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Gamarra-Toledo V, Plaza PI, Gutiérrez R, Inga-Diaz G, Saravia-Guevara P, Pereyra-Meza O, Coronado-Flores E, Calderón-Cerrón A, Quiroz-Jiménez G, Martinez P, Huamán-Mendoza D, Nieto-Navarrete JC, Ventura S, Lambertucci SA. Mass Mortality of Sea Lions Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2553-2556. [PMID: 37916983 PMCID: PMC10683807 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a massive mortality of 5,224 sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in Peru that seemed to be associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. The transmission pathway may have been through the close contact of sea lions with infected wild birds. We recommend evaluating potential virus transmission among sea lions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Giancarlo Inga-Diaz
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Patricia Saravia-Guevara
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Oliver Pereyra-Meza
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Elver Coronado-Flores
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Antonio Calderón-Cerrón
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Gonzalo Quiroz-Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Paola Martinez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Deyvis Huamán-Mendoza
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - José C. Nieto-Navarrete
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Sandra Ventura
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
| | - Sergio A. Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue—CONICET, Bariloche, Argentina (V. Gamarra-Toledo, P.I. Plaza, S.A. Lambertucci)
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru (V. Gamarra-Toledo, R. Gutiérrez)
- Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado, Lima, Peru (R. Gutiérrez, G. Inga-Diaz, P. Saravia-Guevara, O. Pereyra-Meza, E. Coronado-Flores, A. Calderón-Cerrón, G. Quiroz-Jiménez, P. Martinez, D. Huamán-Mendoza, J.C. Nieto-Navarrete, S. Ventura)
- Asociación Convive Perú, Madre de Dios, Perú (G. Inga-Diaz)
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McClatchie S, Field J, Thompson AR, Gerrodette T, Lowry M, Fiedler PC, Watson W, Nieto KM, Vetter RD. Food limitation of sea lion pups and the decline of forage off central and southern California. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:150628. [PMID: 27069651 PMCID: PMC4821262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
California sea lions increased from approximately 50 000 to 340 000 animals in the last 40 years, and their pups are starving and stranding on beaches in southern California, raising questions about the adequacy of their food supply. We investigated whether the declining sea lion pup weight at San Miguel rookery was associated with changes in abundance and quality of sardine, anchovy, rockfish and market squid forage. In the last decade off central California, where breeding female sea lions from San Miguel rookery feed, sardine and anchovy greatly decreased in biomass, whereas market squid and rockfish abundance increased. Pup weights fell as forage food quality declined associated with changes in the relative abundances of forage species. A model explained 67% of the variance in pup weights using forage from central and southern California and 81% of the variance in pup weights using forage from the female sea lion foraging range. A shift from high to poor quality forage for breeding females results in food limitation of the pups, ultimately flooding animal rescue centres with starving sea lion pups. Our study is unusual in using a long-term, fishery-independent dataset to directly address an important consequence of forage decline on the productivity of a large marine predator. Whether forage declines are environmentally driven, are due to a combination of environmental drivers and fishing removals, or are due to density-dependent interactions between forage and sea lions is uncertain. However, declining forage abundance and quality was coherent over a large area (32.5-38° N) for a decade, suggesting that trends in forage are environmentally driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam McClatchie
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
- Author for correspondence: Sam McClatchie e-mail:
| | - John Field
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95062, USA
| | - Andrew R. Thompson
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
| | - Tim Gerrodette
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
| | - Mark Lowry
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
| | - Paul C. Fiedler
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
| | - William Watson
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
| | - Karen M. Nieto
- Water Resources Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Russell D. Vetter
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1509, USA
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Wu Q, Prager KC, Goldstein T, Alt DP, Galloway RL, Zuerner RL, Lloyd-Smith JO, Schwacke L. Development of a real-time PCR for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in California sea lions. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 110:165-172. [PMID: 25114040 PMCID: PMC6423441 DOI: 10.3354/dao02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several real-time PCR assays are currently used for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp.; however, few methods have been described for the successful evaluation of clinical urine samples. This study reports a rapid assay for the detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in California sea lions Zalophus californianus using real-time PCR with primers and a probe targeting the lipL32 gene. The PCR assay had high analytic sensitivity-the limit of detection was 3 genome copies per PCR volume using L. interrogans serovar Pomona DNA and 100% analytic specificity; it detected all pathogenic leptospiral serovars tested and none of the non-pathogenic Leptospira species (L. biflexa and L. meyeri serovar Semaranga), the intermediate species L. inadai, or the non-Leptospira pathogens tested. Our assay had an amplification efficiency of 1.00. Comparisons between the real-time PCR assay and culture isolation for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in urine and kidney tissue samples from California sea lions showed that samples were more often positive by real-time PCR than by culture methods. Inclusion of an internal amplification control in the real-time PCR assay showed no inhibitory effects in PCR negative samples. These studies indicated that our real-time PCR assay has high analytic sensitivity and specificity for the rapid detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in urine and kidney tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Wu
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
| | - Katherine C. Prager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California 94965, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - David P. Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Renee L. Galloway
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Richard L. Zuerner
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lori Schwacke
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA
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