1
|
Nikolopoulos D, Bresta P, Daliani V, Haghiou V, Darra N, Liati M, Mavrogianni E, Papanastasiou A, Porfyraki T, Psaroudi V, Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G. Leaf anatomy affects optical properties and enhances photosynthetic performance under oblique light. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1471-1485. [PMID: 38235913 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis under oblique illumination has not been studied extensively despite being the prevailing light regime under natural conditions. We studied how photosynthetic rate (An) is affected by the geometrical arrangement between leaf lamina and light rays, in conjunction with key anatomical features; studied plant species selected based on the absence (homobaric) or the occurrence of bundle sheath extensions (BSEs; heterobaric) and the arrangement of these structures, that is, parallel (monocots) or reticulated (dicots). The direction of light ray affected leaf absorptance (Abs) and An; both were maximal when the angle of incidence of light on leaf surface (polar angle, θ) was 90°. For any lower θ, both Abs and An were higher when the angle between the leaf axis and the light rays (azimuthal angle, φ) was zero. The dependence of Abs and An from φ was only evident in monocots and, especially, in heterobaric compared to homobaric leaves. In some species, An was substantially higher than predicted from calculated photon flux density of oblique light. The occurrence of BSEs, especially in monocots, significantly alters leaf optical properties, resulting in more efficient photosynthesis under oblique illumination conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Crop Science, School of Plant Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikoleta Darra
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Liati
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xing L, Lei J, Liu J, Yang Z, Chai Z, Cai W, Zhang M, Meng D, Wang Y, Yin H. Enhancing the quality of fermented plant leaves: the role of metabolite signatures and associated fungi. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1335850. [PMID: 38571709 PMCID: PMC10987691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1335850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fungi play a pivotal role in fermentation processes, influencing the breakdown and transformation of metabolites. However, studies focusing on the effects of fungal-metabolite correlations on leaf fermentation quality enhancement are limited. This study investigated specific metabolites and fungi associated with high- and low-quality fermented plant leaves. Their changes were monitored over fermentation periods of 0, 8, 16, and 24 days. The results indicated that organoheterocyclic compounds, lipids, lipid-like molecules, organic nitrogen compounds, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides were predominant in high-quality samples. The fungi Saccharomyces (14.8%) and Thermoascus (4.6%) were predominantly found in these samples. These markers exhibited significant changes during the 24-day fermentation period. The critical influence of fungal community equilibrium was demonstrated by interspecies interactions (e.g., between Saccharomyces and Eurotium). A co-occurrence network analysis identified Saccharomyces as the primary contributor to high-quality samples. These markers collectively enhance the quality and sensory characteristics of the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinshan Lei
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishun Chai
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Cai
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of China Tobacco (China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.), Chengdu, China
- Industrial Efficient Utilization of Domestic Cigar Tobacco Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nishimura K, Kokaji H, Motoki K, Yamazaki A, Nagasaka K, Mori T, Takisawa R, Yasui Y, Kawai T, Ushijima K, Yamasaki M, Saito H, Nakano R, Nakazaki T. Degenerate oligonucleotide primer MIG-seq: an effective PCR-based method for high-throughput genotyping. Plant J 2024. [PMID: 38459738 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) library construction often involves using restriction enzymes to decrease genome complexity, enabling versatile polymorphism detection in plants. However, plant leaves frequently contain impurities, such as polyphenols, necessitating DNA purification before enzymatic reactions. To overcome this problem, we developed a PCR-based method for expeditious NGS library preparation, offering flexibility in number of detected polymorphisms. By substituting a segment of the simple sequence repeat sequence in the MIG-seq primer set (MIG-seq being a PCR method enabling library construction with low-quality DNA) with degenerate oligonucleotides, we introduced variability in detectable polymorphisms across various crops. This innovation, named degenerate oligonucleotide primer MIG-seq (dpMIG-seq), enabled a streamlined protocol for constructing dpMIG-seq libraries from unpurified DNA, which was implemented stably in several crop species, including fruit trees. Furthermore, dpMIG-seq facilitated efficient lineage selection in wheat and enabled linkage map construction and quantitative trait loci analysis in tomato, rice, and soybean without necessitating DNA concentration adjustments. These findings underscore the potential of the dpMIG-seq protocol for advancing genetic analyses across diverse plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazusa Nishimura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kokaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| | - Ko Motoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Yamazaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara City, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kyoka Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| | - Rihito Takisawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2 no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1091-1 Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa, 907-0002, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 4-2-1, Shiroyamadai, Kizugawa City, Kyoto, 619-0218, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang Z, Long L, Gao Y, Tang Z, Zhang J, Xu K, Ye H, Liu M. A Color-Changing Biomimetic Material Closely Resembling the Spectral Characteristics of Vegetation Foliage. Small 2024; 20:e2303966. [PMID: 37907423 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral/hyperspectral technologies can easily detect man-made objects in vegetation by subtle spectral differences between the object and vegetation, and powerful reconnaissance increases the demand for camouflage materials closely resembling vegetation spectra. However, previous biomimetic materials have only presented static colors that cannot change color, and camouflage in multiple bands is difficult to achieve. To address this challenge, inspiration is drawn from the color change of foliage, and a color-change model is proposed with active and static pigments embedded in a matrix medium. The color of a composite material is dominated by the colored active pigment, which conceals the color of the static pigments and the color is revealed when the active pigment fades. A color-changing biomimetic material (CCBM) is developed with a solution casting method by adopting microcapsuled thermochromic pigments and chrome titanate yellow pigments as fillers in a base film with polyvinyl alcohol and lithium chloride. A Kubelka-Munk four-flux model is constructed to optimize the component proportions of the CCBM. The material has a reversible color change, closely resembles the foliage spectrum in UV-vis-NIR ranges, and imitates the thermal behavior of natural foliage in the mid-infrared regime. These results provide a novel approach to multispectral and hyperspectral camouflage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Huang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Linshuang Long
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Minghou Liu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Mintgen MAC, D'Haeyer S, Helfer A, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Dhondt S. PhenoWell®-A novel screening system for soil-grown plants. Plant Environ Interact 2023; 4:55-69. [PMID: 37288161 PMCID: PMC10243540 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As agricultural production is reaching its limits regarding outputs and land use, the need to further improve crop yield is greater than ever. The limited translatability from in vitro lab results into more natural growth conditions in soil remains problematic. Although considerable progress has been made in developing soil-growth assays to tackle this bottleneck, the majority of these assays use pots or whole trays, making them not only space- and resource-intensive, but also hampering the individual treatment of plants. Therefore, we developed a flexible and compact screening system named PhenoWell® in which individual seedlings are grown in wells filled with soil allowing single-plant treatments. The system makes use of an automated image-analysis pipeline that extracts multiple growth parameters from individual seedlings over time, including projected rosette area, relative growth rate, compactness, and stockiness. Macronutrient, hormone, salt, osmotic, and drought stress treatments were tested in the PhenoWell® system. The system is also optimized for maize with results that are consistent with Arabidopsis while different in amplitude. We conclude that the PhenoWell® system enables a high-throughput, precise, and uniform application of a small amount of solution to individually soil-grown plants, which increases the replicability and reduces variability and compound usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Michael A. C. Mintgen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Sam D'Haeyer
- Discovery SciencesVIBGhentBelgium
- Screening CoreVIBGhentBelgium
| | | | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balfany C, Gutierrez J, Moncada M, Komarnytsky S. Current Status and Nutritional Value of Green Leaf Protein. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061327. [PMID: 36986057 PMCID: PMC10056349 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Green leaf biomass is one of the largest underutilized sources of nutrients worldwide. Whether it is purposely cultivated (forage crops, duckweed) or upcycled as a waste stream from the mass-produced agricultural crops (discarded leaves, offcuts, tops, peels, or pulp), the green biomass can be established as a viable alternative source of plant proteins in food and feed processing formulations. Rubisco is a major component of all green leaves, comprising up to 50% of soluble leaf protein, and offers many advantageous functional features in terms of essential amino acid profile, reduced allergenicity, enhanced gelation, foaming, emulsification, and textural properties. Nutrient profiles of green leaf biomass differ considerably from those of plant seeds in protein quality, vitamin and mineral concentration, and omega 6/3 fatty acid profiles. Emerging technological improvements in processing fractions, protein quality, and organoleptic profiles will enhance the nutritional quality of green leaf proteins as well as address scaling and sustainability challenges associated with the growing global demand for high quality nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Balfany
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Janelle Gutierrez
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Marvin Moncada
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Madonia P, Cangemi M, Colajanni M, Winkler A. Atmospheric Concentration of CO 2 and PM 2.5 at Salina, Stromboli, and Vulcano Islands (Italy): How Anthropogenic Sources, Ordinary Volcanic Activity and Unrests Affect Air Quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:4833. [PMID: 35457709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of atmospheric particulate and CO2 can lead to threats to human health in volcanic areas. Although the volcanic CO2 hazard is a topic frequently debated in the related scientific literature, space and time distribution of PM2.5 are poorly known. The results of combined CO2/PM2.5 surveys, carried out at Salina, Stromboli, and Vulcano islands (Aeolian archipelago, Italy) in the years 2020–2021, and integrated with investigations on bioaccumulation of metallic particulate matter by the mean of data on the magnetic properties of oleander leaves, are presented in this work. The retrieved results indicate that no significant anthropogenic sources for both CO2 and PM2.5 are active in these islands, at the net of a minor contribution due to vehicular traffic. Conversely, increments in volcanic activity, as the unrest experienced by Vulcano island since the second half of 2021, pose serious threats to human health, due to the near-ground accumulation of CO2, and the presence of suspended micro-droplets of condensed hydrothermal vapor, fostering the diffusion of atmophile viruses, such as the COVID-19. Gas hazard conditions can be generated, not only by volcanic vents or fumarolic fields, but also by unconventional sources, such as the outgassing from shallow hydrothermal aquifers through drilled or hand-carved wells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu H, Chen Z, Xu G, Xu J, Wang Z, Zi Y. Fully Biodegradable Water Droplet Energy Harvester Based on Leaves of Living Plants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:56060-56067. [PMID: 33264000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have obtained soaring interest due to their capability for environmental energy harvesting. However, as a harvester for green energy, the frequent adoption of the hardly degradable plastic films is not desirable. Here, we report a fully biodegradable TENG (FBD-TENG) that all elements are made from natural substances, and the utilization of plastic materials is avoided. The leaf cuticle and the inside conductive tissue are utilized as the tribo-material and electrode for one part in the FBD-TENG, and water droplets are employed as the counterpart. By using water droplets to bridge the originally disconnected components into a closed-loop electrical system, we successfully collect energy from the droplet impact onto a plant leaf. The electricity generation phenomenon and the working mechanism of the FBD-TENG have been investigated. Five kinds of plants, as well as rain water droplets, are employed to demonstrate the wide availability of the proposed approach. This study provides a strategy to utilize the pervasively presented electrostatic charges in nature in an eco-friendly way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunlong Zi
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alvarez-Arenas TEG, Sancho-Knapik D, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Surface Density of the Spongy and Palisade Parenchyma Layers of Leaves Extracted From Wideband Ultrasonic Resonance Spectra. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:695. [PMID: 32547586 PMCID: PMC7272705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wide band and air-coupled ultrasonic resonant spectroscopy together with a modified Simulated Annealing metaheuristic algorithm and a 1D layered acoustic-model are used to resolve the structure of plant leaves. In particular, this paper focuses on the extraction of the surface density of the different layers of tissue in leaves having a relatively simple structure. There are three main reasons to select the surface density as the focus of this study: (i) it is a parameter directly extracted by the proposed technique and it requires no further processing, (ii) it is relevant in order to study the dynamic of the water within the different tissues of the leaves and also to study the differential development of the different tissues, and (iii) unlike other parameters provided by this technique (like resonant frequency, impedance, ultrasonic elastic modulus, or ultrasonic damping), this parameter can be easier to understand as it is a direct measure of mass per unit surface. The selection of leaves with a simple structure is justified by the convenience of avoiding an unnecessary complication of the data extraction step. In this work, the technique was applied to determine the surface density of the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers of tissue of Ligustrum lucidum, Vitis vinifera, and Viburnum tinus leaves. The first species was used to study the variation of the surface density at full turgor with the thickness of the leaf, while the two other species were used to study the variation of the surface densities with the variation in the leaf relative water content. Consistency of the results with other conventional measurements (like overall surface density, and cross-section optical and cryo-SEM images) is discussed. The results obtained reveal the potential of this technique; moreover, the technique presents the additional advantage that can be applied in-vivo as it is completely non-invasive, non-destructive, fast, and equipment required is portable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. E. G. Alvarez-Arenas
- Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. J. Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muir CD. tealeaves: an R package for modelling leaf temperature using energy budgets. AoB Plants 2019; 11:plz054. [PMID: 31844509 PMCID: PMC6899345 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants must regulate leaf temperature to optimize photosynthesis, control water loss and prevent damage caused by overheating or freezing. Physical models of leaf energy budgets calculate the energy fluxes and leaf temperatures for a given set leaf and environmental parameters. These models can provide deep insight into the variation in leaf form and function, but there are few computational tools available to use these models. Here I introduce a new R package called tealeaves to make complex leaf energy budget models accessible to a broader array of plant scientists. This package enables novice users to start modelling leaf energy budgets quickly while allowing experts to customize their parameter settings. The code is open source, freely available and readily integrates with other R tools for scientific computing. This paper describes the current functionality of tealeaves, but new features will be added in future releases. This software tool will advance new research on leaf thermal physiology to advance our understanding of basic and applied plant science.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhu M, Yin J. Size fractions of dust and amount of associated metals on leaf surface and inner wax of 15 plant species at Beijing roadside. Int J Phytoremediation 2019; 21:334-351. [PMID: 30648399 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1524834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To provide more insight into the removal ability of urban air dust and associated metals by plant leaves, and thus guide urban green planning to improve air quality, 15 plant species leaves collected from Beijing roadside were analyzed for size fractions of leaf surface dust (SD) and inner wax dust (WD). Seven associated metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were also measured. Metal Accumulation Index (MAI) was calculated for different species leaves at various dust sizes and soluble forms, respectively. Cluster analysis was used for the plant species and correlations between dust and metal concentrations and for inter-metal concentrations were calculated for both surface and inner wax dust. Mean leaf total dust TD (SD + WD), SD and WD were measured as 1159, 817 and 342 mg m-2, respectively, with the highest values observed all in Euonymus japonicus. Most species leaves collected larger ratios of SD than WD except Salix babylonica and Robinia pseudoacacia. While SD was presented at all particle size fractions for all plants, nearly all species leaves collected higher proportions of WD >10 µm. Mean metal levels of leaf TD of all species ranged from high to low as Fe > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd, but with different orders for individual species. Metals were observed in all sizes of SD/WD, although the size distributions were various for certain metals. Intercorrelations of metal concentrations in leaf SD/WD were positively significant except Pb, which may have different emission sources. Species Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea, Syringa oblata, Malus micromalu, Koelreuteria paniculata and Robinia pseudoacacia may possess better overall metal collection ability due to their relatively higher MAI values, but species Euonymus japonicus, Malus micromalu, Ligustrum x vicaryi and Koelreuteria paniculata were identified as the best choices in removing air dust based on cluster analysis and suggested to be planted at heavy trafficked road site for air quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- a Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center , Beijing , China
| | - Zheng Yang
- a Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center , Beijing , China
| | - Minghao Zhu
- a Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center , Beijing , China
| | - Jianxin Yin
- b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5' mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work(11), and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Mattozzi
- Synthetic Biology Platform, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School;
| | - Mathias J Voges
- Synthetic Biology Platform, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Synthetic Biology Platform, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- Synthetic Biology Platform, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School
| |
Collapse
|