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Ji T, Languasco L, Li M, Rossi V. Temperature-dependent sporulation of the fungus Coniella diplodiella, the causal agent of grape white rot. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 38037204 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-23-2439-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
White rot, caused by the fungus Coniella diplodiella, can severely reduce grapevine yields worldwide. Currently, white rot control mainly relies on fungicides applied on a calendar basis or following hailstorms that favor disease outbreak; however, the control achieved with this strategy is often inconsistent or otherwise unsatisfactory. Realizing more rational control requires an improved understanding of white rot epidemiology. Toward this end, we conducted experiments with grapevine berries of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (either injured or not before artificial inoculation with a conidia suspension of C. diplodiella) to determine the effect of temperature on the length of latency (i.e., the time between infection and onset of mature pycnidia on berries) and the production of pycnidia and conidia. Sporulation occurred between 10°C and 35°C, with the optimum detected at 20°C. The latency period was shorter at 25-35°C than at lower temperatures; the shortest latency period was 120 h at 30°C on injured berries. Affected berries produced abundant conidia at 15-30℃ (the optimum was 20℃) for more than two months following inoculation. Mathematical equations were developed that fit the data, with strong associations with temperature for latency period (R2 = 0.831) and for the production dynamics of secondary conidia (R2 = 0.918). These equations may contribute to the development of a risk algorithm to predict infection periods, which can inform risk-based rather than calendar-based disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, 550374, Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VES.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy, Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy;
| | - Luca Languasco
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, 198189, Department of Sustainable Crop Production , Via Emilia Parmense, 84, Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, 29122;
| | - Ming Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, 205339, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy, 29100;
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Knudsen K, Kocourková J, Hodková E, Dart J, Huereca A, Malíček J. Three new species of Trimmatothelopsis (Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae) from southwestern North America. MycoKeys 2023; 99:251-268. [PMID: 37867781 PMCID: PMC10587834 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and study of three new species of Trimmatothelopsis from Southwestern North America, T.californica, T.mexicana, and T.novomexicana, adds not only to the diversity of the genus and family but generated new insights into the occurrence of two ascus types in the genus and the variety of conidiogenous cells and conidia. Trimmatothelopsis now includes 15 species with a mainly Holarctic distribution (Asia, Europe, North America) and one species in Australia. A key is supplied to the genus. An overview of the genus Trimmatothelopsis is given, including differentiation from other genera of Acarosporaceae. The monotypic genus Thelocarpella is considered to be a synonym of Trimmatothelopsis. The new combination Trimmatothelopsiswirthii is proposed. The ascus type is shown to be variable in the genus with species with two types being intermixed with each other in our phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Knudsen
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Jana Kocourková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hodková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Jason Dart
- Althouse and Meade, Inc. 1650 Ramada Drive, suite 180, Paso Robles, CA 93446, USAAlthouse and Meade, Inc.Paso RoblesUnited States of America
- Robert F. Hoover Herbarium, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic Institute, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USABiological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic InstituteSan Luis ObispoUnited States of America
| | - Alejandro Huereca
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences CW405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, USAUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Jiří Malíček
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech RepublicThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of BotanPrůhoniceCzech Republic
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Higgins DS, Hatlen RJ, Byrne JM, Sakalidis ML, Miles TD, Hausbeck MK. Etiology of Halo Blight in Michigan Hopyards. Plant Dis 2021; 105:859-872. [PMID: 32840437 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-0924-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Michigan's hop acreage ranks fourth nationally, but the state's growers contend with unique disease challenges resulting from frequent rainfall and high humidity. In August 2018, a Michigan hop grower reported necrosis and blighting of foliage and shattering of cones resulting in yield loss. Irregular-shaped lesions developed on leaves, surrounded by a halo of chlorotic tissue, and cone bracts became brown. Pycnidia were observed in symptomatic tissue. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize the causal agent of symptoms in leaf and cone tissue. In symptomatic leaves, 15 of 19 isolates recovered had 96.4% internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITSrDNA) homology with Diaporthe nomurai. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed on a subset of isolates using ITSrDNA, histone H3, beta-tubulin, and elongation factor 1 alpha. Bootstrap and posterior probabilities supported a unique cluster of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI isolates most closely related to the Diaporthe arecae species complex, Diaporthe hongkongensis, and Diaporthe multigutullata. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was pathogenic in detached leaf and whole plant assays. Single-spore isolates from pycnidia originating from cones and leaves shared 100% ITSrDNA homology with Diaporthe sp. 1-MI obtained from the lesion margins of leaves collected in 2018. The distribution of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was widespread among 347 cones collected from 15 Michigan hop yards and accounted for >38% of fungi recovered from cones in three hop yards. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI causing halo and cone blight presents a new disease management challenge for Michigan hop growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Higgins
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Ross J Hatlen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jan M Byrne
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Monique L Sakalidis
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Chan JY, Bonser SP, Powell JR, Cornwell WK. When to cut your losses: Dispersal allocation in an asexual filamentous fungus in response to competition. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4129-4137. [PMID: 31015993 PMCID: PMC6467841 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities often form on ephemeral substrates and dispersal is critical for the persistence of fungi among the islands that form these metacommunities. Within each substrate, competition for space and resources is vital for the local persistence of fungi. The capacity to detect and respond by dispersal away from unfavorable conditions may confer higher fitness in fungi. Informed dispersal theory posits that organisms are predicted to detect information about their surroundings which may trigger a dispersal response. As such, we expect that fungi will increase allocation to dispersal in the presence of a strong competitor.In a laboratory setting, we tested how competition with other filamentous fungi affected the development of conidial pycnidiomata (asexual fruiting bodies) in Phacidium lacerum over 10 days. Phacidium lacerum was not observed to produce more asexual fruiting bodies or produce them earlier when experiencing interspecific competition with other filamentous fungi. However, we found that a trade-off existed between growth rate and allocation to dispersal. We also observed a defensive response to specific interspecific competitors in the form of hyphal melanization of the colony which may have an impact on the growth rate and dispersal trade-off.Our results suggest that P. lacerum have the capacity to detect and respond to competitors by changing their allocation to dispersal and growth. However, allocation to defence may come at a cost to growth and dispersal. Thus, it is likely that optimal life history allocation in fungi constrained to ephemeral resources will depend on the competitive strength of neighbors surrounding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y. Chan
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stephen P. Bonser
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - William K. Cornwell
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
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Tiley AMM, Foster GD, Bailey AM. Exploring the Genetic Regulation of Asexual Sporulation in Zymoseptoria tritici. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1859. [PMID: 30154771 PMCID: PMC6102487 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a devastating fungal disease of wheat which can cause up to 40% yield loss. One of the ways in which Z. tritici spreads in the field is via rain splash-dispersed asexual pycnidiospores, however there is currently limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms governing the development of these propagules. In order to explore whether the existing models for conidiation in ascomycete fungi apply to Z. tritici, homologs to the well-characterized Aspergillus nidulans genes abacus (abaA), bristle (brlA), fluffy B (flbB), fluffy C (flbC), and stunted (stuA) were identified and knocked-out by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Although deletion of the ZtAbaA, ZtBrlA1, and ZtFlbB genes had no apparent effect on Z. tritici asexual sporulation or on pathogenicity, deletion of ZtFlbC or ZtBrlA2 resulted in mutants with reduced pycnidiospore production compared to the parental IPO323 strain. Deletion of ZtStuA gave non-pigmented mutants with altered vegetative growth and eliminated asexual sporulation and pathogenicity. These findings suggest that the well-established A. nidulans model of asexual sporulation is only partially applicable to Z. tritici, and that this pathogen likely uses additional, as yet uncharacterized genes to control asexual sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M M Tiley
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gary D Foster
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andy M Bailey
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Sanders WB. Complete life cycle of the lichen fungus Calopadia puiggarii (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycetes) documented in situ: propagule dispersal, establishment of symbiosis, thallus development, and formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Am J Bot 2014; 101:1836-1848. [PMID: 25366850 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The life histories of lichen fungi are not well known and cannot be readily studied in laboratory culture. This work documents in situ the complete life cycle of the widespread crustose lichen Calopadia puiggarii, which reproduces sexually and asexually on the surfaces of leaves. METHODS Plastic cover slips held in a mesh frame were placed over leaves in the field and successively removed for microphotography of colonizing lichens. KEY RESULTS Macroconidia produced within campylidia encircled photobiont cells and codispersed with them, a feature not reported previously for C. puiggarii. Dispersed macroconidia readily germinated and lichenized the photobionts. Algal cells were often dislodged from the encircling macroconidia, providing a likely source for the free-living populations observed. Aposymbiotically dispersed ascospores germinated and lichenized nearby algal cells soon after dispersal. Thallus areolae merged readily in early development, although adjacent mature thalli were often separated by growth inhibition zones. Pycnidia are reported for the first time in Calopadia; their pyriform microconidia probably function as male gametes (spermatia). Pycnidia, apothecia, and campylidia began development similarly as darkly pigmented primordia on the fungal prothallus. CONCLUSIONS Abundant dispersal of ascospores, conidia, and photobionts allows C. puiggarii to quickly colonize leaves with the dual advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction, and with the added convenience of having its algal partner on hand. Fusions and prothallic capture of additional algae provide many opportunities for multiple mycobiont and photobiont genotypes to be combined in a single thallus, but the outcomes of such events remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Sanders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, Florida 33965-6565 USA
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