1
|
Sanhaji M, Ritter A, Belsham HR, Friel CT, Roth S, Louwen F, Yuan J. Polo-like kinase 1 regulates the stability of the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin in mitosis. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3130-44. [PMID: 24931513 PMCID: PMC4102797 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper bi-orientation of chromosomes is critical for the accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis. A key regulator of this process is MCAK, the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. During mitosis the activity and localization of MCAK are regulated by mitotic key kinases including Plk1 and Aurora B. We show here that S621 in the MCAK's C-terminal domain is the major phosphorylation site for Plk1. This phosphorylation regulates MCAK's stability and facilitates its recognition by the ubiquitin/proteasome dependent APC/C(Cdc20) pathway leading to its D-box dependent degradation in mitosis. While phosphorylation of S621 does not directly affect its microtubule depolymerising activity, loss of Plk1 phosphorylation on S621 indirectly enhances its depolymerization activity in vivo by stabilizing MCAK, leading to an increased level of protein. Interfering with phosphorylation at S621 causes spindle formation defects and chromosome misalignments. Therefore, this study suggests a new mechanism by which Plk1 regulates MCAK: by regulating its degradation and hence controlling its turnover in mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hannah R. Belsham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire T. Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Roth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanhaji M, Friel CT, Wordeman L, Louwen F, Yuan J. Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin ( MCAK): a potential cancer drug target. Oncotarget 2011; 2:935-47. [PMID: 22249213 PMCID: PMC3282097 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to faithfully segregate chromosomes in mitosis results in chromosome instability, a hallmark of solid tumors. Disruption of microtubule dynamics contributes highly to mitotic chromosome instability. The kinesin-13 family is critical in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and the best characterized member of the family, the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), has recently been attracting enormous attention. MCAK regulates microtubule dynamics as a potent depolymerizer of microtubules by removing tubulin subunits from the polymer end. This depolymerizing activity plays pivotal roles in spindle formation, in correcting erroneous attachments of microtubule-kinetochore and in chromosome movement. Thus, the accurate regulation of MCAK is important for ensuring the faithful segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and for safeguarding chromosome stability. In this review we summarize recent data concerning the regulation of MCAK by mitotic kinases, Aurora A/B, Polo-like kinase 1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. We propose a molecular model of the regulation of MCAK by these mitotic kinases and relevant phosphatases throughout mitosis. An ever-increasing quantity of data indicates that MCAK is aberrantly regulated in cancer cells. This deregulation is linked to increased malignance, invasiveness, metastasis and drug resistance, most probably due to increased chromosomal instability and remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton in cancer cells. Most interestingly, recent observations suggest that MCAK could be a novel molecular target for cancer therapy, as a new cancer antigen or as a mitotic regulator. This collection of new data indicates that MCAK could be a new star in the cancer research sky due to its critical roles in the control of genome stability and the cytoskeleton. Further investigations are required to dissect the fine details of the regulation of MCAK throughout mitosis and its involvements in oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claire T. Friel
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Friday Harbor, Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ganguly A, Yang H, Pedroza M, Bhattacharya R, Cabral F. Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin ( MCAK) mediates paclitaxel resistance. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36378-84. [PMID: 21903575 PMCID: PMC3196137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel has powerful anticancer activity, but some tumors are inherently resistant to the drug, whereas others are initially sensitive but acquire resistance during treatment. To deal with this problem, it will be necessary to understand the mechanisms of drug action and resistance. Recent studies indicate that paclitaxel blocks cell division by inhibiting the detachment of microtubules from centrosomes. Here, we demonstrate that mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a kinesin-related protein that destabilizes microtubules, plays an important role in microtubule detachment. Depletion of MCAK altered mitotic spindle morphology, increased the frequency of lagging chromosomes, and inhibited the proliferation of WT CHO cells, confirming that it is an essential protein for cell division. In contrast, MCAK depletion rescued the proliferation of mutant paclitaxel-dependent cell lines that are unable to divide because of defective spindle function resulting from altered α-tubulin or class III β-tubulin overexpression. In concert with the correction of mitotic defects, loss of MCAK reversed an aberrantly high frequency of microtubule detachment in the mutant cells and increased their sensitivity to paclitaxel. The results indicate that MCAK affects cell sensitivity to mitotic inhibitors by modulating the frequency of microtubule detachment, and they demonstrate that changes in a microtubule-interacting protein can reverse the effects of mutant tubulin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Ganguly
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hailing Yang
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mesias Pedroza
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rajat Bhattacharya
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fernando Cabral
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Shao H, Huang Y, Yan F, Chu Y, Hou H, Zhu M, Fu C, Aikhionbare F, Fang G, Ding X, Yao X. PLK1 phosphorylates mitotic centromere-associated kinesin and promotes its depolymerase activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3033-46. [PMID: 21078677 PMCID: PMC3024797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, interaction between kinetochores and dynamic spindle microtubules governs chromosome movements. The microtubule depolymerase mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a key regulator of mitotic spindle assembly and dynamics. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying its depolymerase activity during the cell cycle remain elusive. Here, we showed that PLK1 is a novel regulator of MCAK in mammalian cells. MCAK interacts with PLK1 in vitro and in vivo. The neck and motor domain of MCAK associates with the kinase domain of PLK1. MCAK is a novel substrate of PLK1, and the phosphorylation stimulates its microtubule depolymerization activity of MCAK in vivo. Overexpression of a polo-like kinase 1 phosphomimetic mutant MCAK causes a dramatic increase in misaligned chromosomes and in multipolar spindles in mitotic cells, whereas overexpression of a nonphosphorylatable MCAK mutant results in aberrant anaphase with sister chromatid bridges, suggesting that precise regulation of the MCAK activity by PLK1 phosphorylation is critical for proper microtubule dynamics and essential for the faithful chromosome segregation. We reasoned that dynamic regulation of MCAK phosphorylation by PLK1 is required to orchestrate faithful cell division, whereas the high levels of PLK1 and MCAK activities seen in cancer cells may account for a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhang
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Hengyi Shao
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuejia Huang
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Feng Yan
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Youjun Chu
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hai Hou
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Felix Aikhionbare
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Guowei Fang
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xia Ding
- the Department of Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- From the Anhui Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale, Hefei 230027, China
- the Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanno Y, Kitajima TS, Honda T, Ando Y, Ishiguro KI, Watanabe Y. Phosphorylation of mammalian Sgo2 by Aurora B recruits PP2A and MCAK to centromeres. Genes Dev 2010; 24:2169-79. [PMID: 20889715 PMCID: PMC2947769 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1945310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shugoshin (Sgo) is a conserved centromeric protein. Mammalian Sgo1 collaborates with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to protect mitotic cohesin from the prophase dissociation pathway. Although another shugoshin-like protein, Sgo2, is required for the centromeric protection of cohesion in germ cells, its precise molecular function remains largely elusive. We demonstrate that hSgo2 plays a dual role in chromosome congression and centromeric protection of cohesion in HeLa cells, while the latter function is exposed only in perturbed mitosis. These functions partly overlap with those of Aurora B, a kinase setting faithful chromosome segregation. Accordingly, we identified the phosphorylation of hSgo2 by Aurora B at the N-terminal coiled-coil region and the middle region, and showed that these phosphorylations separately promote binding of hSgo2 to PP2A and MCAK, factors required for centromeric protection and chromosome congression, respectively. Furthermore, these phosphorylations are essential for localizing PP2A and MCAK to centromeres. This mechanism seems applicable to germ cells as well. Thus, our study identifies Sgo2 as a hitherto unknown crucial cellular substrate of Aurora B in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanno
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and life Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoya S. Kitajima
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and life Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuto Ando
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and life Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Ishiguro
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and life Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stumpff J, Cooper J, Domnitz S, Moore AT, Rankin KE, Wagenbach M, Wordeman L. In vitro and in vivo analysis of microtubule-destabilizing kinesins. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 392:37-49. [PMID: 17951709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-490-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular microtubules are rigid in comparison to other cytoskeletal elements (1,2). To facilitate cytoplasmic remodeling and timely responses to cell signaling events, microtubules depolymerize and repolymerize rapidly at their ends (3). These dynamic properties are critically important for many cellular functions, such as spindle assembly, the capture and segregation of chromosomes during cell division and cell motility. Microtubule dynamics are spatially and temporally controlled in the cell by accessory proteins. Molecular motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily that act to destabilize microtubules play important roles in this regulation (4).
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is recruited to the centromere at prophase and remains centromere associated until after telophase. MCAK is a homodimer that is encoded by a single gene and has no associated subunits. A motorless version of MCAK that binds centromeres but not microtubules disrupts chromosome segregation during anaphase. Antisense-induced depletion of MCAK results in the same defect. MCAK overexpression induces centromere-independent bundling and eventual loss of spindle microtubule polymer suggesting that centromere-associated bundling and/or depolymerization activity is required for anaphase. Live cell imaging indicates that MCAK may be required to coordinate the onset of sister centromere separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Maney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|