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Luan K, McCord MG, West AJ, Cave G, Travanty NV, Apperson CS, Roe RM. Mosquito Blood Feeding Prevention Using an Extra-Low DC Voltage Charged Cloth. Insects 2023; 14:insects14050405. [PMID: 37233033 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue pose a major threat to human health. Personal protection from mosquito blood feeding is mostly by treating clothing with insecticides and the use of repellents on clothing and skin. Here, we developed a low-voltage, mosquito-resistant cloth (MRC) that blocked all blood feeding across the textile and was flexible and breathable. The design was based on mosquito head and proboscis morphometrics, the development of a novel 3-D textile with the outer conductive layers insulated from each other with an inner, non-conductive woven mesh, and the use of a DC (direct current; extra-low-voltage) resistor-capacitor. Blockage of blood feeding was measured using host-seeking Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes and whether they could blood feed across the MRC and an artificial membrane. Mosquito blood feeding decreased as voltage increased from 0 to 15 volts. Blood feeding inhibition was 97.8% at 10 volts and 100% inhibition at 15 volts, demonstrating proof of concept. Current flow is minimal since conductance only occurs when the mosquito proboscis simultaneously touches the outside layers of the MRC and is then quickly repelled. Our results demonstrated for the first time the use of a biomimetic, mosquito-repelling technology to prevent blood feeding using extra-low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marian G McCord
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Andre J West
- Department of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, Wilson College of Textiles, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Grayson Cave
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Nicholas V Travanty
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Charles S Apperson
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Gurbuz K, Demir M. Patterns and outcomes of high-voltage versus low-voltage pediatric electrical injuries: an 8-year retrospective analysis of a tertiary-level burn center. J Burn Care Res 2021; 43:704-709. [PMID: 34523680 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although electrical injuries (EIs) are rare traumas in the pediatric age group, they are considered one of the most devastating injuries. We aimed to evaluate the patterns and outcomes of pediatric high-voltage (HVI) vs. low-voltage injuries (LVIs), admitted to the burn center within the efforts of determining evidence-based data for contributing to burn prevention strategies. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on children with EIs hospitalized in the Burn Center of Adana City Training and Research Hospital (ACTRH) for eight years (2013-2020). Data including the patients' clinical and demographic characteristics, the percentage of total body surface area with burns (TBSA%), length of hospital stay (LOS), exposure place, electrical current type, and treatment results were collected and analyzed. RESULTS EIs were detected in 57 (2.5%) of 2243 acute pediatric burn injury admissions. EIs were most frequently observed in the form of HVIs, among children within the age range of 13-18 years, mostly in residential outdoor environments, where the high-power lines still passing close to the home roofs and balconies, resulting from contact with them. Besides, with a lesser extent in LVIs, in the home environment among children under five years, which was caused by connection with substandard electrical cords/poor-quality electrical devices and inserting an object into the electric sockets. Concerning the mean of TBSA%, HVIs suffered more extensive burns than LVIs. The most frequently affected anatomical regions among HV and LVIs were the upper limb, followed by the lower limb. While superficial partial- and deep partial-thickness burns were significantly more common among the LVIs, full thickness burns were more prevalent among the HVIs. The amputation rate was 12% which only one of them was major amputation (forearm above the elbow joint). HVIs had more elevated CK and CK-MB levels than LVIs but were not correlated with ECG findings. Only one death (caused by HVI) was observed, with a mortality rate of 1.8%. CONCLUSION Pediatric EIs are less common than scald or fire-flame related burns in this age group but can cause significant morbidity and even mortality, especially in severe burns. It is possible to prevent possible morbidity and mortality by strengthening compliance with safety precautions, especially with parental education and raising social awareness. In this context, taking necessary precautions for passing high voltage power lines under the ground, the standardization of electrical cables by the relevant legal regulations, the use of socket covers in homes, promoting the widespread use of residual current relays and arrangements to be taken against the use of illegal electricity are among measures for the prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Gurbuz
- University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Burn Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mete Demir
- University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Burn Center, Adana, Turkey
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Afia RSA, Mustafa E, Tamus ZÁ. Aging Mechanisms and Non-Destructive Aging Indicators of XLPE/CSPE Unshielded LV Nuclear Power Cables Subjected to Simultaneous Radiation-Mechanical Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183033. [PMID: 34577934 PMCID: PMC8468987 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-voltage cable systems in nuclear power plants are key components that have a crucial role in the safe operation of nuclear facilities. Thus, the aging management of cable systems is of utmost importance as they cannot easily or economically be replaced or upgraded. Therefore, there is a continuous need to develop reliable non-destructive condition monitoring techniques, mostly based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of cable insulation. This paper introduces the changing of dielectric and mechanical properties of XLPE insulated and CSPE jacketed unshielded low-voltage nuclear power plant power cable in case of simultaneous mechanical and radiation aging. The cable samples were bent and exposed to 400 kGy gamma irradiation with a 0.5 kGy/hr dose rate. Dielectric response (real and imaginary permittivity) in the 0.1 Hz-1 kHz frequency range, extended voltage response (EVR), and the Shore D hardness test techniques were measured to track aging. The electrical and mechanical parameters have increased monotonically with aging, except the imaginary permittivity, which increased only at frequencies higher than 10 Hz. Furthermore, different quantities were deducted based on the frequency and permittivity data. The electrical parameters and deducted quantities correlation with aging and mechanical parameters were investigated. Since the deducted quantities and the electrical parameters are strongly correlated with absorbed dose and mechanical properties, the electrical measurements can be applied as a non-destructive aging indicator for XLPE/CSPE unshielded low-voltage nuclear power cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy S. A. Afia
- Department of Electrical Power & Machines Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, 1 Sherif Street, Helwan 11792, Egypt;
- Department of Electric Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Informatics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ehtasham Mustafa
- Department of Electric Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Informatics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Zoltán Ádám Tamus
- Department of Electric Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Informatics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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Potocny M, Kovac M, Arbet D, Sovcik M, Nagy L, Stopjakova V, Ravasz R. Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21175721. [PMID: 34502611 PMCID: PMC8433648 DOI: 10.3390/s21175721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The power saving issue and clean energy harvesting for wireless and cost-affordable electronics (e.g., IoT applications, sensor nodes or medical implants), have recently become attractive research topics. With this in mind, the paper addresses one of the most important parts of the energy conversion system chain – the power management unit. The core of such a unit will be formed by an inductorless, low-voltage DC-DC converter based on the cross-coupled dynamic-threshold charge pump topology. The charge pump utilizes a power-efficient ON/OFF regulation feedback loop, specially designed for strict low-voltage start-up conditions by a driver booster. Taken together, they serve as the masters to control the charge pump output (up to 600 mV), depending on the voltage value produced by a renewable energy source available in the environment. The low-power feature is also ensured by a careful design of the hysteresis-based bulk-driven comparator and fully integrated switched-capacitor voltage divider, omitting the static power consumption. The presented converter can also employ the on-chip RF-based energy harvester for use in a wireless power transfer system.
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Hartvigsson E, Odenberger M, Chen P, Nyholm E. Dataset for generating synthetic residential low-voltage grids in Sweden, Germany and the UK. Data Brief 2021; 36:107005. [PMID: 33981814 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing grid capacity on national and local levels is important in order to formulate renewable energy targets, calculate integration costs of distributed generation (such as residential solar PV and electric vehicles). Currently, 70–96% of the residential solar PV installations in Germany and Italy are found in the low-voltage grid. Previous grid assessments have relied on grid data from individual low-voltage grids, making them limited to a few cases. This article presents synthetic low-voltage grid data from a reference network model. The reference network model generates synthetic low-voltage grids using publicly available data and national regulations and standards. In addition, the article presents data of residential solar photovoltaic hosting capacity in low-voltage grids. The datasets are high-resolution (1 × 1 km) and contains data on electricity peak demand, share of population living in apartments and important grid metrics such as transformer capacity, maximum feeder length and estimations of residential solar photovoltaic hosting capacity. Datasets on grid components are rare and the dataset can be used to assess grid impacts from other residential end-use technologies, and function as baseline for other reference network models.
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Schwarzl JM, Schleberger R, Kahle AK, Höller A, Schwarzl M, Schaeffer BN, Münkler P, Moser J, Akbulak RÖ, Eickholt C, Dinshaw L, Dickow J, Maury P, Sacher F, Martin CA, Wong T, Estner HL, Jaïs P, Willems S, Meyer C. Specific electrogram characteristics impact substrate ablation target area in patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia-insights from automated ultrahigh-density mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32:376-388. [PMID: 33368769 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substrate-based catheter ablation approaches to ventricular tachycardia (VT) focus on low-voltage areas and abnormal electrograms. However, specific electrogram characteristics in sinus rhythm are not clearly defined and can be subject to variable interpretation. We analyzed the potential ablation target size using automatic abnormal electrogram detection and studied findings during substrate mapping in the VT isthmus area. METHODS AND RESULTS Electrogram characteristics in 61 patients undergoing scar-related VT ablation using ultrahigh-density 3D-mapping with a 64-electrode mini-basket catheter were analyzed retrospectively. Forty-four complete substrate maps with a mean number of 10319 ± 889 points were acquired. Fractionated potentials detected by automated annotation and manual review were present in 43 ± 21% of the entire low-voltage area (<1.0 mV), highly fractionated potentials in 7 ± 8%, late potentials in 13 ± 15%, fractionated late potentials in 7 ± 9% and isolated late potentials in 2 ± 4%, respectively. Highly fractionated potentials (>10 ± 1 fractionations) were found in all isthmus areas of identified VT during substrate mapping, while isolated late potentials were distant from the critical isthmus area in 29%. CONCLUSION The ablation target area varies enormously in size, depending on the definition of abnormal electrograms. Clear linking of abnormal electrograms with critical VT isthmus areas during substrate mapping remains difficult due to a lack of specificity rather than sensitivity. However, highly fractionated, low-voltage electrograms were found to be present in all critical VT isthmus sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Schwarzl
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Schleberger
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kahle
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höller
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarzl
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin N Schaeffer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paula Münkler
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Moser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruken Ö Akbulak
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Eickholt
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Dinshaw
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Dickow
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Maury
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, LIRYC Institute, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire A Martin
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom Wong
- Heart Rhythm Center, Imperial College London, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Heidi L Estner
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Jaïs
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, LIRYC Institute, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephan Willems
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Hospital St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium (cNEP), EVK Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Neural and Sensory Physiology, Cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium (cNEP), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Warenits AM, Aman M, Zanon C, Klimitz F, Kammerlander AA, Laggner A, Horter J, Kneser U, Bergmeister-Berghoff AS, Schrögendorfer KF, Bergmeister KD. International Multi-Center Analysis of In-hospital Morbidity and Mortality of Low-Voltage Electrical Injuries. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:590758. [PMID: 33262992 PMCID: PMC7686652 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.590758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background : Patients with high- and low-voltage electrical injuries differ in their clinical presentation from minor symptoms to life-threatening conditions. For an adequate diagnosis and treatment strategy a multidisciplinary team is often needed, due to the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation. To minimize costs and medical resources, especially for patients with mild symptoms presenting after low-voltage electrical injuries, risk stratification for the development of further complications is needed. Methods : During 2012–2019 two independent patient cohorts admitted with electrical injuries in two maximum care university hospitals in Germany and Austria were investigated to quantify risk factors for prolonged treatment, the need of surgery and death in low-voltage injuries. High-voltage injuries were used as reference in the analysis of the low-voltage electrical injury. Results : We analyzed 239 admitted patients with low-voltage (75%; 276 ± 118 V), high-voltage (17%; 12.385 ± 28.896 V) or unclear voltage (8%). Overall mortality was 2% (N = 5) associated only with high-voltage injuries. Patients with low-voltage injuries presented with electrocution entry marks (63%), various neurological symptoms (31%), burn injuries (at least second degree) (23%), pain (27%), and cardiac symptoms (9%) including self-limiting thoracic pain and dysrhythmia without any therapeutic need. Seventy three percentage of patients with low-voltage injury were discharged within 24 h. The remaining patients stayed in the hospital (11 ± 10 days) for treatment of entry marks and burns, with an overall need for surgery of 12% in all low-voltage injuries. Conclusions : The only identified risk factors for prolonged hospital stay in patients with low-voltage electrical injuries were the treatment of burns and electric marks. In this multi-center analysis of hospitalized patients, low-voltage electrical injuries were not associated with cardiac arrhythmia or mortality. Therefore, we suggest that asymptomatic patients, without preexisting conditions, with low-voltage injury can be discharged after an initial check-up without prolonged monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Aman
- Center for Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Hand-, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Zanon
- Center for Restoration of Extremity Function, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Klimitz
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hand- and Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas A Kammerlander
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Laggner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Horter
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hand- and Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand-, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hand- and Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus F Schrögendorfer
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Konstantin D Bergmeister
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, St. Poelten, Austria
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Chao HJ, Xue D, Jiang W, Li D, Hu Z, Kang J, Liu D. A low-voltage pulse electrolysis method for the degradation of anthraquinone and azo dyes in chloride medium by anodic oxidation on Ti/IrO 2 -RuO 2 -SnO 2 electrodes. Water Environ Res 2020; 92:779-788. [PMID: 31697421 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater produced by the textile industry containing azo dyes and anthraquinone dyes is significant source of pollution to the environment and is toxic for aquatic life. To overcome the high-energy cost of traditional electrochemical oxidation, a custom-built power supply device for the degradation of anthraquinone and azo dyes by low voltage of 15.0-20.0 V pulsed discharge was investigated. Titanium coated with mixed oxide (Ti/IrO2 -RuO2 -SnO2 ) plates and pure titanium plates were used as the anode and cathode, respectively, for the generation of chlorine in the dye solution. For the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19, 60.0% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 22.0% of the total organic carbon (TOC) were removed using this system. A comparison of the direct current electrolysis and pulsed discharge revealed that using the pulsed discharge method reduced the energy cost by 68.6%. UV-visible, LC-MS, and GC-MS were used to identify the intermediate compounds formed during the degradation of Reactive Blue 19. The results indicate that in the process of oxidation by chlorine/hypochlorite, the chromophore group was first oxidized to -NH2 , followed by decolorization via chlorination of the aromatic rings. The results confirm that low-voltage pulse electrolysis can be used for the degradation of industrial dyes in waste effluents. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Low-voltage pulse electrolysis can be used for the degradation of industrial dyes and/or dyes in waste effluents. For anionic dye Reactive Blue 19, 60.0% of COD and 22.0% of TOC were removed using low-voltage (20.0 V) pulse electrolysis. The pulsed discharge method reduced the energy cost of this degradation process by 68.6% compared with direct current electrolysis. The intermediate compounds formed during the degradation of Reactive Blue 19 were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, LC-MS, and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Chao
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- GanSu Jingwei Environmental Engineering Technology Co,Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daosheng Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxiong Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Prommee P, Wongprommoon N, Kumngern M, Jaikla W. Low-Voltage Low-Pass and Band-Pass Elliptic Filters Based on Log-Domain Approach Suitable for Biosensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E5581. [PMID: 31861210 DOI: 10.3390/s19245581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research proposes bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-based log-domain high-order elliptic ladder low-pass (LPF) and band-pass filters (BPF) using a lossless differentiator and lossless and lossy integrators. The log-domain lossless differentiator was realized by using seven BJTs and one grounded capacitor, the lossy integrator using five BJTs and one grounded capacitor, and the lossless integrator using seven BJTs and one grounded capacitor. The simplified signal flow graph (SFG) of the elliptic ladder LPF consisted of two lossy integrators, one lossless integrator, and one lossless differentiator, while that of the elliptic ladder BPF contained two lossy integrators, five lossless integrators, and one lossless differentiator. Log-domain cells were directly incorporated into the simplified SFGs. Simulations were carried out using PSpice with transistor array HFA3127. The proposed filters are operable in a low-voltage environment and are suitable for mobile equipment and further integration. The log-domain principle enables the frequency responses of the filters to be electronically tunable between 10k Hz–10 MHz. The proposed filters are applicable for low-frequency biosensors by reconfiguring certain capacitors. The filters can efficiently remove low-frequency noise and random noise in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal.
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Kroll MW, Ritter MB, Perkins PE, Shams L, Andrews CJ. Perceived Electrical Injury: Misleading Symptomology Due to Multisensory Stimuli. J Emerg Med 2019; 56:e71-e79. [PMID: 30826083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An electrical accident victim's recollection is often distorted by Bayesian inference in multisensory integration. For example, hearing the sound and seeing the bright flash of an electrical arc can create the false impression that someone had experienced an electrical shock. These subjects will often present to an emergency department seeking either treatment or reassurance. CASE REPORTS We present seven cases in which the subjects were startled by an electrical shock (real or perceived) and injury was reported. Calculations of the current and path were used to allocate causality between the shock and a history of chronic disease or previous trauma. In all seven cases, our analysis suggests that no current was passed through the body. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Symptomology seen as corroborating may actually be confounding. Witness and survivor descriptions of electrical shocks are fraught with subjectivity and misunderstanding. Available current is usually irrelevant and overemphasized, such as stress on a 100-ampere welding source, which is orders of magnitude beyond lethal limits. History can also be biased for a number of reasons. Bayesian inference in multisensory perception can lead to a subject sincerely believing they had experienced an electrical shock. Determination of the current pathway and calculations of the amplitude and duration of the shock can be critical for understanding the limits and potential causation of electrical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kroll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; California Polytechnical University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | | | - Ladan Shams
- Department of Psychology and Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Chaudhry MU, Tetzner K, Lin YH, Nam S, Pearson C, Groves C, Petty MC, Anthopoulos TD, Bradley DDC. Low-Voltage Solution-Processed Hybrid Light-Emitting Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:18445-18449. [PMID: 29767502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of low operating voltages in inorganic-organic hybrid light-emitting transistors (HLETs) based on a solution-processed ZrO x gate dielectric and a hybrid multilayer channel consisting of the heterojunction In2O3/ZnO and the organic polymer "Super Yellow" acting as n- and p-channel/emissive layers, respectively. Resulting HLETs operate at the lowest voltages reported to-date (<10 V) and combine high electron mobility (22 cm2/(V s)) with appreciable current on/off ratios (≈103) and an external quantum efficiency of 2 × 10-2% at 700 cd/m2. The charge injection, transport, and recombination mechanisms within this HLET architecture are discussed, and prospects for further performance enhancement are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kornelius Tetzner
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Sungho Nam
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Pearson
- Department of Engineering , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Chris Groves
- Department of Engineering , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Petty
- Department of Engineering , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PJ , United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
The aims of this article are to review low-voltage vs high-voltage electrical burn complications in adults and to identify novel areas that are not recognized to improve outcomes. An extensive literature search on electrical burn injuries was performed using OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE databases from 1946 to 2015. Studies relating to outcomes of electrical injury in the adult population (≥18 years of age) were included in the study. Forty-one single-institution publications with a total of 5485 electrical injury patients were identified and included in the present study. Fourty-four percent of these patients were low-voltage injuries (LVIs), 38.3% high-voltage injuries (HVIs), and 43.7% with voltage not otherwise specified. Forty-four percentage of studies did not characterize outcomes according to LHIs vs HVIs. Reported outcomes include surgical, medical, posttraumatic, and others (long-term/psychological/rehabilitative), all of which report greater incidence rates in HVI than in LVI. Only two studies report on psychological outcomes such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Mortality rates from electrical injuries are 2.6% in LVI, 5.2% in HVI, and 3.7% in not otherwise specified. Coroner's reports revealed a ratio of 2.4:1 for deaths caused by LVI compared with HVI. HVIs lead to greater morbidity and mortality than LVIs. However, the results of the coroner's reports suggest that immediate mortality from LVI may be underestimated. Furthermore, on the basis of this analysis, we conclude that the majority of studies report electrical injury outcomes; however, the majority of them do not analyze complications by low vs high voltage and often lack long-term psychological and rehabilitation outcomes after electrical injury indicating that a variety of central aspects are not being evaluated or assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Shih
- From the *Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and †Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‡Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and §Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Brandão C, Vaz M, Brito I, Ferreira B, Meireles R, Ramos S, Cabral L. Electrical burns: a retrospective analysis over a 10-year period. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2017; 30:268-271. [PMID: 29983679 PMCID: PMC6033477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although electrical burns have a rather low incidence, they are considered one of the most devastating injuries. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse specific aspects of electrical injuries and to delineate a prevention strategy. A retrospective analysis of medical records of all the patients admitted to our Unit with electrical burns over a 10-year period (2006/01/01-2015/12/31) was undertaken. Demographic data, mechanism of injury and electric current voltage, total burn surface area (TBSA), location and depth of burns, acute complications, surgical interventions and length of hospital stay (LOS) were analysed. Out of 1695 burn patients admitted to our Unit, 99 subjects (5.84%) suffered electrical burns. 97% of these patients were male. The mean age was 38.3±13.7years and mean TBSA was 11.9%±13.2%. The mechanism of injury was occupational in 75 cases. Injuries were classified as low-voltage burns (24.2%), highvoltage burns (30.3%) and flash burns (45.5%). TBSA (p=0.014), mean LOS (p=0.002) and serum creatinine kinase levels (p<0.001) were significantly higher in patients with high-voltage injury in comparison to low-voltage injury, as well as the incidence of escharotomy/ fasciotomy (p=0.049) and flap surgeries (p=0.004). Although there was a higher incidence of amputations in this group (16.7% vs. 12.5%), the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.487). The high prevalence of electrical burns in males and workers emphasizes the need to review occupational safety regulations. Educational efforts regarding potential hazards of electricity and reinforcing compliance with safety measures are essential to avoid these injuri.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Brandão
- Carla Brandão
Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC) – Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto3000-075 CoimbraPortugal+351 239400400+351 239822291
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14
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Liu X, Yu D, Cao F, Li X, Ji J, Chen J, Song X, Zeng H. Low-Voltage Photodetectors with High Responsivity Based on Solution-Processed Micrometer-Scale All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanoplatelets. Small 2017; 13. [PMID: 28508506 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic photodetectors based on scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets with lateral dimension as large as 10 µm are fabricated, and the CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are solution processed governed by a newly developed ion-exchange soldering mechanism. Under illumination of a 442 nm laser, the photoresponsivity of photodetectors based on these scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets is as high as 34 A W-1 , which is the largest value reported from all-inorganic perovskite photodetectors with an external driven voltage as small as 1.5 V. Moreover, the rise and fall times are 0.6 and 0.9 ms, respectively, which are comparable to most of the state-of-the-art all-inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors. All the material synthesis and device characterization are conducted at room temperature in ambient air. This work demonstrates that the solution-processed large CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are attractive candidates to be applied in low-voltage, low-cost, ultra highly integrated optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhai Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Dejian Yu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jianping Ji
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiufeng Song
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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15
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Sung S, Park S, Lee WJ, Son J, Kim CH, Kim Y, Noh DY, Yoon MH. Low-voltage flexible organic electronics based on high-performance sol-gel titanium dioxide dielectric. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:7456-7461. [PMID: 25751669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we report that high-performance insulating films can be generated by judicious control over the microstructure of sol-gel-processed titanium dioxide (TiO2) films, typically known as wide-bandgap semiconductors. The resultant device made of 23 nm-thick TiO2 dielectric layer exhibits a low leakage current density of ∼1 × 10(-7) A cm(-2) at 2 V and a large areal capacitance of 560 nF cm(-2) with the corresponding dielectric constant of 27. Finally, low-voltage flexible organic thin-film transistors were successfully demonstrated by incorporating this versatile solution-processed oxide dielectric material into pentacene transistors on polyimide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Sung
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-June Lee
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Son
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Noh
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, §Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wang CY, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Liu JC, Dindar A, Choi S, Youngblood JP, Moon RJ, Kippelen B. Stable low-voltage operation top-gate organic field-effect transistors on cellulose nanocrystal substrates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:4804-4808. [PMID: 25651811 DOI: 10.1021/am508723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the performance and the characterization of top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), comprising a bilayer gate dielectric of CYTOP/Al2O3 and a solution-processed semiconductor layer made of a blend of TIPS-pentacene:PTAA, fabricated on recyclable cellulose nanocrystal-glycerol (CNC/glycerol) substrates. These OFETs exhibit low operating voltage, low threshold voltage, an average field-effect mobility of 0.11 cm(2)/(V s), and good shelf and operational stability in ambient conditions. To improve the operational stability in ambient a passivation layer of Al2O3 is grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) directly onto the CNC/glycerol substrates. This layer protects the organic semiconductor layer from moisture and other chemicals that can either permeate through or diffuse out of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yin Wang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Roan TL, Yeong EK, Tang YB. An unusual electrical burn caused by alkaline batteries. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:180-3. [PMID: 25678181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical burns caused by low-voltage batteries are rarely reported. We recently encountered a male patient who suffered from a superficial second-degree burn over his left elbow and back. The total body surface area of the burn was estimated to be 6%. After interviewing the patient, the cause was suspected to be related to the explosion of a music player on the left-side of his waist, carried on his belt while he was painting a bathroom wall. Elevated creatine kinase levels and hematuria indicated rhabdomyolysis and suggested an electrical burn. Initial treatment was done in the burn intensive care unit with fluid challenge and wound care. The creatine kinase level decreased gradually and the hematuria was gone after 4 days in the intensive care unit. He was then transferred to the general ward for further wound management and discharged from our burn center after a total of 11 days without surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyng-Luen Roan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eng-Kean Yeong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Bih Tang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yip M, Jin R, Nakajima HH, Stankovic KM, Chandrakasan AP. A Fully-Implantable Cochlear Implant SoC with Piezoelectric Middle-Ear Sensor and Arbitrary Waveform Neural Stimulation. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 2015; 50:214-229. [PMID: 26251552 PMCID: PMC4523309 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2014.2355822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A system-on-chip for an invisible, fully-implantable cochlear implant is presented. Implantable acoustic sensing is achieved by interfacing the SoC to a piezoelectric sensor that detects the sound-induced motion of the middle ear. Measurements from human cadaveric ears demonstrate that the sensor can detect sounds between 40 and 90 dB SPL over the speech bandwidth. A highly-reconfigurable digital sound processor enables system power scalability by reconfiguring the number of channels, and provides programmable features to enable a patient-specific fit. A mixed-signal arbitrary waveform neural stimulator enables energy-optimal stimulation pulses to be delivered to the auditory nerve. The energy-optimal waveform is validated with in-vivo measurements from four human subjects which show a 15% to 35% energy saving over the conventional rectangular waveform. Prototyped in a 0.18 μm high-voltage CMOS technology, the SoC in 8-channel mode consumes 572 μW of power including stimulation. The SoC integrates implantable acoustic sensing, sound processing, and neural stimulation on one chip to minimize the implant size, and proof-of-concept is demonstrated with measurements from a human cadaver ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Yip
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Rui Jin
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Hideko Heidi Nakajima
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA, and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infimary, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Konstantina M. Stankovic
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA, and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infimary, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Anantha P. Chandrakasan
- Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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19
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Liu X, Guo Y, Ma Y, Chen H, Mao Z, Wang H, Yu G, Liu Y. Flexible, low-voltage and high-performance polymer thin-film transistors and their application in photo/thermal detectors. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3631-3636. [PMID: 24639414 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201306084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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20
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Geist J, Afridi MY, Varma A, Hefner AR. Simple Thermal-Efficiency Model for CMOS-Microhotplate Design. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2006; 111:243-253. [PMID: 27274932 PMCID: PMC4659451 DOI: 10.6028/jres.111.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple, semi-empirical, first-order, analytic approximations to the current, voltage, and power as a function of microhotplate temperature are derived. To lowest order, the voltage is independent of, and the power and current are inversely proportional to, the length of the microhotplate heater legs. A first-order design strategy based on this result is described.
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