1
|
Justen HC, Easton WE, Delmore KE. Mapping seasonal migration in a songbird hybrid zone -- heritability, genetic correlations, and genomic patterns linked to speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313442121. [PMID: 38648483 PMCID: PMC11067064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313442121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migration is a widespread behavior relevant for adaptation and speciation, yet knowledge of its genetic basis is limited. We leveraged advances in tracking and sequencing technologies to bridge this gap in a well-characterized hybrid zone between songbirds that differ in migratory behavior. Migration requires the coordinated action of many traits, including orientation, timing, and wing morphology. We used genetic mapping to show these traits are highly heritable and genetically correlated, explaining how migration has evolved so rapidly in the past and suggesting future responses to climate change may be possible. Many of these traits mapped to the same genomic regions and small structural variants indicating the same, or tightly linked, genes underlie them. Analyses integrating transcriptomic data indicate cholinergic receptors could control multiple traits. Furthermore, analyses integrating genomic differentiation further suggested genes underlying migratory traits help maintain reproductive isolation in this hybrid zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Justen
- Biology Department, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, TAMUCollege Station, TX3528
| | - Wendy E. Easton
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service-Pacific Region, Delta, BCV4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Kira E. Delmore
- Biology Department, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, TAMUCollege Station, TX3528
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dufour P, Sayol F, Cooke R, Blackburn TM, Gallien L, Griesser M, Steinbauer MJ, Faurby S. The importance of migratory drop-off for island colonization in birds. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232926. [PMID: 38628117 PMCID: PMC11021927 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migration is an underappreciated driver of animal diversification. Changes in migratory behaviour may favour the establishment of sedentary founder populations and promote speciation if there is sufficient reproductive isolation between sedentary and migratory populations. From a systematic literature review, we here quantify the role of migratory drop-off-the loss of migratory behaviour-in promoting speciation in birds on islands. We identify at least 157 independent colonization events likely initiated by migratory species that led to speciation, including 44 cases among recently extinct species. By comparing, for all islands, the proportion of island endemic species that derived from migratory drop-off with the proportion of migratory species among potential colonizers, we showed that seasonal migration has a larger effect on island endemic richness than direct dispersal. We also found that the role of migration in island colonization increases with the geographic isolation of islands. Furthermore, the success of speciation events depends in part on species biogeographic and ecological factors, here positively associated with greater range size and larger flock sizes. These results highlight the importance of shifts in migratory behaviour in the speciation process and calls for greater consideration of migratory drop-off in the biogeographic distribution of birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dufour
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ferran Sayol
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Tim M. Blackburn
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Laure Gallien
- LECA, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Michael Griesser
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Center for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Manuel J. Steinbauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) & Bayreuth Center of Sport Science (BaySpo), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pegan TM, Berv JS, Gulson-Castillo ER, Kimmitt AA, Winger BM. The pace of mitochondrial molecular evolution varies with seasonal migration distance. Evolution 2024; 78:160-173. [PMID: 37944010 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals that engage in long-distance seasonal migration experience strong selective pressures on their metabolic performance and life history, with potential consequences for molecular evolution. Species with slow life histories typically show lower rates of synonymous substitution (dS) than "fast" species. Previous research suggests long-distance seasonal migrants have a slower life history strategy than short-distance migrants, raising the possibility that rates of molecular evolution may covary with migration distance. Additionally, long-distance migrants may face strong selection on metabolically-important mitochondrial genes due to their long-distance flights. Using over 1,000 mitochondrial genomes, we assessed the relationship between migration distance and mitochondrial molecular evolution in 39 boreal-breeding migratory bird species. We show that migration distance correlates negatively with dS, suggesting that the slow life history associated with long-distance migration is reflected in rates of molecular evolution. Mitochondrial genes in every study species exhibited evidence of purifying selection, but the strength of selection was greater in short-distance migrants, contrary to our predictions. This result may indicate effects of selection for cold tolerance on mitochondrial evolution among species overwintering at high latitudes. Our study demonstrates that the pervasive correlation between life history and molecular evolutionary rates exists in the context of differential adaptations to seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Pegan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacob S Berv
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eric R Gulson-Castillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Abigail A Kimmitt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin M Winger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vasenkov DA, Vasiliev NS, Sidorchuk NV, Rozhnov VV. Autumn Migration of Greater Noctule Bat (Nyctalus Lasiopterus): through Countries and over Mountains to a New Migration Flight Record in Bats. Dokl Biol Sci 2023; 513:395-399. [PMID: 37950812 PMCID: PMC10811110 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, using GPS-GSM trackers, long-term seasonal flights of greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) from summer habitats in Russia to wintering areas in Europe are recorded. One of the seasonal migratory flights is a record distance for bats (2515 km). The maximum daily flight was 445 km. One of the animals abruptly changed the direction of migration from southwest to north on the third day of flight after crossing the Kursk magnetic anomaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Vasenkov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - N V Sidorchuk
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Rozhnov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin EC, Hansen BB, Lee AM, Herfindal I. Generation time and seasonal migration explain variation in spatial population synchrony across European bird species. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1904-1918. [PMID: 37448134 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Spatial population synchrony is common among populations of the same species and is an important predictor of extinction risk. Despite the potential consequences for metapopulation persistence, we still largely lack understanding of what makes one species more likely to be synchronized than another given the same environmental conditions. Generally, environmental conditions in a shared environment or a species' sensitivity to the environment can explain the extent of synchrony. Populations that are closer together experience more similar fluctuations in their environments than those populations that are further apart and are therefore more synchronized. The relative importance of environmental and demographic stochasticity for population dynamics is strongly linked to species' life-history traits, such as pace of life, which may impact population synchrony. For populations that migrate, there may be multiple environmental conditions at different locations driving synchrony. However, the importance of life history and migration tactics in determining patterns of spatial population synchrony have rarely been explored empirically. We therefore hypothesize that increasing generation time, a proxy for pace of life, would decrease spatial population synchrony and that migrants would be less synchronized than resident species. We used population abundance data on breeding birds from four countries to investigate patterns of spatial population synchrony in growth rate and abundance. We calculated the mean spatial population synchrony between log-transformed population growth rates or log-transformed abundances for each species and country separately. We investigated differences in synchrony across generation times in resident (n = 67), short-distance migrant (n = 86) and long-distance migrant (n = 39) bird species. Species with shorter generation times were more synchronized than species with longer generation times. Short-distance migrants were more synchronized than long-distance migrants and resident birds. Our results provide novel empirical links between spatial population synchrony and species traits known to be of key importance for population dynamics, generation time and migration tactics. We show how these different mechanisms can be combined to understand species-specific causes of spatial population synchrony. Understanding these specific drivers of spatial population synchrony is important in the face of increasingly severe threats to biodiversity and could be key for successful future conservation outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Martin
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aline Magdalena Lee
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Gjaerevoll Centre for Biodiversity Foresight Analyses, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Gjaerevoll Centre for Biodiversity Foresight Analyses, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loonstra AHJ, Verhoeven MA, Both C, Piersma T. Translocation of shorebird siblings shows intraspecific variation in migration routines to arise after fledging. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00608-5. [PMID: 37257448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although many recent tracking studies have uncovered considerable variation in the migratory routines of birds,1,2 the source of this variation is surprisingly poorly discussed.3 We hypothesize that a wealth of possible factors, including factors other than genetics, translate into these variable outcomes. To demonstrate how factors that are not inherited can shape migratory routine during development, we performed a translocation and delayed-release experiment with juvenile, hand-raised black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa that were carefully matched for ancestral background, releasing siblings 1,000 km apart. Translocated juveniles adopted the spatiotemporal pattern of migration that is habitual for the population at the release location rather than the origin. This leads to the rejection of the hypothesis that the migration of inexperienced birds is only shaped by pre-release factors, including genes, maternal material in the eggs, and a common environment from hatching to fledging. Instead, these findings are consistent with inexperienced migrants also developing their knowledge and capacities through contextual individual learning,4 the precise nature of which now warrants study. The fact that hand-raised godwits, depending on the context in which they are released, can be induced to show different migratory routines, wintering sites, and breeding locations from their siblings indicates that processes during development offer the substrate for rapid adaptation of long-distance migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Jelle Loonstra
- Rudi Drent Chair in Global Flyway Ecology and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mo A Verhoeven
- Rudi Drent Chair in Global Flyway Ecology and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Both
- Rudi Drent Chair in Global Flyway Ecology and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theunis Piersma
- Rudi Drent Chair in Global Flyway Ecology and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands; BirdEyes, Centre for Global Ecological Change at the Faculties of Science & Engineering and Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Zaailand 110, 8911 BN Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen X, Guo J, Yang X, Wei S, Wu K. Stable Isotopes Indicate Seasonal Changes in Natal Geographic Origins and Host Plants of Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) Migrants Across the Bohai Strait in China. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:136-143. [PMID: 36490213 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is a notorious pest of maize that migrates seasonally in Asia. Two migration peaks were found on Beihuang island in the Bohai Strait of China by observing the number of migrants. However, the origins and host plants of the migrants in the two migration periods remain unclear. Here, stable hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotope levels were measured to infer the origin and host plants of the O. furnacalis captured on Beihuang island in 2017-2019. δ2H in wings of spring-summer O. furnacalis captured from May to June ranged from -99 to -56‰, while that of autumn migrants from August to September ranged from -127 to -81‰. Based on the linear relationship between δ2H in the wing of migrants (δ2Hw) and δ2H in precipitation (δ2Hp), the spring-summer O. furnacalis likely originated from the summer maize area in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. In contrast, the autumn migrants came from the northern spring maize area in Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia. Based on δ13C, the spring-summer migrants fed on both C3 plants such as wheat (47.76%) and C4 weeds or belonged to the over winter individuals in maize field (52.24%), while the autumn migrants mainly fed on maize (C4, 91.21%). The results point to a northward migration in spring-summer and southward migration in autumn of O. furnacalis. Our study gives an important knowledge for improving the forecasting and management level of this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Jianglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, IPM Center of Hebei Province, Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, PR China
| | - Xianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bossu CM, Heath JA, Kaltenecker GS, Helm B, Ruegg KC. Clock-linked genes underlie seasonal migratory timing in a diurnal raptor. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212507. [PMID: 35506230 PMCID: PMC9069262 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migration is a dynamic natural phenomenon that allows organisms to exploit favourable habitats across the annual cycle. While the morphological, physiological and behavioural changes associated with migratory behaviour are well characterized, the genetic basis of migration and its link to endogenous biological time-keeping pathways are poorly understood. Historically, genome-wide research has focused on genes of large effect, whereas many genes of small effect may work together to regulate complex traits like migratory behaviour. Here, we explicitly relax stringent outlier detection thresholds and, as a result, discover how multiple biological time-keeping genes are important to migratory timing in an iconic raptor species, the American kestrel (Falco sparverius). To validate the role of candidate loci in migratory timing, we genotyped kestrels captured across autumn migration and found significant associations between migratory timing and genetic variation in metabolic and light-input pathway genes that modulate biological clocks (top1, phlpp1, cpne4 and peak1). Further, we demonstrate that migrating individuals originated from a single panmictic source population, suggesting the existence of distinct early and late migratory genotypes (i.e. chronotypes). Overall, our results provide empirical support for the existence of a within-population-level polymorphism in genes underlying migratory timing in a diurnally migrating raptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christen M. Bossu
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julie A. Heath
- Raptor Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Gregory S. Kaltenecker
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Barbara Helm
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Kristen C. Ruegg
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Freezing temperatures are inherently challenging for life, which is water based. How species cope with these conditions fundamentally shapes ecological and evolutionary processes. Despite this, there is no comprehensive conceptual framework for cold-survival strategies-seasonal migration, cold resistance and torpor. Here, I propose a framework with four components for conceptualizing and quantifying cold-survival strategies. Cold-survival strategies are (i) collectively encompassed by the proposed framework, and that this full breadth of strategies should be considered in focal species or systems (comprehensive consideration). These strategies also (ii) exist on a spectrum, such that species can exhibit partial use of strategies, (iii) are non-exclusive, such that some species use multiple strategies concurrently (combined use) and (iv) should collectively vary inversely and proportionally with one another when controlling for the external environment (e.g. when considering species that occur in sympatry in their summer range), such that use of one strategy reduces, collectively, the use of others (proportional use). This framework is relevant to understanding fundamental patterns and processes in evolution, ecology, physiology and conservation biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia G Auteri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Turbek SP, Schield DR, Scordato ESC, Contina A, Da XW, Liu Y, Liu Y, Pagani-Núñez E, Ren QM, Smith CCR, Stricker CA, Wunder M, Zonana DM, Safran RJ. A migratory divide spanning two continents is associated with genomic and ecological divergence. Evolution 2022; 76:722-736. [PMID: 35166383 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Migratory divides are contact zones between breeding populations with divergent migratory strategies during the nonbreeding season. These locations provide an opportunity to evaluate the role of seasonal migration in the maintenance of reproductive isolation, particularly the relationship between population structure and features associated with distinct migratory strategies. We combine light-level geolocators, genomic sequencing, and stable isotopes to investigate the timing of migration and migratory routes of individuals breeding on either side of a migratory divide coinciding with genomic differentiation across a hybrid zone between barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) subspecies in China. Individuals west of the hybrid zone, with H. r. rustica ancestry, had comparatively enriched stable-carbon and hydrogen isotope values and overwintered in eastern Africa, whereas birds east of the hybrid zone, with H. r. gutturalis ancestry, had depleted isotope values and migrated to southern India. The two subspecies took divergent migratory routes around the high-altitude Karakoram Range and arrived on the breeding grounds over 3 weeks apart. These results indicate that assortative mating by timing of arrival and/or selection against hybrids with intermediate migratory traits may maintain reproductive isolation between the subspecies, and that inhospitable geographic features may have contributed to the diversification of Asian avifauna by influencing migratory patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheela P Turbek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Drew R Schield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Elizabeth S C Scordato
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, California, 91768
| | - Andrea Contina
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, 80217
| | - Xin-Wei Da
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Emilio Pagani-Núñez
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qing-Miao Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chris C R Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Craig A Stricker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526
| | - Michael Wunder
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, 80217
| | - David M Zonana
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, 80210
| | - Rebecca J Safran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dufour P, de Franceschi C, Doniol-Valcroze P, Jiguet F, Guéguen M, Renaud J, Lavergne S, Crochet PA. A new westward migration route in an Asian passerine bird. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5590-5596.e4. [PMID: 34687610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of migration routes in birds remains poorly understood as changes in migration strategies are rarely observed on contemporary timescales.1-3 The Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi, a migratory songbird breeding in Siberian grasslands and wintering in Southeast Asia, has only recently become a regular autumn and winter visitor to western Europe. Here, we examine whether this change in occurrence merely reflects an increase in the number of vagrants, that is, "lost" individuals that likely do not manage to return to their breeding grounds, or represents a new migratory strategy.4-6 We show that Richard's Pipits in southwestern Europe are true migrants: the same marked individuals return to southern France in subsequent winters and geo-localization tracking revealed that they originate from the western edge of the known breeding range. They make an astonishing 6,000 km journey from Central Asia across Eurasia, a very unusual longitudinal westward route among Siberian migratory birds.7,8 Climatic niche modeling using citizen-science bird data suggests that the winter niche suitability has increased in southwestern Europe, which may have led to increased winter survival and eventual successful return journey and reproduction of individuals that initially reached Europe as autumn vagrants. This illustrates that vagrancy may have an underestimated role in the emergence of new migratory routes and adaptation to global change in migratory birds.9,10 Whatever the underlying drivers and mechanisms, it constitutes one of the few documented contemporary changes in migration route, and the first longitudinal shift, in a long-distance migratory bird.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dufour
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | - Frédéric Jiguet
- CESCO, UMR7204 MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, CP135, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maya Guéguen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen MZ, Cao LJ, Li BY, Chen JC, Gong YJ, Yang Q, Schmidt TL, Yue L, Zhu JY, Li H, Chen XX, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Migration trajectories of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in China inferred from population genomic variation. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1683-1693. [PMID: 33200882 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a notorious pest of cruciferous plants. In temperate areas, annual populations of DBM originate from adult migrants. However, the source populations and migration trajectories of immigrants remain unclear. Here, we investigated migration trajectories of DBM in China using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped using double-digest RAD (ddRAD) sequencing. We first analyzed patterns of spatial and temporal genetic structure among southern source and northern recipient populations, then inferred migration trajectories into northern regions using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), assignment tests, and spatial kinship patterns. RESULTS Temporal genetic differentiation among populations was low, indicating that sources of recipient populations and migration trajectories are stable. Spatial genetic structure indicated three genetic clusters in the southern source populations. Assignment tests linked northern populations to the Sichuan cluster, and central-eastern populations to the southern and Yunnan clusters, indicating that Sichuan populations are sources of northern immigrants and southern and Yunnan populations are sources of central-eastern populations. First-order (full-sib) and second-order (half-sib) kin pairs were always found within populations, but ~ 35-40% of third-order (cousin) pairs were found in different populations. Closely related individuals in different populations were found at distances of 900-1500 km in ~ 35-40% of cases, while some were separated by > 2000 km. CONCLUSION This study unravels seasonal migration patterns in the DBM. We demonstrate how careful sampling and population genomic analyses can be combined to help understand cryptic migration patterns in insects. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Yan Li
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L Schmidt
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brevé NWP, Winter HV, Wijmans PADM, Greenway ESI, Nagelkerke LAJ. Sex differentiation in seasonal distribution of the starry smooth-hound Mustelus asterias. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:1870-1875. [PMID: 32944960 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This mark-recapture study of starry smooth-hound Mustelus asterias tagged during the summer months near the Dutch coast demonstrates a large-scale spatial sex differentiation in their circannual migration patterns and small-scale spatial sex differentiation during summer. Overwintering occurs in the North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay, with significantly more males in the Northern North Sea and more females in the Bay of Biscay. During summer, sheltered sea arms off the Dutch coast were almost exclusively used by adult females. In subsequent summers post-release, both sexes were mostly confined to the Southern North Sea, suggesting philopatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leopold A J Nagelkerke
- Wageningen University & Research, Aquaculture and Fisheries group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eyres A, Böhning‐Gaese K, Orme CDL, Rahbek C, Fritz SA. A tale of two seasons: The link between seasonal migration and climatic niches in passerine birds. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11983-11997. [PMID: 33209264 PMCID: PMC7663971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether migratory birds track a specific climatic niche by seasonal movements has important implications for understanding the evolution of migration, the factors affecting species' distributions, and the responses of migrants to climate change. Despite much research, previous studies of bird migration have produced mixed results. However, whether migrants track climate is only one half of the question, the other being why residents remain in the same geographic range year-round. We provide a literature overview and test the hypothesis of seasonal niche tracking by evaluating seasonal climatic niche overlap across 437 migratory and resident species from eight clades of passerine birds. Seasonal climatic niches were based on a new global dataset of breeding and nonbreeding ranges. Overlap between climatic niches was quantified using ordination methods. We compared niche overlap of migratory species to two null expectations, (a) a scenario in which they do not migrate and (b) in comparison with the overlap experienced by closely related resident species, while controlling for breeding location and range size. Partly in accordance with the hypothesis of niche tracking, we found that the overlap of breeding versus nonbreeding climatic conditions in migratory species was greater than the overlap they would experience if they did not migrate. However, this was only true for migrants breeding outside the tropics and only relative to the overlap species would experience if they stayed in the breeding range year-round. In contrast to the hypothesis of niche tracking, migratory species experienced lower seasonal climatic niche overlap than resident species, with significant differences between tropical and nontropical species. Our study suggests that in seasonal nontropical environments migration away from the breeding range may serve to avoid seasonally harsh climate; however, different factors may drive seasonal movements in the climatically more stable tropical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eyres
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| | - C. David L. Orme
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondon, AscotUK
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Department of Biological SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreSenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blake A, Djibo A, Guindo O, Bharti N. Investigating persistent measles dynamics in Niger and associations with rainfall. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200480. [PMID: 32842891 PMCID: PMC7482562 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a major cause of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Current immunization strategies achieve low coverage in areas where transmission drivers differ substantially from those in high-income countries. A better understanding of measles transmission in areas with measles persistence will increase vaccination coverage and reduce ongoing transmission. We analysed weekly reported measles cases at the district level in Niger from 1995 to 2004 to identify underlying transmission mechanisms. We identified dominant periodicities and the associated spatial clustering patterns. We also investigated associations between reported measles cases and environmental drivers associated with human activities, particularly rainfall. The annual and 2-3-year periodicities dominated the reporting data spectrum. The annual periodicity was strong with contiguous spatial clustering, consistent with the latitudinal gradient of population density, and stable over time. The 2-3-year periodicities were weaker, unstable over time and had spatially fragmented clustering. The rainy season was associated with a lower risk of measles case reporting. The annual periodicity likely reflects seasonal agricultural labour migration, whereas the 2-3-year periodicity potentially results from multiple mechanisms such as reintroductions and vaccine coverage heterogeneity. Our findings suggest that improving vaccine coverage in seasonally mobile populations could reduce strong measles seasonality in Niger and across similar settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Blake
- Biology Department, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ali Djibo
- Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Nita Bharti
- Biology Department, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DuBay SG, Wu Y, Scott GR, Qu Y, Liu Q, Smith JH, Xin C, Hart Reeve A, Juncheng C, Meyer D, Wang J, Johnson J, Cheviron ZA, Lei F, Bates J. Life history predicts flight muscle phenotype and function in birds. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1262-1276. [PMID: 32124424 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional traits are the essential phenotypes that underlie an organism's life history and ecology. Although biologists have long recognized that intraspecific variation is consequential to an animals' ecology, studies of functional variation are often restricted to species-level comparisons, ignoring critical variation within species. In birds, interspecific comparisons have been foundational in connecting flight muscle phenotypes to species-level ecology, but intraspecific variation has remained largely unexplored. We asked how age- and sex-dependent demands on flight muscle function are reconciled in birds. The flight muscle is an essential multifunctional organ, mediating a large range of functions associated with powered flight and thermoregulation. These functions must be balanced over an individual's lifetime. We leveraged within- and between-species comparisons in a clade of small passerines (Tarsiger bush-robins) from the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We integrated measurements of flight muscle physiology, morphology, behaviour, phenology and environmental data, analysing trait data within a context of three widespread, adaptive life-history strategies-sexual dichromatism, age and sex-structured migration, and delayed plumage maturation. This approach provides a framework of the selective forces that shape functional variation within and between species. We found more variation in flight muscle traits within species than has been previously described between species of birds under 20 g. This variation was associated with the discovery of mixed muscle fibre types (i.e. both fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibres), which differ markedly in their physiological and functional attributes. This result is surprising given that the flight muscles of small birds are generally thought to contain only fast oxidative fibres, suggesting a novel ecological context for glycolytic muscle fibres in small birds. Within each species, flight muscle phenotypes varied by age and sex, reflecting the functional demands at different life-history stages and the pressures that individuals face as a result of their multi-class identity (i.e. species, age and sex). Our findings reveal new links between avian physiology, ecology, behaviour and life history, while demonstrating the importance of demographic-dependent selection in shaping functional phenotypic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane G DuBay
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Joel H Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chao Xin
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Molecular Phylogeny, College of Life Sciences, Shannxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Andrew Hart Reeve
- Biosystematics Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen Juncheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dylan Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John Bates
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou Y, Wu Q, Zhao S, Guo J, Wyckhuys KAG, Wu K. Migratory Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Exhibits Marked Seasonal Variation in Morphology and Fitness. Environ Entomol 2019; 48:755-763. [PMID: 31095286 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many insects adopt seasonal, trans-latitudinal migration in response to altering climatic conditions, resource availability or reproductive requirements. Though the migration behavior of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been well-studied, little is known about the extent of intra-specific variation between northward- and southward-migrating individuals. In this study, we captured H. armigera adults along the species' migration route during 2017-2018 to determine seasonal variability in their morphology, flight capability, and reproductive performance. Northward migrants have broader, longer bodies and are 1.33 times heavier than southward migrants, hinting at a comparatively higher allocation of resources in the abdomen. Accordingly, the former migrants engaged in longer flights, had greater reproductive capacity and a longer lifespan than southward ones. As northward migrants originate from favorable environmental conditions, their fitness is higher than that of the southward cohorts that develop on less favorable host plants and in perhaps more adverse climatic or ecological conditions. Northward H. armigera migrants thus possess an advantageous morphology that benefits habitat colonization and resource exploitation. Our work offers a novel perspective on the ecological and reproductive benefits of long-distance migration and can aid the development of population monitoring and forecasting methods for this globally important agricultural pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shengyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianglong Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Kris A G Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Migratory animals undergo seasonal and often spectacular movements and perform crucial ecosystem services. In response to anthropogenic changes, including food subsidies, some migratory animals are now migrating shorter distances or halting migration altogether and forming resident populations. Recent studies suggest that shifts in migratory behaviour can alter the risk of infection for wildlife. Although migration is commonly assumed to enhance pathogen spread, for many species, migration has the opposite effect of lowering infection risk, if animals escape from habitats where pathogen stages have accumulated or if strenuous journeys cull infected hosts. Here, we summarize responses of migratory species to supplemental feeding and review modelling and empirical work that provides support for mechanisms through which resource-induced changes in migration can alter pathogen transmission. In particular, we focus on the well-studied example of monarch butterflies and their protozoan parasites in North America. We also identify areas for future research, including combining new technologies for tracking animal movements with pathogen surveillance and exploring potential evolutionary responses of hosts and pathogens to changing movement patterns. Given that many migratory animals harbour pathogens of conservation concern and zoonotic potential, studies that document ongoing shifts in migratory behaviour and infection risk are vitally needed.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara A Satterfield
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maruyama A, Sugatani K, Watanabe K, Yamanaka H, Imamura A. Environmental DNA analysis as a non-invasive quantitative tool for reproductive migration of a threatened endemic fish in rivers. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11964-11974. [PMID: 30598791 PMCID: PMC6303803 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative information regarding reproduction is essential for conserving endangered animals; however, some conventional quantitative methods can be damaging to the target population and their habitats. In the present study, the reproductive migration of a threatened endemic fish, three-lips (Opsariichthys uncirostris uncirostris), was non-invasively monitored by quantitative PCR of species-specific environmental DNA (eDNA), the usefulness of which has been not sufficiently explored. Water sampling and from-shore visual inspection were performed weekly along a tributary of Lake Biwa (Japan), where adult fish seasonally migrate upstream to reproduce as well as at lake sites near the river mouth. Species-specific eDNA was collected at all locations at times when the fish were visually observed and at certain sites where the fish were not observed. Log-transformed individual counts from visual inspection were positively correlated with log-transformed eDNA concentration in the river sites, indicating that eDNA analysis can be a reliable quantitative tool for fish abundance in rivers. Furthermore, distance from the lake did not influence eDNA concentration, suggesting that eDNA transport by river flow had a negligible effect on eDNA quantification. Both eDNA concentration and individual counts gradually increased from May-July, and decreased in August. Importantly, eDNA analysis showed that the fish occupied more habitats in the peak reproductive season and stayed for longer time at any given site. An additional underwater survey confirmed unexpected eDNA detections as true positives. eDNA analysis has great potential to quantitatively monitor reproductive fish migrations under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Maruyama
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyRyukoku UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Kousuke Sugatani
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyRyukoku UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyRyukoku UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyRyukoku UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Akio Imamura
- Hokkaido University of EducationAsahikawaHokkaidoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Elderly seasonal migrators share time between homes in different states, presenting challenges for care coordination and patient attribution methods. Medicare has prioritized alternative payment models, putting health care providers at risk for quality and value of services delivered to their attributed patients, regardless of the location of care. Little research is available to guide providers and payers on the service use of seasonal migrators. The authors use claims data on fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries' locations throughout the year to (1) identify seasonal migrators and (2) describe the care they receive in each seasonal home, focusing on primary care and emergency department (ED) visits and the relationships between the two. In all, 5.5% of the Medicare aged FFS population were identified as seasonal migrators, with 4.1% following the traditional snowbird pattern of migration, spending warm months in the north and cold months in the south. Migrators had higher rates of ED visits and primary care treatable (PCT) ED visits than the nonmigratory groups, controlling for location, age, race, sex, Medicaid status, season, and comorbidities. They also had more visits with specialist physicians, more days with outpatient services, and more days seeing a physician in any setting. Having local primary care strongly reduced rates of both PCT ED visits and total ED visits for all migration categories, with the greatest reduction seen in PCT ED visits by migrators (local primary care was associated with a 58% reduction in PCT ED visits by snowbirds and a 65% reduction in PCT ED visits by other migrators).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Moore Jeffery
- 1 Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Julian Wolfson
- 2 Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sarah K Meier
- 3 RTI International , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bryan E Dowd
- 4 Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jean M Abraham
- 4 Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert L Kane
- 4 Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flockhart DTT, Brower LP, Ramirez MI, Hobson KA, Wassenaar LI, Altizer S, Norris DR. Regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico over 38 years. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:2565-2576. [PMID: 28045226 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Addressing population declines of migratory insects requires linking populations across different portions of the annual cycle and understanding the effects of variation in weather and climate on productivity, recruitment, and patterns of long-distance movement. We used stable H and C isotopes and geospatial modeling to estimate the natal origin of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America using over 1000 monarchs collected over almost four decades at Mexican overwintering colonies. Multinomial regression was used to ascertain which climate-related factors best-predicted temporal variation in natal origin across six breeding regions. The region producing the largest proportion of overwintering monarchs was the US Midwest (mean annual proportion = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.36-0.41) followed by the north-central (0.17; 0.14-0.18), northeast (0.15; 0.11-0.16), northwest (0.12; 0.12-0.16), southwest (0.11; 0.08-0.12), and southeast (0.08; 0.07-0.11) regions. There was no evidence of directional shifts in the relative contributions of different natal regions over time, which suggests these regions are comprising the same relative proportion of the overwintering population in recent years as in the mid-1970s. Instead, interannual variation in the proportion of monarchs from each region covaried with climate, as measured by the Southern Oscillation Index and regional-specific daily maximum temperature and precipitation, which together likely dictate larval development rates and food plant condition. Our results provide the first robust long-term analysis of predictors of the natal origins of monarchs overwintering in Mexico. Conservation efforts on the breeding grounds focused on the Midwest region will likely have the greatest benefit to eastern North American migratory monarchs, but the population will likely remain sensitive to regional and stochastic weather patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Tyler Flockhart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lincoln P Brower
- Department of Biology, Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, VA, 24595, USA
| | - M Isabel Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Keith A Hobson
- Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Leonard I Wassenaar
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - D Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gnanadesikan GE, Pearse WD, Shaw AK. Evolution of mammalian migrations for refuge, breeding, and food. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5891-5900. [PMID: 28808552 PMCID: PMC5551087 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms migrate between distinct habitats, exploiting variable resources while profoundly affecting ecosystem services, disease spread, and human welfare. However, the very characteristics that make migration captivating and significant also make it difficult to study, and we lack a comprehensive understanding of which species migrate and why. Here we show that, among mammals, migration is concentrated within Cetacea and Artiodactyla but also diffusely spread throughout the class (found in 12 of 27 orders). We synthesize the many ecological drivers of round‐trip migration into three types of movement—between breeding and foraging sites, between breeding and refuge sites, and continuous tracking of forage/prey—each associated with different traits (body mass, diet, locomotion, and conservation status). Our results provide only partial support for the hypothesis that migration occurs without phylogenetic constraint. Furthermore, our findings suggest that categorizing migration into these three types may aid predictions of migrants’ responses to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali E Gnanadesikan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA.,Present address: School of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA.,Department of Biology McGill University Montréal QC Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal QC Canada.,Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA.,Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Delmore KE, Kenyon HL, Germain RR, Irwin DE. Phenotypic divergence during speciation is inversely associated with differences in seasonal migration. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1921. [PMID: 26559951 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in seasonal migration might promote reproductive isolation and differentiation by causing populations in migratory divides to arrive on the breeding grounds at different times and/or produce hybrids that take inferior migratory routes. We examined this question by quantifying divergence in song, colour, and morphology between sister pairs of North American migratory birds. We predicted that apparent rates of phenotypic differentiation would differ between pairs that do and do not form migratory divides. Consistent with this prediction, results from mixed effects models and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models of evolution showed different rates of divergence between these groups; surprisingly, differentiation was greater among non-divide pairs. We interpret this finding as a result of variable rates of population blending and fusion between partially diverged forms. Ancient pairs of populations that subsequently fused are now observed as a single form, whereas those that did not fuse are observable as pairs and included in our study. We propose that fusion of two populations is more likely to occur when they have similar migratory routes and little other phenotypic differentiation that would cause reproductive isolation. By contrast, pairs with migratory divides are more likely to remain reproductively isolated, even when differing little in other phenotypic traits. These findings suggest that migratory differences may be one among several isolating barriers that prevent divergent populations from fusing and thereby increase the likelihood that they will continue differentiating as distinct species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Delmore
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Haley L Kenyon
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Ryan R Germain
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Darren E Irwin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brevé NWP, Winter HV, Van Overzee HMJ, Farrell ED, Walker PA. Seasonal migration of the starry smooth-hound shark Mustelus asterias as revealed from tag-recapture data of an angler-led tagging programme. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:1158-1177. [PMID: 27220775 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this long-term angler-led tagging programme was to gain information about seasonal changes in distribution of the starry smooth-hound shark Mustelus asterias, along the Dutch coast for management and conservation purposes. Between 2011 and 2014, M. asterias comprised 92·6% (n = 2418) of the total elasmobranch catch (n = 2612) by the licenced group of taggers within the Dutch Delta of which 2244 M. asterias were fin-tagged with plastic rototags. Sex and total length (LT ) composition inside the eastern tidal basin (Oosterschelde) were significantly different, i.e. more females and larger individuals, than outside indicating a pupping ground, which was confirmed by the capture of 30 newborn pups (≤32 cm). The distribution pattern of reported recaptured M. asterias (return-rate 3·6%, n = 80) showed a circannual migration between summering in the southern North Sea and wintering in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay, and suggests that M. asterias is philopatric. The Dutch angling season for M. asterias runs from approximately mid-May to mid-October when the water temperature is above 13° C. Recaptures of eight mature females, but no males in the Bay of Biscay, indicate partial spatial segregation by sex, where mature females migrate over larger distances than immature females and males. These observations, with the absence of recaptures in other known summering areas (i.e. the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel), suggest that the southern North Sea is used by a separate population. Implications for management and recommendations to improve and expand the study approach are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N W P Brevé
- Sportvisserij Nederland, Leijenseweg 115, 3721 BC, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H V Winter
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M J Van Overzee
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - E D Farrell
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - P A Walker
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, 8934 CJ, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- Dutch Elasmobranch Society, Hobbemakade 118-hs, 1071 XW, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Delmore KE, Liedvogel M. Investigating Factors that Generate and Maintain Variation in Migratory Orientation: A Primer for Recent and Future Work. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:3. [PMID: 26834592 PMCID: PMC4720750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The amazing accuracy of migratory orientation performance across the animal kingdom is facilitated by the use of magnetic and celestial compass systems that provide individuals with both directional and positional information. Quantitative genetics analyses in several animal systems suggests that migratory orientation has a strong genetic component. Nevertheless, the exact identity of genes controlling orientation remains largely unknown, making it difficult to obtain an accurate understanding of this fascinating behavior on the molecular level. Here, we provide an overview of molecular genetic techniques employed thus far, highlight the pros and cons of various approaches, generalize results from species-specific studies whenever possible, and evaluate how far the field has come since early quantitative genetics studies. We emphasize the importance of examining different levels of molecular control, and outline how future studies can take advantage of high-resolution tracking and sequencing techniques to characterize the genomic architecture of migratory orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Delmore
- Behavioural Genomics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Behavioural Genomics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chapman JW, Nilsson C, Lim KS, Bäckman J, Reynolds DR, Alerstam T. Adaptive strategies in nocturnally migrating insects and songbirds: contrasting responses to wind. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:115-24. [PMID: 26147535 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals that use flight as their mode of transportation must cope with the fact that their migration and orientation performance is strongly affected by the flow of the medium they are moving in, that is by the winds. Different strategies can be used to mitigate the negative effects and benefit from the positive effects of a moving flow. The strategies an animal can use will be constrained by the relationship between the speed of the flow and the speed of the animal's own propulsion in relation to the surrounding air. Here we analyse entomological and ornithological radar data from north-western Europe to investigate how two different nocturnal migrant taxa, the noctuid moth Autographa gamma and songbirds, deal with wind by analysing variation in resulting flight directions in relation to the wind-dependent angle between the animal's heading and track direction. Our results, from fixed locations along the migratory journey, reveal different global strategies used by moths and songbirds during their migratory journeys. As expected, nocturnally migrating moths experienced a greater degree of wind drift than nocturnally migrating songbirds, but both groups were more affected by wind in autumn than in spring. The songbirds' strategies involve elements of both drift and compensation, providing some benefits from wind in combination with destination and time control. In contrast, moths expose themselves to a significantly higher degree of drift in order to obtain strong wind assistance, surpassing the songbirds in mean ground speed, at the cost of a comparatively lower spatiotemporal migratory precision. Moths and songbirds show contrasting but adaptive responses to migrating through a moving flow, which are fine-tuned to the respective flight capabilities of each group in relation to the wind currents they travel within.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chapman
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ka S Lim
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johan Bäckman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Thomas Alerstam
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fu X, Zhao X, Xie B, Ali A, Wu K. Seasonal Pattern of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Migration Across the Bohai Strait in Northern China. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:525-538. [PMID: 26470163 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), is a serious crop pest with a strong migratory ability. Previous studies on the migration of S. litura were mostly carried out in its "year-round breeding region" (YBR) or "overwintering region" (OR). However, the pattern of seasonal movements in its "summer breeding region" (SBR; i.e., northern China where they cannot overwinter) remains unknown. Here, we present data from an 11-yr study of this species made by searchlight trapping on Beihuang (BH) Island in the center of the Bohai Strait, which provides direct evidence that S. litura regularly migrates across this sea. There was considerable yearly and monthly variation in the number of S. litura trapped on BH, with the vast majority trapped in the autumn. The mean time from the earliest trapping to the latest trapping within a year was 110±12 d during 2003-2013, with the shortest time span of 40 d in 2003 and the longest of 166 d in 2012. S. litura moths had downwind displacement rather than randomly by heading toward their seasonally favorable direction (i.e. toward southwest in the four autumn migration events by prevailing northeasterly winds). Some females trapped in July showed a relatively higher proportion of having mated and a degree of ovarian development, suggesting that the migration of this species is not completely bound by the "oogenesis-flight syndrome." These findings provide a good starting point of research on S. litura migration between its OR (or YBR) and SBR, which will help us develop more effective regional management strategies against this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bingtang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Abid Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|