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Lajoie J, Kowatsch MM, Mwangi LW, Boily-Larouche G, Oyugi J, Chen Y, Kimani M, Ho EA, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid Reduces T Cell Immune Activation: Potential Implications for HIV Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778455. [PMID: 34868050 PMCID: PMC8637415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a well-known and safe anti-inflammatory. At low-dose, it is prescribed to prevent secondary cardiovascular events in those with pre-existing conditions and to prevent preeclampsia. Little is known about how low-dose ASA affects the immune response. In this study, we followed women to assess how ASA use modifies T cells immune phenotypes in the blood and at the genital tract. Methods HIV uninfected women from Kenya were enrolled in this study and followed for one month to assess baseline responses including systemic/mucosal baseline immune activation. Participants then received 81mg of ASA daily for 6 weeks to assess changes to T cell immune activation (systemic and mucosal) relative to baseline levels. Results The concentration of ASA measured in the blood was 58% higher than the level measured at the female genital tract. In the blood, the level of ASA was inversely correlated with the following: the proportion of Th17 expressing HLA-DR (p=0.04), the proportion of effector CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5 (p=0.03) and the proportion of CD8+Tc17 expressing CCR5 (p=0.04). At the genital tract, ASA use correlated with a decreased of activated CD4+T cells [CD4+CCR5+CD161+ (p=0.02) and CD4+CCR5+CD95+ (p=0.001)]. Conclusion This study shows that ASA use impacts the immune response in both the systemic and genital tract compartments. This could have major implications for the prevention of infectious diseases such as HIV, in which the virus targets activated T cells to establish an infection. This could inform guidelines on ASA use in women. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02079077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monika M Kowatsch
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lucy W Mwangi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geneviève Boily-Larouche
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yufei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Makobu Kimani
- Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Richert-Spuhler LE, Mar CM, Shinde P, Wu F, Hong T, Greene E, Hou S, Thomas K, Gottardo R, Mugo N, de Bruyn G, Celum C, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, Lund JM. CD101 genetic variants modify regulatory and conventional T cell phenotypes and functions. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100322. [PMID: 34195685 PMCID: PMC8233694 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the risk of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection is increased significantly by variants in the gene encoding CD101, a protein thought to modify inflammatory responses. Using blood samples from individuals with and without these variants, we demonstrate that CD101 variants modify the prevalence of circulating inflammatory cell types and show that CD101 variants are associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine production by circulating T cells. One category of CD101 variants is associated with a reduced capacity of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell cytokine production, resulting in a reduction in the baseline level of immune quiescence. These data are supported by transcriptomics data revealing alterations in the intrinsic regulation of antiviral pathways and HIV resistance genes in individuals with CD101 variants. Our data support the hypothesis that CD101 contributes to homeostatic regulation of bystander inflammation, with CD101 variants altering heterosexual HIV-1 acquisition by facilitating increased prevalence and altered function of T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Corinne M. Mar
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Paurvi Shinde
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Feinan Wu
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Evan Greene
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sharon Hou
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Katherine Thomas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nelly Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Guy de Bruyn
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jairam R. Lingappa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Vijayasarathy C, Zeng Y, Brooks MJ, Fariss RN, Sieving PA. Genetic Rescue of X-Linked Retinoschisis Mouse ( Rs1-/y) Retina Induces Quiescence of the Retinal Microglial Inflammatory State Following AAV8- RS1 Gene Transfer and Identifies Gene Networks Underlying Retinal Recovery. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 32:667-681. [PMID: 33019822 PMCID: PMC8312029 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand RS1 gene interaction networks in the X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) mouse retina (Rs1-/y), we analyzed the transcriptome by RNA sequencing before and after in vivo expression of exogenous retinoschisin (RS1) gene delivered by AAV8. RS1 is a secreted cell adhesion protein that is critical for maintaining structural lamination and synaptic integrity of the neural retina. RS1 loss-of-function mutations cause XLRS disease in young boys and men, with splitting ("schisis") of retinal layers and synaptic dysfunction that cause progressive vision loss with age. Analysis of differential gene expression profiles and pathway enrichment analysis of Rs1-KO (Rs1-/y) retina identified cell surface receptor signaling and positive regulation of cell adhesion as potential RS1 gene interaction networks. Most importantly, it also showed massive dysregulation of immune response genes at early age, with characteristics of a microglia-driven proinflammatory state. Delivery of AAV8-RS1 primed the Rs1-KO retina toward structural and functional recovery. The disease transcriptome transitioned toward a recovery phase with upregulation of genes implicated in wound healing, anatomical structure (camera type eye) development, metabolic pathways, and collagen IV networks that provide mechanical stability to basement membrane. AAV8-RS1 expression also attenuated the microglia gene signatures to low levels toward immune quiescence. This study is among the first to identify RS1 gene interaction networks that underlie retinal structural and functional recovery after RS1 gene therapy. Significantly, it also shows that providing wild-type RS1 gene function caused the retina immune status to transition from a degenerative inflammatory phenotype toward immune quiescence, even though the transgene is not directly linked to microglia function. This study indicates that inhibition of microglial proinflammatory responses is an integral part of therapeutic rescue in XLRS gene therapy, and gene therapy might realize its full potential if delivered before microglia activation and photoreceptor cell death. Clinical Trials. gov Identifier NTC 02317887.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research in Retinal and Macular Degeneration
| | | | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Lajoie J, Birse K, Mwangi L, Chen Y, Cheruiyot J, Akolo M, Mungai J, Boily‐Larouche G, Romas L, Mutch S, Kimani M, Oyugi J, Ho EA, Burgener A, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Using safe, affordable and accessible non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the number of HIV target cells in the blood and at the female genital tract. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21:e25150. [PMID: 30047573 PMCID: PMC6060422 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At its basic level, HIV infection requires a replication-competent virus and a susceptible target cell. Elevated levels of vaginal inflammation has been associated with the increased risk of HIV infection as it brings highly activated HIV target cells (CCR5+CD4+ T cells; CCR5+CD4+CD161+ Th17 T cells) to the female genital tract (FGT) where they interact with HIV. Decreased HIV risk has been associated with a phenotype of decreased immune activation, called immune quiescence, described among Kenyan female sex workers who were intensely exposed to HIV yet remain uninfected. Current prevention approaches focus on limiting viral access. We took the novel HIV prevention approach of trying to limit the number of HIV target cells in the genital tract by reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible anti-inflammatory drugs. METHODS We hypothesized that the daily administration of low doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 81 mg) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ 200 mg) would reduce inflammation thereby decreasing HIV target cells at the FGT. Low-risk HIV seronegative women from Nairobi, Kenya were randomized for six weeks therapy of ASA (n = 37) or HCQ (n = 39) and tested to determine the impact on their systemic and mucosal immune environment. RESULTS The results showed that HCQ use was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of systemic T cells that were CCR5+CD4+ (p = 0.01) and Th17 (p = 0.01). In the ASA arm, there was a 35% and 28% decrease in the proportion of genital T cells that were CD4+CCR5+ (p = 0.017) and Th17 (p = 0.04) respectively. Proteomic analyses of the cervical lavage showed ASA use was associated with significantly reduced amount of proteins involved in the inflammatory response and cell recruitment at the mucosa, although none of the individual proteins passed multiple comparison correction. These changes were more apparent in women with Lactobacillus dominant microbiomes. CONCLUSION Together, these data indicate that taking low-dose ASA daily was associated with significant reduction in HIV target cells at the FGT. This study provides proof-of-concept for a novel HIV-prevention approach that reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is associated with significant reduction in the proportion of HIV-target cells at the FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Kenzie Birse
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Lucy Mwangi
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Yufei Chen
- College of PharmacyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
| | | | - Maureen Akolo
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - John Mungai
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Genevieve Boily‐Larouche
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Laura Romas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Sarah Mutch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - Makobu Kimani
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- College of PharmacyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- School of Pharmacy, University of WaterlooWaterlooONCanada
| | - Adam Burgener
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- National HIV and Retrovirology LabsJC Wilt Center for Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Agency of CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
- Unit of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Medicine SolnaCenter for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
- Partners for Health and Development in AfricaNairobiKenya
- Department of Community Health ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegMBCanada
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Boulay AC, Mazeraud A, Cisternino S, Saubaméa B, Mailly P, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Mignon V, Smirnova M, Cavallo A, Ezan P, Avé P, Dingli F, Loew D, Vieira P, Chrétien F, Cohen-Salmon M. Immune quiescence of the brain is set by astroglial connexin 43. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4427-39. [PMID: 25762685 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2575-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the normal brain, immune cell trafficking and immune responses are strictly controlled and limited. This unique homeostatic equilibrium, also called brain immune quiescence, is crucial to maintaining proper brain functions and is altered in various pathological processes, from chronic immunopathological disorders to cognitive and psychiatric impairments. To date, the precise nature of factors regulating the brain/immune system interrelationship is poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that one of these regulating factors is Connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein highly expressed by astrocytes at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface. We show that, by setting the activated state of cerebral endothelium, astroglial Cx43 controls immune recruitment as well as antigen presentation mechanisms in the mouse brain. Consequently, in the absence of astroglial Cx43, recruited immune cells elaborate a specific humoral autoimmune response against the von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 5a, an extracellular matrix protein of the brain. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Cx43 is a new astroglial factor promoting the immune quiescence of the brain.
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Lajoie J, Kimani M, Plummer FA, Nyamiobo F, Kaul R, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Association of sex work with reduced activation of the mucosal immune system. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:319-29. [PMID: 24421257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unprotected intercourse and seminal discharge are powerful activators of the mucosal immune system and are important risk factors for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study was designed to determine if female sex work is associated with changes in the mucosal immunity. METHODS Cervicovaginal lavage and plasma from 122 HIV-uninfected female sex workers (FSW) and 44 HIV-uninfected low-risk non-FSW from the same socioeconomic district of Nairobi were analyzed for evidence of immune activation (IA). The cervico-mononuclear cells (CMC) were analyzed for cellular activation by flow cytometry. RESULTS Lower IA was observed in FSW compared to the low-risk women as demonstrated by the lower level of MIP-3α (P < .001), ITAC (P < .001), MIG (p.0001), IL-1α (P < .001), IL-1β (P < .001), IL-1Rα (P = .0002), IL-6 (P < .001), IL-8 (P < .001), IL-10 (P = .01), IP-10 (P = .0001), MDC (P < .001), MIP-1α, (P < .001), MIP-1β (P = .005), MCP-1 (P = .03), and TNF-α (P = .006). Significant differences were noted as early as 1 year following initiation of sex work and increased with duration of sex work. CONCLUSION This study showed that sex work is associated with important changes in the mucosal immune system. By analyzing chemokine/cytokine levels and CMC activation, we observed a lower mucosal IA in HIV-uninfected FSW compared to low-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba
| | | | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Kenyan AIDS Control Program, Nairobi, Kenya University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi
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