C, Sun H, Klein PM, Jensen FE. Neonatal seizures alter NMDA glutamate receptor GluN2A and 3A subunit expression and function in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:362. [PMID: 26441533 PMCID: PMC4585040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are commonly caused by hypoxic and/or ischemic injury during birth and can lead to long-term epilepsy and cognitive deficits. In a rodent hypoxic seizure (HS) model, we have previously demonstrated a critical role for seizure-induced enhancement of the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor (GluA) in epileptogenesis and cognitive consequences, in part due to GluA maturational upregulation of expression. Similarly, as the expression and function of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor (GluN) is also developmentally controlled, we examined how early life seizures during the critical period of synaptogenesis could modify GluN development and function. In a postnatal day (P)10 rat model of neonatal seizures, we found that seizures could alter GluN2/3 subunit composition of GluNs and physiological function of synaptic GluNs. In hippocampal slices removed from rats within 48–96 h following seizures, the amplitudes of synaptic GluN-mediated evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) were elevated in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, GluN eEPSCs showed a decreased sensitivity to GluN2B selective antagonists and decreased Mg2+ sensitivity at negative holding potentials, indicating a higher proportion of GluN2A and GluN3A subunit function, respectively. These physiological findings were accompanied by a concurrent increase in GluN2A phosphorylation and GluN3A protein. These results suggest that altered GluN function and expression could potentially contribute to future epileptogenesis following neonatal seizures, and may represent potential therapeutic targets for the blockade of future epileptogenesis in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter M Klein
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Suchomelova L, Lopez-Meraz ML, Niquet J, Kubova H, Wasterlain CG. Hyperthermia aggravates status epilepticus-induced epileptogenesis and neuronal loss in immature rats. Neuroscience 2015; 305:209-24. [PMID: 26259902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study tightly controlled seizure duration and severity during status epilepticus (SE) in postnatal day 10 (P10) rats, in order to isolate hyperthermia as the main variable and to study its consequences. Body temperature was maintained at 39 ± 1 °C in hyperthermic SE rats (HT+SE) or at 35 ± 1 °C in normothermic SE animals (NT+SE) during 30 min of SE, which was induced by lithium-pilocarpine (3 mEq/kg, 60 mg/kg) and terminated by diazepam and cooling to NT. All video/EEG measures of SE severity were similar between HT+SE and NT+SE pups. At 24h, neuronal injury was present in the amygdala in the HT+SE group only, and was far more severe in the hippocampus in HT+SE than NT+SE pups. Separate groups of animals were monitored four months later for spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Only HT+SE animals developed convulsive SRS. Both HT+SE and NT+SE animals developed electrographic SRS (83% vs. 55%), but SRS frequency and severity were higher in hyperthermic animals (12.5 ± 3.5 vs. 4.2 ± 2.0 SRS/day). The density of hilar neurons was lower, thickness of the amygdala and perirhinal cortex was reduced, and lateral ventricles were enlarged in HT+SE over NT+SE littermates and HT/NT controls. In this model, hyperthermia greatly increased the epileptogenicity of SE and its neuropathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Suchomelova
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Epilepsy Research (151), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Building 114, Room 139, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | - M L Lopez-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91190, Mexico
| | - J Niquet
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Epilepsy Research (151), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Building 114, Room 139, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - H Kubova
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - C G Wasterlain
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Medical Center (127), 11 301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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15
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the long-term use of antiepileptic drugs can cause nervous system damage. However, short-term antiepileptic drug treatment is frequently given to infants, especially neonates, to control seizure. Whether the short-term use of antiepileptic drugs is neurotoxic remains unclear. In the present study, immature rats, 3–21 days of age, were intraperitoneally injected with phenobarbital and/or topiramate for 3 consecutive days. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining revealed that phenobarbital and topiramate, individually or in combination, were cytotoxic to hippocampal CA1 neurons and inhibited the expression of GluR1 and NR2B, excitatory glutamate receptor subunits. Furthermore, the combination of the two drugs caused greater damage than either drug alone. The results demonstrate that the short-term use of antiepileptic drugs damages neurons in the immature brain and that the combined use of antiepileptic drugs exacerbates damage. Our findings suggest that clinicians should consider the potential neurotoxic risk associated with the combined use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shao-Ping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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16
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Gomes FG, Gomes Da Silva S, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. Beneficial influence of physical exercise following status epilepticus in the immature brain of rats. Neuroscience 2014; 274:69-81. [PMID: 24857853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies in adult animals have demonstrated a beneficial effect of physical exercise on epileptic insults. Although the effects of physical exercise on the mature nervous system are well documented, its influence on the developing nervous system subjected to injuries in childhood has been little explored. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether a physical exercise program applied during brain development could influence the hippocampal plasticity of rats submitted to status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine model at two different ages of the postnatal period. Male Wistar rats aged 18 (P18) and 28 (P28) days were randomly divided into four groups: Control (CTRL), Exercise (EX), SE (SE) and SE Exercise (SE/EX) (n=17 per group). After the aerobic exercise program, histological and behavioral (water maze) analyses were performed. Our results showed that only animals subjected to pilocarpine-induced SE at P28 presented spontaneous seizures during the observational period. A significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed in the SE/EX group compared to the SE group. In adulthood, animals submitted to early-life SE displayed impairment in long-term memory in the water maze task, while the exercise program reversed this deficit. Reduced mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus was noted in animals that presented spontaneous seizures (SE/EX vs SE). Exercise increased cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining) and anti-apoptotic response (bcl-2 staining) and reduced pro-apoptotic response (Bax staining) in animals of both ages of SE induction (P18/28). Exercise also modified the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in EX and SE/EX animals. Our findings indicate that in animals subjected to SE in the postnatal period a physical exercise program brings about beneficial effects on seizure frequency and hippocampal plasticity in later stages of life.
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17
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Scholl EA, Dudek FE, Ekstrand JJ. Neuronal degeneration is observed in multiple regions outside the hippocampus after lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the immature rat. Neuroscience 2013; 252:45-59. [PMID: 23896573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although hippocampal sclerosis is frequently identified as a possible epileptic focus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, neuronal loss has also been observed in additional structures, including areas outside the temporal lobe. The claim from several researchers using animal models of acquired epilepsy that the immature brain can develop epilepsy without evidence of hippocampal neuronal death raises the possibility that neuronal death in some of these other regions may also be important for epileptogenesis. The present study used the lithium pilocarpine model of acquired epilepsy in immature animals to assess which structures outside the hippocampus are injured acutely after status epilepticus. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were implanted with surface EEG electrodes, and status epilepticus was induced at 20 days of age with lithium pilocarpine. After 72 h, brain tissue from 12 animals was examined with Fluoro-Jade B, a histochemical marker for degenerating neurons. All animals that had confirmed status epilepticus demonstrated Fluoro-Jade B staining in areas outside the hippocampus. The most prominent staining was seen in the thalamus (mediodorsal, paratenial, reuniens, and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei), amygdala (ventral lateral, posteromedial, and basomedial nuclei), ventral premammillary nuclei of hypothalamus, and paralimbic cortices (perirhinal, entorhinal, and piriform) as well as parasubiculum and dorsal endopiriform nuclei. These results demonstrate that lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the immature rat brain consistently results in neuronal injury in several distinct areas outside of the hippocampus. Many of these regions are similar to areas damaged in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, thus suggesting a possible role in epileptogenesis.
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Key Words
- AA
- ACH
- ACo
- AD
- AHC
- AI
- AM
- AO
- APir
- AStr
- AV
- Acb
- AcbSh
- BAOT
- BLA
- BLP
- BLV
- BMA
- BMP
- BSTIA
- BSTM
- CA
- CL
- CM
- CPu
- CeL
- CeM
- Cg1-3
- DEn
- DG
- DI
- DLG
- DP
- EEG
- Ent
- Fluoro-jade B
- Fr1-3
- GABA
- GI
- GP
- HC
- Hil
- I
- IL
- LDDM
- LDVL
- LHb
- LM
- LO
- LOT
- LPLR
- LPMR
- LSD
- LSI
- LSV
- LaD
- LaV
- MD
- MGD
- MGM
- MGP
- MGV
- MHb
- MO
- MS
- MTu
- MeA
- MePD
- MePV
- NAc
- Oc2L
- P
- PC
- PF
- PLCo
- PMCo
- PMD
- PMV
- PRh
- PT
- PVA
- PVP
- PaS
- Par1
- Pir
- Po
- PrS
- RSA
- RSG
- Re
- Rh
- Rt
- S
- SG
- SI
- SNR
- STh
- TLE
- Te1,3
- VL
- VLG
- VLO
- VM
- VP
- VPL
- VPM
- VTR
- ZI
- accumbens
- accumbens shell
- agranular insular cortex
- amygdalopiriform transition area
- amygdalostriatal transition area
- anterior amygdaloid area
- anterior cingulate
- anterior cortical nucleus
- anterior hypothalamic area
- anterior hypothalamic area, central
- anterior olfactory nucleus
- anterodorsal nucleus
- anteromedial
- anteroventral nucleus
- basolateral nucleus, anterior
- basolateral nucleus, posterior
- basolateral nucleus, ventral
- basomedial nucleus, anterior
- basomedial nucleus, posterior
- bed nucleus accessory olfactory tract
- bed nucleus stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid division
- bed stria terminalis nuclei
- caudate putamen
- central nucleus, lateral
- central nucleus, medial
- centrolateral nucleus
- centromedial nucleus
- cornu ammonis
- dentate gyrus
- dorsal endopiriform nucleus
- dorsal peduncular
- dorsolateral geniculate nucleus
- dysgranular insular cortex
- electroencephalogram
- entorhinal cortex
- frontal cortex
- globus pallidus
- granular insular cortex
- hilus
- hippocampus
- immature brain
- infralimbic
- intercalated masses
- lateral habenula
- lateral mammillary
- lateral nucleus, dorsal
- lateral nucleus, ventral
- lateral orbital cortex
- lateral septal, dorsal
- lateral septal, intermediate
- lateral septal, ventral
- laterodorsal nucleus, dorsomedial
- laterodorsal nucleus, ventrolateral
- lateroposterior nucleus, lateral rostral
- lateroposterior nucleus, medial rostral
- lithium pilocarpine
- medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal
- medial geniculate nucleus, medial
- medial geniculate nucleus, ventral
- medial globus pallidus
- medial habenula
- medial nucleus, anterior
- medial nucleus, posterodorsal
- medial nucleus, posteroventral
- medial orbital cortex
- medial septal
- medial tuberal
- mediodorsal nucleus
- nucleus accumbens
- nucleus lateral olfactory tract
- occipital cortex
- paracentral
- parafasicular
- parasubiculum
- paratenial
- paraventricular nucleus, anterior
- paraventricular nucleus, posterior
- parietal cortex
- perirhinal cortex
- piriform cortex
- post-natal day
- posterior nucleus
- posterolateral cortical nucleus
- posteromedial cortical nucleus
- premammillary nucleus, dorsal
- premammillary nucleus, ventral
- presubiculum
- reticular nucleus
- retrosplenial agranular cortex
- retrosplenial granular cortex
- reuniens nucleus
- rhomboid nucleus
- status epilepticus
- subiculum
- substantia innominate
- substantia nigra pars reticulate
- subthalamic nucleus
- suprageniculate nucleus
- temporal cortex
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- vRe
- ventral pallidum
- ventral posterolateral nucleus
- ventral posteromedial nucleus
- ventral reuniens nucleus
- ventral tegmental area
- ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
- ventrolateral nucleus
- ventrolateral orbital cortex
- ventromedial nucleus
- zona incerta
- γ-aminobutyric acid
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Boscolo A, Sanchez V, Lunardi N. Anesthesia-induced developmental neurodegeneration: the role of neuronal organelles. Front Neurol 2012; 3:141. [PMID: 23087668 PMCID: PMC3468830 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to general anesthetics (GAs) and antiepileptics during critical stages of brain development causes significant neurotoxicity to immature neurons. Many animal, and emerging human studies have shown long-term functional sequelae manifested as behavioral deficits and cognitive impairments. Since GAs and antiepileptic drugs are a necessity, current research is focused on deciphering the mechanisms responsible for anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity so that protective strategies can be devised. These agents promote massive and wide-spread neuroapoptosis that is caused by the impairment of integrity and function of neuronal organelles. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are particularly vulnerable. By promoting significant release of intracellular calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, anesthetics cause an increase in mitochondrial calcium load resulting in the loss of their integrity, release of pro-apoptotic factors, functional impairment of ATP synthesis, and enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The possibility that GAs may have direct damaging effects on mitochondria, resulting in the impairment of their morphogenesis, also has been proposed. This review will present evidence that neuronal organelles are critical and early targets of anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Wang LW, Tu YF, Huang CC, Ho CJ. JNK signaling is the shared pathway linking neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and oligodendroglial apoptosis in the white matter injury of the immature brain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:175. [PMID: 22805152 PMCID: PMC3414763 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter injury is the major form of brain damage in very preterm infants. Selective white matter injury in the immature brain can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitized hypoxic-ischemia (HI) in the postpartum (P) day 2 rat pups whose brain maturation status is equivalent to that in preterm infants less than 30 weeks of gestation. Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and oligodendrocyte progenitor apoptosis may affect the susceptibility of LPS-sensitized HI in white matter injury. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are important stress-responsive kinases in various forms of insults. We hypothesized that LPS-sensitized HI causes white matter injury through JNK activation-mediated neuroinflammation, BBB leakage and oligodendroglial apoptosis in the white matter of P2 rat pups. METHODS P2 pups received LPS (0.05 mg/kg) or normal saline injection followed by 90-min HI. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to determine microglia activation, TNF-α, BBB damage, cleaved caspase-3, JNK and phospho-JNK (p-JNK), myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the cellular distribution of p-JNK. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to inhibit JNK activity. RESULTS P2 pups had selective white matter injury associated with upregulation of activated microglia, TNF-α, IgG extravasation and oligodendroglial progenitor apoptosis after LPS-sensitized HI. Immunohistochemical analyses showed early and sustained JNK activation in the white matter at 6 and 24 h post-insult. Immunofluorescence demonstrated upregulation of p-JNK in activated microglia, vascular endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and also showed perivascular aggregation of p-JNK-positive cells around the vessels 24 h post-insult. JNK inhibition by AS601245 or by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) significantly reduced microglial activation, TNF-α immunoreactivity, IgG extravasation, and cleaved caspase-3 in the endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and also attenuated perivascular aggregation of p-JNK-positive cells 24 h post-insult. The AS601245 or JNK antisense ODN group had significantly increased MBP and decreased GFAP expression in the white matter on P11 than the vehicle or scrambled ODN group. CONCLUSIONS LPS-sensitized HI causes white matter injury through JNK activation-mediated upregulation of neuroinflammation, BBB leakage and oligodendrocyte progenitor apoptosis in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Wan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 35 Hsiao-Tung Road, North District, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung-Hua Road, Yung-Kang Disctrict, 710, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tu
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 35 Hsiao-Tung Road, North District, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung, University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Ho
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung, University College of Medicine and Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, 704, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
When mimicking epileptic processes in a laboratory setting, it is important to understand the differences between experimental models of seizures and epilepsy. Because human epilepsy is defined by the appearance of multiple spontaneous recurrent seizures, the induction of a single acute seizure without recurrence does not constitute an adequate epilepsy model. Animal models of epilepsy might be useful for various tasks. They allow for the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, the evaluation, or the development of new antiepileptic treatments, and the study of the consequences of recurrent seizures and neurological and psychiatric comorbidities. Although clinical relevance is always an issue, the development of models of pediatric epilepsies is particularly challenging due to the existence of several key differences in the dynamics of human and rodent brain maturation. Another important consideration in modeling pediatric epilepsy is that "children are not little adults," and therefore a mere application of models of adult epilepsies to the immature specimens is irrelevant. Herein, we review the models of pediatric epilepsy. First, we illustrate the differences between models of pediatric epilepsy and models of the adulthood consequences of a precipitating insult in early life. Next, we focus on new animal models of specific forms of epilepsies that occur in the developing brain. We conclude by emphasizing the deficiencies in the existing animal models and the need for several new models.
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Tang M, Alexander H, Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Kagan VE, Bayir H. Minocycline reduces neuronal death and attenuates microglial response after pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:119-29. [PMID: 19756023 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to delayed neuronal death after asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) in the developing brain are unknown. This study aimed at investigating the possible role of microglial activation in neuronal death in developing brain after ACA. Postnatal day-17 rats were subjected to 9 mins of ACA followed by resuscitation. Rats were randomized to treatment with minocycline, (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or vehicle (saline, i.p.) at 1 h after return of spontaneous circulation. Thereafter, minocycline (22.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated every 12 h until sacrifice. Microglial activation (evaluated by immunohistochemistry using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) antibody) coincided with DNA fragmentation and neurodegeneration in CA1 hippocampus and cortex (assessed by deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), Fluoro-Jade-B and Nissl stain). Minocycline significantly decreased both the microglial response and neuronal degeneration compared with the vehicle. Asphyxial CA significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in hippocampus versus control (assessed by multiplex bead array assay), specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and growth-related oncogene (GRO-KC) (P<0.05). Minocycline attenuated ACA-induced increases in MIP-1alpha and RANTES (P<0.05). These data show that microglial activation and cytokine production are increased in immature brain after ACA. The beneficial effect of minocycline suggests an important role for microglia in selective neuronal death after pediatric ACA, and a possible therapeutic target.
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