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Dabrock A, Ernesti N, Will F, Rana M, Leinung N, Ehrich P, Tronnier V, Zechel C. RAR-Dependent and RAR-Independent RXR Signaling in Stem-like Glioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16466. [PMID: 38003656 PMCID: PMC10671216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) exerts pleiotropic effects during neural development and regulates homeostasis in the adult human brain. The RA signal may be transduced through RXR (retinoid-X receptor)-non-permissive RA receptor/RXR heterodimers or through RXR-permissive RXR heterodimers. The significance of RA signaling in malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gliosarcoma (GS) is poorly understood. In particular, the impact RA has on the proliferation, survival, differentiation, or metabolism of GBM- or GS-derived cells with features of stem cells (SLGCs) remains elusive. In the present manuscript, six GBM- and two GS-derived SLGC lines were analyzed for their responsiveness to RAR- and RXR-selective agonists. Inhibition of proliferation and initiation of differentiation were achieved with a RAR-selective pan-agonist in a subgroup of SLGC lines, whereas RXR-selective pan-agonists (rexinoids) supported proliferation in most SLGC lines. To decipher the RAR-dependent and RAR-independent effects of RXR, the genes encoding the RAR or RXR isotypes were functionally inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in an IDH1-/p53-positive SLGC line with good responsiveness to RA. Stemness, differentiation capacity, and growth behavior were preserved after editing. Taken together, this manuscript provides evidence about the positive impact of RAR-independent RXR signaling on proliferation, survival, and tumor metabolism in SLGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dabrock
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalie Ernesti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Will
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manaf Rana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nadja Leinung
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Phillip Ehrich
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Tronnier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Zechel
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Riancho J, Ruiz-Soto M, Berciano MT, Berciano J, Lafarga M. Neuroprotective Effect of Bexarotene in the SOD1(G93A) Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:250. [PMID: 26190974 PMCID: PMC4486838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive weakness and muscle atrophy related to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) without a curative treatment. There is experimental evidence suggesting that retinoids may be involved in ALS pathogenesis. Bexarotene (Bxt) is a retinoid-X receptor agonist used in the treatment of cutaneous lymphoma with a favorable safety profile whose effects have been recently investigated in other neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyze the potential therapeutic effect of Bxt in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS. Mice were treated with Bxt or vehicle five times per week from day 60 onward. Survival, weight, and neuromuscular function studies together with histological and biochemical analyses were performed. Bxt significantly delayed motor function deterioration, ameliorated the loss of body weight, and extended mice survival up to 30% of the symptomatic period. Histological analyses of the lumbosacral spinal cord revealed that Bxt markedly delayed the early motor-neuron degeneration occurring at presymptomatic stages in ALS-transgenic mice. Bxt treatment contributed to preserve the MN homeostasis in the SOD1(G93A) mice. Particularly, it reduced the neuronal loss and the chromatolytic response, induced nucleolar hypertrophy, decreased the formation of ubiquitylated inclusions, and modulated the lysosomal response. As an agonist of the retinoic-X receptor (RXR) pathway, Bxt notably increased the nuclear expression of the RXRα throughout transcriptionally active euchromatin domains. Bxt also contributed to protect the MN environment by reducing reactive astrogliosis and preserving perisomatic synapsis. Overall, these neuroprotective effects suggest that treatment with Bxt could be useful in ALS, particularly in those cases related to SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Neurology Service, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Soto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
| | - María T Berciano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
| | - José Berciano
- Neurology Service, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
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Nakamura MT, Yudell BE, Loor JJ. Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 53:124-44. [PMID: 24362249 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in regulating energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR-alpha expressed primarily in liver is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation by inducing genes for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and by downregulating energy expenditure through fibroblast growth factor 21. PPAR-delta is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and induces genes for LCFA oxidation during fasting and endurance exercise. PPAR-delta also regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing FOXO1 and PGC1-alpha. Genes targeted by PPAR-gamma in adipocytes suggest that PPAR-gamma senses incoming non-esterified LCFAs and induces the pathways to store LCFAs as triglycerides. Adiponectin, another important target of PPAR-gamma may act as a spacer between adipocytes to maintain their metabolic activity and insulin sensitivity. Another topic of this review is effects of skin LCFAs on energy metabolism. Specific LCFAs are required for the synthesis of skin lipids, which are essential for water barrier and thermal insulation functions of the skin. Disturbance of skin lipid metabolism often causes apparent resistance to developing obesity at the expense of normal skin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu T Nakamura
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Barbara E Yudell
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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