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Wei J, Meng Z, Li Z, Dang D, Wu H. New insights into intestinal macrophages in necrotizing enterocolitis: the multi-functional role and promising therapeutic application. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261010. [PMID: 37841247 PMCID: PMC10568316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory intestinal disease that profoundly affects preterm infants. Currently, the pathogenesis of NEC remains controversial, resulting in limited treatment strategies. The preterm infants are thought to be susceptible to gut inflammatory disorders because of their immature immune system. In early life, intestinal macrophages (IMφs), crucial components of innate immunity, demonstrate functional plasticity and diversity in intestinal development, resistance to pathogens, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, and regulation of gut microbiota. When the stimulations of environmental, dietary, and bacterial factors interrupt the homeostatic processes of IMφs, they will lead to intestinal disease, such as NEC. This review focuses on the IMφs related pathogenesis in NEC, discusses the multi-functional roles and relevant molecular mechanisms of IMφs in preterm infants, and explores promising therapeutic application for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wei
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoli Meng
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Dang
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li W, Sheng Y, Wang J, Wu S, Han C. MicroRNA-9a-5p-NOX4 inhibits intestinal inflammatory injury by regulating the M1 polarization of intestinal macrophages. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23245. [PMID: 36281492 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We found that the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-9a-5p decreased in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease). Further, we revealed the effects and mechanisms of miRNA-9a-5p for regulating IBD progression. In C57BL/6N mice, IBD was induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and the effects of endogenous miRNA-9a-5p were mimicked/antagonized through intraperitoneal injection of miRNA-9a-5p agomir and antagomir. In animal experimentation, agomir could inhibit intestinal inflammation and tissue damage, and reduce the mucosal barrier permeability. Antagomir, on the other hand, could promote barrier damage, whose effect was associated with the M1 macrophage polarization. This study finds that miRNA-9a-5p targets NOX4 to suppress ROS production, which plays an important role in mucosal barrier damage in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yongjia Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Ruan S, Zha L. Moronic acid improves intestinal inflammation in mice with chronic colitis by inhibiting intestinal macrophage polarization. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23188. [PMID: 35924425 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the role and mechanism of moronic acid (MOA), a small triterpenoid molecule, against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intestinal macrophages were cultured in vitro, and their M1 polarization was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). After intervention with MOA, the proportion of M1 macrophages was detected, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were examined by ELISA. IFA staining was performed to determine the P50 and CD86 expressions, while DCFH-DA was used to determine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, as well as the p-P50 and NLRP3 protein levels. Additionally, we also used N-acetylcysteine, a ROS inhibitor, to further explore the association between MOA and ROS-NF-κB signaling. In murine experimentation, colitis was induced in mice with DSS. After MOA intervention, we assessed the mucosal barrier damage, tissue ROS, as well as protein and inflammatory cytokine levels. MOA could inhibit the M1 polarization of intestinal macrophages, suppress the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, and reduce the level of ROS-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling. After inhibiting ROS through NAC treatment, the effect of MOA was evidently weakened. Clearly, MOA exerted its activity via ROS. In the murine model, MOA could lower the CD86 level in the intestinal tissues, inhibit the M1 polarization of macrophages, and reduce the tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines. This study finds that MOA can regulate ROS-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling by inhibiting ROS, thereby suppressing the M1 polarization of intestinal macrophages, which plays a protective role in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Abstract
The breakdown of the intestinal mucosal barrier has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of intestinal immune-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a chronic inflammatory disorder with intermittent episodes of remission and relapse, and the incidence of IBD in Japan has risen dramatically in recent decades. Although sustained clinical remission has recently been recognized as an important goal of IBD therapy, there are not many treatment options to maintain long-term remission. Intestinal macrophages play pivotal roles in the regulation of immune homeostasis and inflammation in the intestine. Resident intestinal macrophages can regulate themselves and other immune cells, primarily through the spontaneous secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10). We reported that the enhancement of IL-10 production by intestinal macrophages has the potential to be a novel therapeutic mechanism for maintaining the remission of IBD. Thus, to develop new therapeutic medicines for IBD, we screened the Wakanyaku Library derived from medicinal herbs for the ability to enhance IL-10 production by intestinal macrophages. Some compounds were identified with the potential to enhance IL-10 production by intestinal macrophages and thereby maintain long-term remission in IBD. This review focuses on our recent findings on the role of intestinal macrophages in the pathogenesis of IBD and developing a novel therapeutic strategy aimed at maintaining remission in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Hayashi
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss recent advances into delineating the dual role of intestinal phagocytes in health and during intestinal disease. We further discuss the key role of gut-resident macrophages in recognition of bacterial and fungal microbiota in the gut. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly manifests with pathologic changes in the composition of gut bacterial and fungal microbiota. Intestinal macrophages are key regulators of the balance between tolerogenic immunity and inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted the role of resident intestinal macrophages in the control of commensal fungi and bacteria in the steady state and during dysbiosis. The dual role of these cells in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and responding to microbiota dysbiosis during inflammation is being increasingly studied. SUMMARY It is becoming increasingly clear that an aberrant proinflammatory response to microbiota by infiltrating monocytes plays a role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes with characteristics of macrophages play an important role in limiting fungal and bacterial overgrowth under these conditions, but can be influenced by the inflammatory environment to further propel inflammation. Better understanding of the interaction of intestinal macrophages with host microbiota including commensal fungi and bacteria, provides an opportunity for the development of more targeted therapies for IBD.
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Kayama H, Kohyama M, Okuzaki D, Motooka D, Barman S, Okumura R, Muneta M, Hoshino K, Sasaki I, Ise W, Matsuno H, Nishimura J, Kurosaki T, Nakamura S, Arase H, Kaisho T, Takeda K. Heme ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through providing intestinal macrophages with noninflammatory profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8418-23. [PMID: 30061415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808426115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following hemorrhage in damaged tissues, hemoglobin induces macrophages (Mϕs) possessing ability to protect against tissue inflammation. Hemorrhage-appearing mucosa is observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, heme-mediated modulation of intestinal Mϕ activity remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that Spi-C induced by heme is a key molecule for providing noninflammatory gene expression patterns of intestinal CX3CR1high Mϕs. We found that the Spic deficiency in intestinal Mϕs resulted in increased sensitivity to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Heme-mediated Spi-C inhibited a subset of LPS-induced genes such as Il6 and Il1a by intestinal CX3CR1high Mϕs through inhibition of IRF5-NF-κB p65 complex formation. These results reveal a mechanism modulating the noninflammatory phenotype of intestinal Mϕs and may help identify targets for therapy of intestinal inflammation. The local environment is crucial for shaping the identities of tissue-resident macrophages (Mϕs). When hemorrhage occurs in damaged tissues, hemoglobin induces differentiation of anti-inflammatory Mϕs with reparative function. Mucosal bleeding is one of the pathological features of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the heme-mediated mechanism modulating activation of intestinal innate immune cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that heme regulates gut homeostasis through induction of Spi-C in intestinal CX3CR1high Mϕs. Intestinal CX3CR1high Mϕs highly expressed Spi-C in a heme-dependent manner, and myeloid lineage-specific Spic-deficient (Lyz2-cre; Spicflox/flox) mice showed severe intestinal inflammation with an increased number of Th17 cells during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Spi-C down-regulated the expression of a subset of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-inducible genes in intestinal CX3CR1high Mϕs to prevent colitis. LPS-induced production of IL-6 and IL-1α, but not IL-10 and TNF-α, by large intestinal Mϕs from Lyz2-cre; Spicflox/flox mice was markedly enhanced. The interaction of Spi-C with IRF5 was linked to disruption of the IRF5-NF-κB p65 complex formation, thereby abrogating recruitment of IRF5 and NF-κB p65 to the Il6 and Il1a promoters. Collectively, these results demonstrate that heme-mediated Spi-C is a key molecule for the noninflammatory signature of intestinal Mϕs by suppressing the induction of a subset of TLR-inducible genes through binding to IRF5.
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Zhang W, Xu L, Cho SY, Min KJ, Oda T, Zhang L, Yu Q, Jin JO. Ginseng Berry Extract Attenuates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Acute and Chronic Colitis. Nutrients 2016; 8:199. [PMID: 27058552 PMCID: PMC4848668 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the in vivo functions of ginseng berry extract (GB) as a therapy for dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice were given drinking water containing DSS (3%) for eight days to induce acute colitis. At the same time, the mice received an oral dose of GB (50 mg/kg) once daily. The GB-treated mice were less susceptible to the development of acute colitis than were control mice treated with saline, as determined by weight loss, disease activity, and colon histology. The administration of GB to DSS-treated mice also reduced the numbers and inhibited the activation of colon-infiltrating T cells, neutrophils, intestinal CD103(-)CD11c⁺ dendritic cells (cDCs), and macrophages. In addition, GB treatment promoted the migration of CD103⁺CD11c⁺ cDCs and expansion of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in the colons of DSS-treated mice. Similarly, in the DSS-induced chronic colitis model, GB treatment improved the macroscopic and histological appearance of the colon wall when compared to untreated control mice, as indicated by longer colon length and lower histological scores. This is the first report to show that oral administration of GB suppresses immune activation and protects against experimentally induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Si-Young Cho
- R & D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggudae-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Jin Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 55001, Japan.
| | - LiJun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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Verheijden S, De Schepper S, Boeckxstaens GE. Neuron-macrophage crosstalk in the intestine: a "microglia" perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:403. [PMID: 26528133 PMCID: PMC4603243 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are strategically located in different layers of the intestine, including the mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa, where they perform complex tasks to maintain intestinal homeostasis. As the gastrointestinal tract is continuously challenged by foreign antigens, macrophage activation should be tightly controlled to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Unraveling the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific control of macrophage activation is crucial to get more insight into intestinal immune regulation. Two recent reports provide unanticipated evidence that the enteric nervous system (ENS) acts as a critical regulator of macrophage function in the myenteric plexus. Both studies clearly illustrate that enteric neurons reciprocally interact with intestinal macrophages and are actively involved in shaping their phenotype. This concept has striking parallels with the central nervous system (CNS), where neuronal signals maintain microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, in a quiescent, anti-inflammatory state. This inevitably evokes the perception that the ENS and CNS share mechanisms of neuroimmune interaction. In line, intestinal macrophages, both in the muscularis externa and (sub)mucosa, express high levels of CX3CR1, a feature that was once believed to be unique for microglia. CX3CR1 is the sole receptor of fractalkine (CX3CL1), a factor mainly produced by neurons in the CNS to facilitate neuron-microglia communication. The striking parallels between resident macrophages of the brain and intestine might provide a promising new line of thought to get more insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling macrophage activation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Verheijden
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan De Schepper
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interaction and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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