Aminosilane Functionalized Aligned Fiber PCL Scaffolds for Peripheral Nerve Repair

Silane modification is a simple and cost-effective tool to modify existing biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Aminosilane layer deposition has previously been shown to control NG108-15 neuronal cell and primary Schwann cell adhesion and differentiation by controlling deposition of ─NH2 groups at the submicron scale across the entirety of a surface by varying silane chain length. This is the first study toreport depositing 11-aminoundecyltriethoxysilane (CL11) onto aligned Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration. Fibers are manufactured via electrospinning and characterized using water contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Confirmed modified fibers are investigated using in vitro cell culture of NG108-15 neuronal cells and primary Schwann cells to determine cell viability, cell differentiation, and phenotype. CL11-modified fibers significantly support NG108-15 neuronal cell and Schwann cell viability. NG108-15 neuronal cell differentiation maintains Schwann cell phenotype compared to unmodified PCL fiber scaffolds. 3D ex vivo culture of Dorsal root ganglion explants (DRGs) confirms further Schwann cell migration and longer neurite outgrowth from DRG explants cultured on CL11 fiber scaffolds compared to unmodified scaffolds. Thus, a reproducible and cost-effective tool is reported to modify biomaterials with functional amine groups that can significantly improve nerve guidance devices and enhance nerve regeneration.

Reactivity of Microcrystalline Cellulose with Methyltrimethoxysilane and 3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane

In the presented research, two trialkoxysilanes were used to investigate their reactivity with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) applied as a model material. As a continuation of the previous study, the research aimed at evaluation of the durability and potential reversibility of the silane treatment. Two different solvents and a mixture thereof were used for cellulose modification. The influence of amino group/pH, an excess of silanes and re-soaking with water on binding with cellulose was examined. The results obtained confirm that both selected silanes can effectively modify MCC. However, the treatment with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane occurred more effective than with Methyltrimethoxysilane due to the presence of amino groups. Among the three tested solvents, the most effective was pure water. In contrast, the use of ethanol and a mixture of ethanol and water gave significantly worse results. Summarising, the presented research clearly shows how important the type of the functional group in alkoxysilanes is for its chemical reactivity with natural polymers, which is crucial for their application in waterlogged wood conservation.

Modified Zeolite/Polysulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane for Enhanced CO2/CH4 Separation

In recent years, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have received worldwide attention for their potential to offer superior gas permeation and separation performance involving CO₂ and CH₄. However, fabricating defect-free MMMs still remains as a challenge where the incorporation of fillers into MMMs has usually led to some issues including formation of undesirable interfacial voids, which may jeopardize the gas separation performance of the MMMs. This current work investigated the incorporation of zeolite RHO and silane-modified zeolite RHO (NH₂–RHO) into polysulfone (PSf) based MMMs with the primary aim of enhancing the membrane’s gas permeation and separation performance. The synthesized zeolite RHO, NH₂–RHO, and fabricated membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning election microscopy (FESEM). The effects of zeolite loading in the MMMs on the CO₂/CH₄ separation performance were investigated. By incorporating 1 wt% of zeolite RHO into the MMMs, the CO₂ permeability and ideal CO₂/CH₄ selectivity slightly increased by 4.2% and 2.7%, respectively, compared to that of a pristine PSf membrane. On the other hand, a significant enhancement of 45% in ideal CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was attained by MMMs incorporated with 2 wt% of zeolite NH₂-RHO compared to a pristine PSf membrane. Besides, all MMMs incorporated with zeolite NH₂-RHO displayed higher ideal CO₂/CH₄ selectivity than that of the MMMs incorporated with zeolite RHO. By incorporating 1–3 wt% zeolite NH₂-RHO into PSf matrix, MMMs without interfacial voids were successfully fabricated. Consequently, significant enhancement in ideal CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was enabled by the incorporation of zeolite NH₂–RHO into MMMs.

Synthesis of an Addition-Crosslinkable, Silicon-Modified Polyolefin via Reactive Extrusion Monitored by In-Line Raman Spectroscopy

We present the modification of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) with vinyltetra-methydisiloxane (VTMDS) via reactive extrusion to create a new silicone-based material with the potential for high-performance applications in the automotive, industrial and biomedical sectors. The radical-initiated modification is achieved with a peroxide catalyst starting the grafting reaction. The preparation process of the VTMDS-grafted EPM was systematically investigated using process analytical technology (in-line Raman spectroscopy) and the statistical design of experiments (DoE). By applying an orthogonal factorial array based on a face-centered central composite experimental design, the identification, quantification and mathematical modeling of the effects of the process factors on the grafting result were undertaken. Based on response surface models, process windows were defined that yield high grafting degrees and good grafting efficiency in terms of grafting agent utilization. To control the grafting process in terms of grafting degree and grafting efficiency, the chemical changes taking place during the modification procedure in the extruder were observed in real-time using a spectroscopic in-line Raman probe which was directly inserted into the extruder. Successful grafting of the EPM was validated in the final product by ¹H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy.

Optimizing the Process Efficiency of Reactive Extrusion in the Synthesis of Vinyltrimethoxysilane-Grafted Ethylene-Octene-Copolymer (EOC-g-VTMS) by Response Surface Methodology

Thermoplastic polymers like ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) may be grafted with silanes via reactive extrusion to enable subsequent crosslinking for advanced biomaterials manufacture. However, this reactive extrusion process is difficult to control and it is still challenging to reproducibly arrive at well-defined products. Moreover, high grafting degrees require a considerable excess of grafting reagent. A large proportion of the silane passes through the process without reacting and needs to be removed at great expense by subsequent purification. This results in unnecessarily high consumption of chemicals and a rather resource-inefficient process. It is thus desired to be able to define desired grafting degrees with optimum grafting efficiency by means of suitable process control. In this study, the continuous grafting of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) on ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) via reactive extrusion was investigated. Successful grafting was verified and quantified by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The effects of five process parameters and their synergistic interactions on grafting degree and grafting efficiency were determined using a face-centered experimental design (FCD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to derive a causal process model and define process windows yielding arbitrary grafting degrees between <2 and >5% at a minimum waste of grafting agent. It was found that the reactive extrusion process was strongly influenced by several second-order interaction effects making this process difficult to control. Grafting efficiencies between 75 and 80% can be realized as long as grafting degrees <2% are admitted.

Robust Superhydrophobic Cellulose Nanofiber Aerogel for Multifunctional Environmental Applications

The fabrication of superadsorbent for dye adsorption is a hot research area at present. However, the development of low-cost and highly efficient superadsorbents against toxic textile dyes is still a big challenge. Here, we fabricated hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber aerogels from cellulose nanofibers through an eco-friendly silanization reaction in liquid phase, which is an extremely efficient, rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly procedure. Moreover, the demonstrated eco-friendly silanization technique is easy to commercialize at the industrial level. Most of the works that have reported on the hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber aerogels explored their use for the elimination of oil from water. The key novelty of the present work is that the demonstrated hydrophobic cellulose nanofibers aerogels could serve as superadsorbents against toxic textile dyes such as crystal violet dye from water and insulating materials for building applications. Here, we make use of the possible hydrophobic interactions between silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel and crystal violet dye for the removal of the crystal violet dye from water. With a 10 mg/L of crystal violet (CV) aqueous solution, the silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel showed a high adsorption capacity value of 150 mg/g of the aerogel. The reason for this adsorption value was due to the short-range hydrophobic interaction between the silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel and the hydrophobic domains in crystal violet dye molecules. Additionally, the fabricated silane-modified cellulose nanofiber hydrophobic aerogels exhibited a lower thermal conductivity value of 0.037 W·m^-1 K^-1, which was comparable to and lower than the commercial insulators such as mineral wools (0.040 W·m^-1 K^-1) and polystyrene foams (0.035 W·m^-1 K^-1). We firmly believe that the demonstrated silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel could yield an eco-friendly adsorbent that is agreeable to adsorbing toxic crystal violet dyes from water as well as active building thermal insulators.

Conducting instant adhesives by grafting of silane polymer onto expanded graphite

A "grafting to" methodology for the attachment of a silane based polymer (SG) onto functionalized graphitic platelets is demonstrated. The siloxy end groups of the modifier were further cross-linked without addition of any external curative. These sterically stabilized nanoplatelets with a high grafting density ensured complete screening of the attractive interparticle interactions. As a result, a better dispersion of platelets was observed compared to the physically mixed platelets in the polymer matrix (SUG). The larger size of the polymer tethered graphitic particles and the greater extent of heat liberated due to grafting resulted in a higher enthalpic contribution in the case of SG compared to SUG. This makes the formation of SG thermodynamically more favorable compared to SUG. Presence of a hierarchical spatial arrangement with a good dispersion of graphitic platelets was observed within the siloxane matrix in the case of SG compared to SUG. The nanoparticle tethered composite generated exhibited an "instant" conducting adhesive behavior. The adhesive properties of the SG were found to be increased due to grafting of graphitic platelets when compared with the neat polymer. Further, SG exhibited a conductive character whereas the neat polymer and SUG demonstrated an insulating character.