1
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Strenkert D, Schmollinger S, Paruthiyil S, Brown BC, Green S, Shafer CM, Salomé P, Nelson H, Blaby-Haas CE, Moseley JL, Merchant SS. Distinct function of Chlamydomonas CTRA-CTR transporters in Cu assimilation and intracellular mobilization. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae013. [PMID: 38439674 PMCID: PMC10959442 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Successful acclimation to copper (Cu) deficiency involves a fine balance between Cu import and export. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Cu import is dependent on a transcription factor, Copper Response Regulator 1 (CRR1), responsible for activating genes in Cu-deficient cells. Among CRR1 target genes are two Cu transporters belonging to the CTR/COPT gene family (CTR1 and CTR2) and a related soluble protein (CTR3). The ancestor of these green algal proteins was likely acquired from an ancient chytrid and contained conserved cysteine-rich domains (named the CTR-associated domains, CTRA) that are predicted to be involved in Cu acquisition. We show by reverse genetics that Chlamydomonas CTR1 and CTR2 are canonical Cu importers albeit with distinct affinities, while loss of CTR3 did not result in an observable phenotype under the conditions tested. Mutation of CTR1, but not CTR2, recapitulates the poor growth of crr1 in Cu-deficient medium, consistent with a dominant role for CTR1 in high-affinity Cu(I) uptake. On the other hand, the overaccumulation of Cu(I) (20 times the quota) in zinc (Zn) deficiency depends on CRR1 and both CTR1 and CTR2. CRR1-dependent activation of CTR gene expression needed for Cu over-accumulation can be bypassed by the provision of excess Cu in the growth medium. Over-accumulated Cu is sequestered into the acidocalcisome but can become remobilized by restoring Zn nutrition. This mobilization is also CRR1-dependent, and requires activation of CTR2 expression, again distinguishing CTR2 from CTR1 and consistent with the lower substrate affinity of CTR2. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY Regulation of Cu uptake and sequestration by members of the CTR family of proteins in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Schmollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Srinand Paruthiyil
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bonnie C Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sydnee Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Catherine M Shafer
- Molecular Toxicology Inter-departmental Ph.D. program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrice Salomé
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hosea Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Crysten E Blaby-Haas
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Moseley
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Tokuda K, Lu SL, Zhang Z, Kato Y, Chen S, Noda K, Hirose K, Usami Y, Uzawa N, Murakami S, Toyosawa S, Fukuda M, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Noda T. Rab32 and Rab38 maintain bone homeostasis by regulating intracellular traffic in osteoclasts. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:223-239. [PMID: 37793839 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts play a crucial role in bone homeostasis by forming resorption pits on bone surfaces, resulting in bone resorption. The osteoclast expression of Rab38 protein is highly induced during differentiation from macrophages. Here we generated mice with double knockout (DKO) of Rab38 and its paralogue, Rab32, to investigate the roles of these proteins in osteoclasts. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from Rab32/38 DKO mice differentiated normally into osteoclasts in vitro. However, DKO osteoclasts showed reduced bone resorption activity. These osteoclasts also demonstrated defective secretion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K into culture medium. Furthermore, the plasma membrane localization of a3, an osteoclast-specific a subunit of V-ATPase, was abrogated in DKO mice, substantiating the reduced resorption activity. In vivo, Rab32- and Rab38-positive cells were attached to the bone surface. Eight-week-old DKO mice showed significantly thickened trabecular bones in micro-CT and histomorphometry analysis, as well as reduced serum levels of cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, indicating diminished bone resorption in vivo. In DKO male mice over 10 weeks of age, hyperostosis appeared at the talofibular syndesmosis, the distal junction of the tibia and fibula. Furthermore, middle-aged mice (10 to 12 months of age) exhibited kyphosis, which is not usually observed in wild-type male mice until around 24 months of age. These results indicate that Rab32 and Rab38 contribute to osteoclast function by supporting intracellular traffic, thereby maintaining normal bone homeostasis.Key words: Rab32, Rab38, osteoclast, lysosome-related organelle, secretory lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tokuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
| | - Shiou-Ling Lu
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Zidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Noda
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College
| | - Yoh Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
- Department of Oral Cellular Biology, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University
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3
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Li W, Hao CJ, Hao ZH, Ma J, Wang QC, Yuan YF, Gong JJ, Chen YY, Yu JY, Wei AH. New insights into the pathogenesis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:290-302. [PMID: 35129281 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by defects of multiple tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles (LROs), typically manifesting with oculocutaneous albinism or ocular albinism, bleeding tendency, and in some cases with pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease or immunodeficiency, neuropsychological disorders. Eleven HPS subtypes in humans and at least 15 subtypes in mice have been molecularly identified. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HPS is focusing on the defective biogenesis of LROs. Compelling evidences have shown that HPS protein-associated complexes (HPACs) function in cargo transport, cargo recycling, and cargo removal to maintain LRO homeostasis. Further investigation on the molecular and cellular mechanism of LRO biogenesis and secretion will be helpful for better understanding of its pathogenesis and for the precise intervention of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan-Juan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Naß J, Terglane J, Gerke V. Weibel Palade Bodies: Unique Secretory Organelles of Endothelial Cells that Control Blood Vessel Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:813995. [PMID: 34977047 PMCID: PMC8717947 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.813995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells produce and release compounds regulating vascular tone, blood vessel growth and differentiation, plasma composition, coagulation and fibrinolysis, and also engage in interactions with blood cells thereby controlling hemostasis and acute inflammatory reactions. These interactions have to be tightly regulated to guarantee smooth blood flow in normal physiology, but also allow specific and often local responses to blood vessel injury and infectious or inflammatory insults. To cope with these challenges, endothelial cells have the remarkable capability of rapidly changing their surface properties from non-adhesive (supporting unrestricted blood flow) to adhesive (capturing circulating blood cells). This is brought about by the evoked secretion of major adhesion receptors for platelets (von-Willebrand factor, VWF) and leukocytes (P-selectin) which are stored in a ready-to-be-used form in specialized secretory granules, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPB). WPB are unique, lysosome related organelles that form at the trans-Golgi network and further mature by receiving material from the endolysosomal system. Failure to produce correctly matured VWF and release it through regulated WPB exocytosis results in pathologies, most importantly von-Willebrand disease, the most common inherited blood clotting disorder. The biogenesis of WPB, their intracellular motility and their fusion with the plasma membrane are regulated by a complex interplay of proteins and lipids, involving Rab proteins and their effectors, cytoskeletal components as well as membrane tethering and fusion machineries. This review will discuss aspects of WPB biogenesis, trafficking and exocytosis focussing on recent findings describing factors contributing to WPB maturation, WPB-actin interactions and WPB-plasma membrane tethering and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Naß
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julian Terglane
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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5
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Mahanty S, Setty SRG. Epidermal Lamellar Body Biogenesis: Insight Into the Roles of Golgi and Lysosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:701950. [PMID: 34458262 PMCID: PMC8387949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.701950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal lamellar bodies (eLBs) are secretory organelles that carry a wide variety of secretory cargo required for skin homeostasis. eLBs belong to the class of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), which are cell-type-specific organelles that perform diverse functions. The formation of eLBs is thought to be related to that of other LROs, which are formed either through the gradual maturation of Golgi/endosomal precursors or by the conversion of conventional lysosomes. Current evidence suggests that eLB biogenesis presumably initiate from trans-Golgi network and receive cargo from endosomes, and also acquire lysosome characteristics during maturation. These multistep biogenesis processes are frequently disrupted in human skin disorders. However, many gaps remain in our understanding of eLB biogenesis and their relationship to skin diseases. Here, we describe our current understanding on eLB biogenesis with a focus on cargo transport to this LRO and highlight key areas where future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mahanty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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6
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Morishita H, Kanda Y, Mizushima N. No air without autophagy: autophagy is important for lung and swim bladder inflation. Autophagy 2021; 17:1040-1041. [PMID: 33530832 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1885148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a catabolic process critical for the degradation of intracellular material, but its physiological functions in vertebrates are not fully understood. Here, we discuss our recent finding that macroautophagy plays a role in lamellar body maturation. The lamellar body is a lysosome-related organelle and stores phospholipid-containing surfactant complexes that reduce the surface tension of the air-water interface in order to inflate the airspace in lungs and swim bladders. In the epithelial cells of these organs, autophagosomes fuse with immature lamellar bodies to increase their size and lipid contents. This function is essential for respiration after birth in mice and for maintaining buoyancy in zebrafish. These findings unveil a novel function of macroautophagy in the maturation of surfactant-containing lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Morishita H, Kanda Y, Kaizuka T, Chino H, Nakao K, Miki Y, Taketomi Y, Guan JL, Murakami M, Aiba A, Mizushima N. Autophagy Is Required for Maturation of Surfactant-Containing Lamellar Bodies in the Lung and Swim Bladder. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108477. [PMID: 33296658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system, but its physiological functions in vertebrates are not yet fully understood. Here, we show that autophagy is required for inflation of air-filled organs: zebrafish swim bladder and mouse lung. In wild-type zebrafish swim bladder and mouse lung type II pulmonary epithelial cells, autophagosomes are formed and frequently fuse with lamellar bodies. The lamellar body is a lysosome-related organelle that stores a phospholipid-containing surfactant complex that lines the air-liquid interface and reduces surface tension. We find that autophagy is critical for maturation of the lamellar body. Accordingly, atg-deficient zebrafish fail to maintain their position in the water, and type-II-pneumocyte-specific Fip200-deficient mice show neonatal lethality with respiratory failure. Autophagy suppression does not affect synthesis of the surfactant phospholipid, suggesting that autophagy supplies lipids and membranes to lamellar bodies. These results demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role of autophagy in lamellar body maturation.
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8
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Sever N, Miličić G, Bodnar NO, Wu X, Rapoport TA. Mechanism of Lamellar Body Formation by Lung Surfactant Protein B. Mol Cell 2020; 81:49-66.e8. [PMID: 33242393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breathing depends on pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and proteins, secreted by alveolar type II cells. Surfactant requires lamellar bodies (LBs), organelles containing densely packed concentric membrane layers, for storage and secretion. LB biogenesis remains mysterious but requires surfactant protein B (SP-B), which is synthesized as a precursor (pre-proSP-B) that is cleaved during trafficking into three related proteins. Here, we elucidate the functions and cooperation of these proteins in LB formation. We show that the N-terminal domain of proSP-B is a phospholipid-binding and -transfer protein whose activities are required for proSP-B export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and sorting to LBs, the conversion of proSP-B into lipoprotein particles, and neonatal viability in mice. The C-terminal domain facilitates ER export of proSP-B. The mature middle domain, generated after proteolytic cleavage of proSP-B, generates the striking membrane layers characteristic of LBs. Together, our results lead to a mechanistic model of LB biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdar Sever
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Goran Miličić
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas O Bodnar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xudong Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Fukuda M. Rab GTPases: Key players in melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:222-235. [PMID: 32997883 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized intracellular organelles that produce and store melanin pigments in melanocytes, which are present in several mammalian tissues and organs, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanosomes form and mature stepwise (stages I-IV) in melanocytes and then are transported toward the plasma membrane along the cytoskeleton. They are subsequently transferred to neighboring keratinocytes by a largely unknown mechanism, and incorporated melanosomes are transported to the perinuclear region of the keratinocytes where they form melanin caps. Melanocytes also extend several dendrites that facilitate the efficient transfer of the melanosomes to the keratinocytes. Since the melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer steps require multiple membrane trafficking processes, Rab GTPases that are conserved key regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes are crucial for skin and hair pigmentation. Dysfunctions of two Rab isoforms, Rab27A and Rab38, are known to cause a hypopigmentation phenotype in human type 2 Griscelli syndrome patients and in chocolate mice (related to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome), respectively. In this review article, I review the literature on the functions of each Rab isoform and its upstream and downstream regulators in mammalian melanocytes and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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10
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Voss L, Foster OK, Harper L, Morris C, Lavoy S, Brandt JN, Peloza K, Handa S, Maxfield A, Harp M, King B, Eichten V, Rambo FM, Hermann GJ. An ABCG Transporter Functions in Rab Localization and Lysosome-Related Organelle Biogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2020; 214:419-445. [PMID: 31848222 PMCID: PMC7017009 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC transporters couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of substrates across cellular membranes. This protein superfamily has diverse activities resulting from differences in their cargo and subcellular localization. Our work investigates the role of the ABCG family member WHT-2 in the biogenesis of gut granules, a Caenorhabditis elegans lysosome-related organelle. In addition to being required for the accumulation of birefringent material within gut granules, WHT-2 is necessary for the localization of gut granule proteins when trafficking pathways to this organelle are partially disrupted. The role of WHT-2 in gut granule protein targeting is likely linked to its function in Rab GTPase localization. We show that WHT-2 promotes the gut granule association of the Rab32 family member GLO-1 and the endolysosomal RAB-7, identifying a novel function for an ABC transporter. WHT-2 localizes to gut granules where it could play a direct role in controlling Rab localization. Loss of CCZ-1 and GLO-3, which likely function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for GLO-1, lead to similar disruption of GLO-1 localization. We show that CCZ-1, like GLO-3, is localized to gut granules. WHT-2 does not direct the gut granule association of the GLO-1 GEF and our results point to WHT-2 functioning differently than GLO-3 and CCZ-1 Point mutations in WHT-2 that inhibit its transport activity, but not its subcellular localization, lead to the loss of GLO-1 from gut granules, while other WHT-2 activities are not completely disrupted, suggesting that WHT-2 functions in organelle biogenesis through transport-dependent and transport-independent activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Voss
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Olivia K Foster
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Logan Harper
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Caitlin Morris
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sierra Lavoy
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - James N Brandt
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kimberly Peloza
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Simran Handa
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amanda Maxfield
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marie Harp
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian King
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Fiona M Rambo
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Greg J Hermann
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon
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11
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Figon F, Casas J. Ommochromes in invertebrates: biochemistry and cell biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:156-183. [PMID: 29989284 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widely occurring coloured molecules of invertebrates, arising from tryptophan catabolism through the so-called Tryptophan → Ommochrome pathway. They are mainly known to mediate compound eye vision, as well as reversible and irreversible colour patterning. Ommochromes might also be involved in cell homeostasis by detoxifying free tryptophan and buffering oxidative stress. These biological functions are directly linked to their unique chromophore, the phenoxazine/phenothiazine system. The most recent reviews on ommochrome biochemistry were published more than 30 years ago, since when new results on the enzymes of the ommochrome pathway, on ommochrome photochemistry as well as on their antiradical capacities have been obtained. Ommochromasomes are the organelles where ommochromes are synthesised and stored. Hence, they play an important role in mediating ommochrome functions. Ommochromasomes are part of the lysosome-related organelles (LROs) family, which includes other pigmented organelles such as vertebrate melanosomes. Ommochromasomes are unique because they are the only LRO for which a recycling process during reversible colour change has been described. Herein, we provide an update on ommochrome biochemistry, photoreactivity and antiradical capacities to explain their diversity and behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. We also highlight new biochemical techniques, such as quantum chemistry, metabolomics and crystallography, which could lead to major advances in their chemical and functional characterisation. We then focus on ommochromasome structure and formation by drawing parallels with the well-characterised melanosomes of vertebrates. The biochemical, genetic, cellular and microscopic tools that have been applied to melanosomes should provide important information on the ommochromasome life cycle. We propose LRO-based models for ommochromasome biogenesis and recycling that could be tested in the future. Using the context of insect compound eyes, we finally emphasise the importance of an integrated approach in understanding the biological functions of ommochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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12
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Sparvoli D, Richardson E, Osakada H, Lan X, Iwamoto M, Bowman GR, Kontur C, Bourland WA, Lynn DH, Pritchard JK, Haraguchi T, Dacks JB, Turkewitz AP. Remodeling the Specificity of an Endosomal CORVET Tether Underlies Formation of Regulated Secretory Vesicles in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:697-710.e13. [PMID: 29478853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the endocytic pathway of animals, two related complexes, called CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome transport) and HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting), act as both tethers and fusion factors for early and late endosomes, respectively. Mutations in CORVET or HOPS lead to trafficking defects and contribute to human disease, including immune dysfunction. HOPS and CORVET are conserved throughout eukaryotes, but remarkably, in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, the HOPS-specific subunits are absent, while CORVET-specific subunits have proliferated. VPS8 (vacuolar protein sorting), a CORVET subunit, expanded to 6 paralogs in Tetrahymena. This expansion correlated with loss of HOPS within a ciliate subgroup, including the Oligohymenophorea, which contains Tetrahymena. As uncovered via forward genetics, a single VPS8 paralog in Tetrahymena (VPS8A) is required to synthesize prominent secretory granules called mucocysts. More specifically, Δvps8a cells fail to deliver a subset of cargo proteins to developing mucocysts, instead accumulating that cargo in vesicles also bearing the mucocyst-sorting receptor Sor4p. Surprisingly, although this transport step relies on CORVET, it does not appear to involve early endosomes. Instead, Vps8a associates with the late endosomal/lysosomal marker Rab7, indicating that target specificity switching occurred in CORVET subunits during the evolution of ciliates. Mucocysts belong to a markedly diverse and understudied class of protist secretory organelles called extrusomes. Our results underscore that biogenesis of mucocysts depends on endolysosomal trafficking, revealing parallels with invasive organelles in apicomplexan parasites and suggesting that a wide array of secretory adaptations in protists, like in animals, depend on mechanisms related to lysosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sparvoli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Xun Lan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masaaki Iwamoto
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Grant R Bowman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cassandra Kontur
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
| | - Denis H Lynn
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Aaron P Turkewitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Hanby HA, Bao J, Noh JY, Jarocha D, Poncz M, Weiss MJ, Marks MS. Platelet dense granules begin to selectively accumulate mepacrine during proplatelet formation. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1478-90. [PMID: 28936487 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet dense granules (DGs) are storage organelles for calcium ions, small organic molecules such as ADP and serotonin, and larger polyphosphates that are secreted upon platelet stimulation to enhance platelet activation, adhesion, and stabilization at sites of vascular damage. DGs are thought to fully mature within megakaryocytes (MKs) prior to platelet formation. Here we challenge this notion by exploiting vital fluorescent dyes to distinguish mildly acidic DGs from highly acidic compartments by microscopy in platelets and MKs. In isolated primary mouse platelets, compartments labeled by mepacrine - a fluorescent weak base that accumulates in DGs - are readily distinguishable from highly acidic compartments, likely lysosomes, that are labeled by the acidic pH indicator, LysoTracker, and from endolysosomes and alpha granules labeled by internalized and partially digested DQ™ BSA. By contrast, in murine fetal liver- and human CD34+ cell-derived MKs and the megakaryocytoid cell lines, MEG-01 and differentiated G1ME2, labeling by mepacrine overlapped nearly completely with labeling by LysoTracker and partially with labeling by DQ™ BSA. Mepacrine labeling in G1ME2-derived MKs was fully sensitive to proton ATPase inhibitors, but was only partially sensitive in platelets. These data indicate that mepacrine in MKs accumulates as a weak base in endolysosomes but is likely pumped into or retained in separate DGs in platelets. Fluorescent puncta that labeled uniquely for mepacrine were first evident in G1ME2-derived proplatelets, suggesting that DGs undergo a maturation step that initiates in the final stages of MK differentiation.
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14
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Barrett A, Hermann GJ. A Caenorhabditis elegans Homologue of LYST Functions in Endosome and Lysosome-Related Organelle Biogenesis. Traffic 2016; 17:515-35. [PMID: 26822177 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
LYST-1 is a Caenorhabditis elegans BEACH domain containing protein (BDCP) homologous to LYST and NBEAL2, BDCPs controlling organelle biogenesis that are implicated in human disease. Unlike the three other BDCPs encoded by C. elegans, mutations in lyst-1 lead to smaller lysosome-related organelles (LROs), smaller lysosomes, increased numbers of LROs and decreased numbers of early endosomes. lyst-1(-) mutations do not obviously disrupt protein trafficking to lysosomes or LROs, however, the formation of gut granules is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Barrett
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, 0615 SW Palatine Hill Rd., Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Greg J Hermann
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, 0615 SW Palatine Hill Rd., Portland, OR, 97219, USA
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15
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Abstract
Lysosomes play important roles in autophagy, not only in autophagosome degradation, but also in autophagy initiation. In Trypanosoma brucei, an early divergent protozoan parasite, we discovered a previously unappreciated function of the acidocalcisome, a lysosome-related organelle characterized by acidic pH and large content of Ca(2+) and polyphosphates, in autophagy regulation. Starvation- and chemical-induced autophagy is accompanied with acidocalcisome acidification, and blocking the acidification completely inhibits autophagosome formation. Blocking acidocalcisome biogenesis by depleting the adaptor protein-3 complex, which does not affect lysosome biogenesis or function, also inhibits autophagy. Overall, our results support the role of the acidocalcisome, a conserved organelle from bacteria to human, as a relevant regulator in autophagy.
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Key Words
- AO, acridine orange
- AP-3, adaptor protein-3
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BODIPY-CQ, BODIPY-chloroquine
- BafA1, bafilomycin A1
- CQ, chloroquine
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- MTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
- PPi, pyrophosphate
- PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- RNAi, RNA interference
- T. brucei, Trypanosoma brucei
- TOR, target of rapamycin
- TbVMA1, the subunit A of V-H+-ATPase in Trypanosoma brucei
- TbVP1, vacuolar pyrophosphatase in Trypanosoma brucei
- TbVPH1, the α, subunit of V-H+-ATPase in Trypanosoma brucei
- Tbβ3, the β3 subunit of adaptor protein-3 complex in Trypanosoma brucei
- Tbδ, the δ, subunit of adaptor protein-3 complex in Trypanosoma brucei
- Trypanosoma brucei
- V-H+-ATPase, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase
- V-PPase, vacuolar pyrophophatase
- acidity
- acidocalcisome
- autophagy
- coumarin-CQ, coumarin-chloroquine
- lysosome-related organelle
- polyP, polyphosphate
- protozoan parasite
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jun Li
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; National University of Singapore ; Singapore
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Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a set of genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in one of nine known HPS genes. HPS patients display oculocutaneous hypopigmentation and bleeding diathesis and, depending on the disease subtype, pulmonary fibrosis, congenital nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, and platelet aggregation deficiency. Mouse models for all known HPS subtypes have contributed greatly to our understanding of the disease, but many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HPS remain unknown. Here, we characterize ocular defects in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) mutant snow white (snw), which possesses a recessive, missense mutation in hps5 (hps5I76N). Melanosome biogenesis is disrupted in snw/hps5 mutants, resulting in hypopigmentation, a significant decrease in the number, size, and maturity of melanosomes, and the presence of ectopic multi-melanosome clusters throughout the mutant retina and choroid. snw/hps5I76N is the first Hps5 mutation identified within the N-terminal WD40 repeat protein-protein binding domain. Through in vitro coexpression assays, we demonstrate that Hps5I76N retains the ability to bind its protein complex partners, Hps3 and Hps6. Furthermore, while Hps5 and Hps6 stabilize each other's expression, this stabilization is disrupted by Hps5I76N. The snw/hps5I76N mutant provides a valuable resource for structure-function analyses of Hps5 and enables further elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ellis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Bultema JJ, Di Pietro SM. Cell type-specific Rab32 and Rab38 cooperate with the ubiquitous lysosome biogenesis machinery to synthesize specialized lysosome-related organelles. Small GTPases 2012; 4:16-21. [PMID: 23247405 PMCID: PMC3620096 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) exist in specialized cells to serve specific functions and typically co-exist with conventional lysosomes. The biogenesis of LROs is known to utilize much of the common protein machinery used in the transport of integral membrane proteins to lysosomes. Consequently, an outstanding question in the field has been how specific cargoes are trafficked to LROs instead of lysosomes, particularly in cells that simultaneously produce both organelles. One LRO, the melanosome, is responsible for the production of the pigment melanin and has long been used as a model system to study the formation of specialized LROs. Importantly, melanocytes, where melanosomes are synthesized, are a cell type that also produces lysosomes and must therefore segregate traffic to each organelle. Two small GTPases, Rab32 and Rab38, are key proteins in the biogenesis of melanosomes and were recently shown to redirect the ubiquitous machinery—BLOC-2, AP-1 and AP-3—to traffic specialized cargoes to melanosomes in melanocytes. In addition, the study revealed Rab32 and Rab38 have both redundant and unique roles in the trafficking of melanin-producing enzymes and overall melanosome biogenesis. Here we review these findings, integrate them with previous knowledge on melanosome biogenesis and discuss their implications for biogenesis of other LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred J Bultema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA
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Vincent LM, Adams D, Hess RA, Ziegler SG, Tsilou E, Golas G, O'Brien KJ, White JG, Huizing M, Gahl WA. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 in patients of Indian descent. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:227-33. [PMID: 19398212 PMCID: PMC2694228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) develops from defects in the biogenesis and/or function of lysosome-related organelles essential to membrane and protein trafficking. Of the eight known human subtypes, only HPS-1 and HPS-4 develop pulmonary fibrosis in addition to the general clinical manifestations of oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis. We identified HPS-1 in three unrelated patients from different regions of India, who presented with iris transillumination, pale fundi, hypopigmentation, nystagmus, decreased visual acuity, and a bleeding diathesis. Two of these patients carried the homozygous mutation c.398+5G>A (IVS5+5G>A) in HPS1, resulting in skipping of exon 5 in HPS1 mRNA. The third patient carried a novel homozygous c.988-1G>T mutation that resulted in in-frame skipping of HPS1 exon 12 and removes 56 amino acids from the HPS1 protein. Given the discovery of HPS-1 in an ethnic group where oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is highly prevalent, it is possible that HPS in India is under-diagnosed. We recommend that unconfirmed OCA patients in this ethic group be considered for mutational screening of known HPS genes, in particular c.398+5G>A and c.980-1G>T, to ensure that patients can be monitored and treated for clinical complications unique to HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Vincent
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm 10C107, MSC1851, Bethesda, MD 20892-1851, USA.
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