1
|
Xu C, Diemant T, Mariani A, Di Pietro ME, Mele A, Liu X, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Wide-Temperature-Range Aluminum-Sulfur Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318204. [PMID: 38244210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and high safety. However, the high viscosity and inferior ion transport of conventionally used ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) limit the kinetics of Al-S batteries, especially at sub-zero temperatures. Herein, locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (LCILE) formed via diluting the ILEs with non-solvating 1,2-difluorobenzene (dFBn) co-solvent are proposed for wide-temperature-range Al-S batteries. The addition of dFBn effectively promotes the fluidity and ionic conductivity without affecting the AlCl4 - /Al2 Cl7 - equilibrium, which preserves the reversible stripping/plating of aluminum and further promotes the overall kinetics of Al-S batteries. As a result, Al-S cells employing the LCILE exhibit higher specific capacity, better cyclability, and lower polarization with respect to the neat ILE in a wide temperature range from -20 to 40 °C. For instance, Al-S batteries employing the LCILE sustain a remarkable capacity of 507 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at 20 °C, while only 229 mAh g-1 is delivered with the dFBn-free electrolyte under the same condition. This work demonstrates the favorable use of LCILEs for wide-temperature Al-S batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu C, Diemant T, Liu X, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Deep Eutectic Liquids Electrolytes for Low-Polarization Aluminum Metal Batteries. Adv Mater 2024:e2400263. [PMID: 38412289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost and nontoxic deep eutectic liquid electrolytes (DELEs), such as [AlCl3 ]1.3 [Urea] (AU), are promising for rechargeable non-aqueous aluminum metal batteries (AMBs). However, their high viscosity and sluggish ion transport at room temperature lead to high cell polarization and low specific capacity, limiting their practical application. Herein, non-solvating 1,2-difluorobenzene (dFBn) is proposed as a co-solvent of DELEs using AU as model to construct a locally concentrated deep eutectic liquid electrolyte (LC-DELE). dFBn effectively improves the fluidity and ion transport without affecting the ionic dynamics in the electrolyte. Moreover, dFBn also modifies the solid electrolyte interphase growing on the aluminum metal anodes and reduces the interfacial resistance. As a result, the lifespan of Al/Al cells is improved from 210 to 2000 h, and the cell polarization is reduced from 0.36 to 0.14 V at 1.0 mA cm-2 . The rate performance of Al-graphite cells is greatly improved with a polarization reduction of 0.15 and 0.74 V at 0.1 and 1 A g-1 , respectively. The initial discharge capacity of Al-sulfur cells is improved from 94 to 1640 mAh g-1 . This work provides a feasible solution to the high polarization of AMBs employing DELEs and a new path to high-performance low-cost AMBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, I-00185, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Mariani A, Diemant T, Di Pietro ME, Dong X, Mele A, Passerini S. Reinforcing the Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases of Lithium Metal Batteries Employing Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309062. [PMID: 37956687 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with nickel-rich cathodes are promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density batteries, but the lack of sufficiently protective electrode/electrolyte interphases (EEIs) limits their cyclability. Herein, trifluoromethoxybenzene is proposed as a cosolvent for locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (LCILEs) to reinforce the EEIs. With a comparative study of a neat ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) and three LCILEs employing fluorobenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, or trifluoromethoxybenzene as cosolvents, it is revealed that the fluorinated groups tethered to the benzene ring of the cosolvents not only affect the electrolytes' ionic conductivity and fluidity, but also the EEIs' composition via adjusting the contribution of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (Emim+ ) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion. Trifluoromethoxybenzene, as the optimal cosolvent, leads to a stable cycling of LMBs employing 5 mAh cm-2 lithium metal anodes (LMAs), 21 mg cm-2 LiNi0.8 Co0.15 Al0.05 (NCA) cathodes, and 4.2 µL mAh-1 electrolytes for 150 cycles with a remarkable capacity retention of 71%, thanks to a solid electrolyte interphase rich in inorganic species on LMAs and, particularly, a uniform cathode/electrolyte interphase rich in Emim+ -derived species on NCA cathodes. By contrast, the capacity retention under the same condition is only 16%, 46%, and 18% for the neat ILE and the LCILEs based on fluorobenzene and benzotrifluoride, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Xu Dong
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, I-00185, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Mariani A, Diemant T, Dong X, Su PH, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Enabling Low-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202305840. [PMID: 37249166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal is a promising anode material for next-generation high-energy-density batteries but suffers from low stripping/plating Coulombic efficiency and dendritic growth particularly at sub-zero temperatures. Herein, a poorly-flammable, locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte with a wide liquidus range extending well below 0 °C is proposed for low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Its all-anion Li+ solvation and phase-nano-segregation solution structure are sustained at low temperatures, which, together with a solid electrolyte interphase rich in inorganic compounds, enable dendrite-free operation of lithium metal anodes at -20 °C and 0.5 mA cm-2, with a Coulombic efficiency of 98.9%. As a result, lithium metal batteries coupling thin lithium metal anodes (4 mAh cm-2) and high-loading LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes (10 mg cm-2) retain 70% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles at -20 °C. These results, as a proof of concept, demonstrate the applicability of locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes for low-temperature lithium metal batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, HIU, GERMANY
| | | | | | - Xu Dong
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, HIU, GERMANY
| | - Po-Hua Su
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, HIU, GERMANY
| | - Stefano Passerini
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Diemant T, Mariani A, Dong X, Di Pietro ME, Mele A, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte with Partially Solvating Diluent for Lithium/Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Batteries. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2207155. [PMID: 36316232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of Li/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) batteries requires electrolytes that can form stable electrolyte/electrode interphases simultaneously on lithium-metal anodes (LMAs) and SPAN cathodes. Herein, a low-flammability locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (LCILE) employing monofluorobenzene (mFBn) as the diluent is proposed for Li/SPAN cells. Unlike non-solvating diluents in other LCILEs, mFBn partially solvates Li+ , decreasing the coordination between Li+ and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI- ). In turn, this triggers a more substantial decomposition of FSI- and consequently results in the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) rich in inorganic compounds, which enables a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (99.72%) of LMAs. Meanwhile, a protective cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), derived mainly from FSI- and organic cations, is generated on the SPAN cathodes, preventing the dissolution of polysulfides. Benefiting from the robust interphases simultaneously formed on both the electrodes, a highly stable cycling of Li/SPAN cells for 250 cycles with a capacity retention of 71% is achieved employing the LCILE and only 80% lithium-metal excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xu Dong
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|