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Meier N, Meier B, Schenk A, Ziegler LN, Peter S, Wolfram E. Photostability of sennosides and their aglycones in solution. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:521-529. [PMID: 38198752 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sennosides are the main active constituents of the dried leaves and/or pods of Senna alexandrina Mill. that are used as laxatives. A hypothesis is that aglycones are formed during the degradation of sennosides. However, it is unknown, whether this happens under visible light exposure and how photosensitive sennosides behave in solution. OBJECTIVES Pure anthraquinone glycosides were tested on their behaviour during sample preparation in the lab under visible light exposure in dependence on the instability of the solvent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples before and after exposure were analysed using UHPLC with UV/Vis and MS detection. RESULTS Under visible light protection, the solutions were stable for 14 days at room temperature whereas a loss of 20%-60% was measured after 1 day of light exposure. The loss of sennosides due to degradation can be as fast as up to 2%-2.5% per hour, which might have a tremendous impact on phytochemical analysis results during the course of an analysis. The formation of aglycones was not observed in the degradation of sennosides and rhein-8-O-glucoside. CONCLUSION Aglycones could not be found as a result of the forced degradation. The solutions of sennosides clearly need to be protected from light to obtain reliable analytical results, and light protection is a major point for the stability of liquid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Meier
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research Group of Natural Products and Phytopharmacy, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Meier
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research Group of Natural Products and Phytopharmacy, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Samuel Peter
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research Group of Natural Products and Phytopharmacy, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Wolfram
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research Group of Natural Products and Phytopharmacy, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Zhiqiang Z, Chong Z, Yunxia Z. Salvianolic acid B promotes the invasion and migration of HO-induced HTR-8/Svneo trophoblast cells by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:457-465. [PMID: 37147746 PMCID: PMC10133958 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20220707.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regulatory effects of salvianolic acid B (SalB) on trophoblast cells in preeclampsia (PE). METHODS 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenylte-trazolium bromide (MTT) assays were used to detect the viability of human extravillous trophoblast HTR-8/Svneo cells induced by HO following treatment with different concentrations of SalB. The levels of oxidative stress-related molecules, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione-Px and malondialdehyde were detected using corresponding kits. Cell apoptosis was detected using a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected using western blot analysis. In the present study, wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to measure the levels of cell invasion and migration. Western blot analysis was also used to detect the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins. The mechanisms underlying SalB were further investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, to determine the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt). RESULTS SalB increased the activity of HTR-8/Svneo cells, inhibited oxidative damage and promoted the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells induced by HO. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP-9 and members of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were significantly decreased. The pathway agonist, LY294002, and MMP-9 inhibitor, GM6001, reversed the effects of SalB on HO-induced cells. CONCLUSIONS SalB promoted the invasion and migration of HO-induced HTR-8/Svneo trophoblast cells by upregulating MMP-9 the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhiqiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhang Chong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhu Yunxia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Zibaee E, Akaberi M, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Nesměrák K, Štícha M, Shahraki N, Javadi B, Emami SA. Comparative LC-ESIMS-Based Metabolite Profiling of Senna italica with Senna alexandrina and Evaluating Their Hepatotoxicity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040559. [PMID: 37110216 PMCID: PMC10147022 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna Mill. (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant distributed worldwide. Senna alexandrina (S. alexandrina), the officinal species of the genus, is one of the most well-known herbal medicines traditionally used to treat constipation and digestive diseases. Senna italica (S. italica), another species of the genus, is native to an area ranging from Africa to the Indian subcontinent, including Iran. In Iran, this plant has been used traditionally as a laxative. However, very little phytochemical information and pharmacological reports investigating its safety of use are available. In the current study, we compared LC-ESIMS metabolite profiles of the methanol extract of S. italica with that of S. alexandrina and measured the content of sennosides A and B as the biomarkers in this genus. By this, we were able to examine the feasibility of using S. italica as a laxative agent like S. alexandrina. In addition, the hepatotoxicity of both species was evaluated against HepG2 cancer cell lines using HPLC-based activity profiling to localize the hepatotoxic components and evaluate their safety of use. Interestingly, the results showed that the phytochemical profiles of the plants were similar but with some differences, particularly in their relative contents. Glycosylated flavonoids, anthraquinones, dianthrones, benzochromenones, and benzophenones constituted the main components in both species. Nevertheless, some differences, particularly in the relative amount of some compounds, were observed. According to the LC-MS results, the amounts of sennoside A in S. alexandrina and S. italica were 1.85 ± 0.095% and 1.00 ± 0.38%, respectively. Moreover, the amounts of sennoside B in S. alexandrina and S. italica were 0.41 ± 0.12 % and 0.32 ± 0.17%, respectively. Furthermore, although both extracts showed significant hepatotoxicity at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, they were almost non-toxic at lower concentrations. Taken together, according to the results, the metabolite profiles of S. italica and S. alexandrina showed many compounds in common. However, further phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical studies are necessary to examine the efficacy and safety of S. italica as a laxative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Zibaee
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
| | - Karel Nesměrák
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Štícha
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Section of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Naghmeh Shahraki
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
| | - Behjat Javadi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13131-99137, Iran
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Coskun Y, Yuksel I. Polyethylene glycol versus split high-dose senna for bowel preparation: A comparative prospective randomized study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:1923-1929. [PMID: 32424868 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study was to compare the quality and tolerability of bowel preparation using split high-doses of sennosides versus split-dose polyethylene glycol (PEG). METHODS In this prospective, randomized, and endoscopist-blinded study, 474 outpatients were included and randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 was comprised of 237 patients receiving split high-dose (1000 mg) sennoside solutions, and group 2 included 237 patients receiving 4 L of PEG. The efficacy of the preparations was evaluated on the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS), and compliance and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS The quality of colon cleansing and the ease of bowel preparation were significantly better in the senna group; the mean of total BBPS scores was 7.35 in the senna group and 6.57 in the PEG group, cleansing was adequate (BBPS score ≥ 6) in 89.9% of patients taking senna, and 73.8% in the PEG group (P = 0.001). The rates of vomiting in the senna and PEG groups were 12.7% and 29.5%, nausea rates were 28.7% and 43.9%, and abdominal pain rates were 70.9% and 43%, respectively (P < 0.001). Cecal intubation rates in the senna and PEG groups were 95.4% and 86.1% (P = 0.001), and the cecal intubation times were 6.73 ± 2.84 and 5.34 ± 5.98 min, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Split high-dose senna is more effective than split-dose PEG in terms of bowel preparation quality and patient compliance. The patients who received senna had significantly less vomiting and nausea but significantly more abdominal pain. Thus, senna may be used as an alternative to PEG for bowel preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences, Diskapı Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhami Yuksel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Cao Y, He Y, Wei C, Li J, Qu L, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Qiao B. Aquaporins Alteration Profiles Revealed Different Actions of Senna, Sennosides, and Sennoside A in Diarrhea-Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3210. [PMID: 30336596 PMCID: PMC6213963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna and its main components sennosides are well-known effective laxative drugs and are used in the treatment of intestinal constipation in the world. Their potential side effects have attracted more attention in clinics but have little scientific justification. In this study, senna extract (SE), sennosides (SS), and sennoside A (SA) were prepared and used to generate diarrhea rats. The diarrhea rats were investigated with behaviors, clinical signs, organ index, pathological examination, and gene expression on multiple aquaporins (Aqps) including Aqp1, Aqp2, Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp5, Aqp6, Aqp7, Aqp8, Aqp9, and Aqp11. Using qRT-PCR, the Aqp expression profiles were constructed for six organs including colon, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and stomach. The Aqp alteration profiles were characterized and was performed with Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The SE treatments on the rats resulted in a significant body weight loss (p < 0.001), significant increases (p < 0.001) on the kidney index (27.72%) and liver index (42.55%), and distinguished changes with up-regulation on Aqps expressions in the kidneys and livers. The SS treatments showed prominent laxative actions and down regulation on Aqps expression in the colons. The study results indicated that the SE had more influence/toxicity on the kidneys and livers. The SS showed more powerful actions on the colons. We suggest that the caution should be particularly exercised in the patients with kidney and liver diseases when chronic using senna-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Lejing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Boling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, No. 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Engineering Technology Research Center, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Dhanani T, Singh R, Reddy N, Trivedi A, Kumar S. Comparison on extraction yield of sennoside A and sennoside B from senna (Cassia angustifolia) using conventional and non conventional extraction techniques and their quantification using a validated HPLC-PDA detection method. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1097-1101. [PMID: 27855501 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1258562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Senna is an important medicinal plant and is used in many Ayurvedic formulations. Dianthraquinone glucosides are the main bioactive phytochemicals present in leaves and pods of senna. The extraction efficiency in terms of yield and composition of the extract of senna prepared using both conventional (cold percolation at room temperature and refluxing) and non conventional (ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction as well as supercritical fluid extraction) techniques were compared in the present study. Also a rapid reverse phase HPLC-PDA detection method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of sennoside A and sennoside B in the different extracts of senna leaves. Ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction techniques were more effective in terms of yield and composition of the extracts compared to cold percolation at room temperature and refluxing methods of extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dhanani
- a Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) , Anand , India
| | - Raghuraj Singh
- a Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) , Anand , India
| | - Nagaraja Reddy
- a Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) , Anand , India
| | - A Trivedi
- a Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) , Anand , India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- a Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) , Anand , India
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Feudtner C, Freedman J, Kang T, Womer JW, Dai D, Faerber J. Comparative effectiveness of senna to prevent problematic constipation in pediatric oncology patients receiving opioids: a multicenter study of clinically detailed administrative data. J Pain Symptom Manage 2014; 48:272-80. [PMID: 24321507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric oncology patients often receive prolonged courses of opioids, which can result in constipation. OBJECTIVES Comparing patients who received senna matched with similar patients who received other oral bowel medications, determine the subsequent risk of "problematic constipation," assessed as the occurrence of the surrogate markers of receiving an enema, escalation of oral bowel medications, and abdominal radiographic imaging. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized pediatric oncology patients less than 21 years of age in 78 children's and adult hospitals between 2006 and 2011 who were started on seven consecutive days or more of opioid therapy and were started on an oral bowel medication within the first two days of opioid therapy. Clinically detailed administrative data were used from the Pediatric Health Information System and the Premier Perspective Database. After performing propensity score matching of similar patients who started senna and who started a different oral bowel medication, Cox regression modeling was used to compare the subsequent hazard of the surrogate markers. RESULTS The final matched sample of 586 patients averaged 11.5 years of age (range 0-20 years); 41.8% (n = 245) had blood cancer, 50.3% (n = 295) had solid tumor cancer, and 7.9% (n = 46) had brain cancer. Initiating senna therapy within two days of starting the prolonged opioid course, compared with initiating another oral bowel medication, was significantly associated with a lower hazard during the ensuing five days for receipt of an enema (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.91) or undergoing abdominal radiographic imaging (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-0.98), was marginally associated with a lower hazard of oral bowel medicine escalation (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.59-1.03), and overall was significantly associated with a lower hazard of the composite end point of problematic constipation (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88). CONCLUSION Initiating senna therapy, compared with other oral bowel medications, diminishes the subsequent risk of surrogate markers of problematic constipation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Feudtner
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Jason Freedman
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tammy Kang
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Womer
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dingwei Dai
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Faerber
- Pediatric Advanced Care Team, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lin XZ, Ma DL, Cui ZQ, Kang Y. Effects of rhubarb and the active ingredients of rhubarb on the cytoplasmic free calcium in INT-MNC of rabbits. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6:301-303. [PMID: 11819584 PMCID: PMC4723512 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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