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Reiche AM, Amelchanka SL, Bapst B, Terranova M, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Dohme-Meier F. Influence of dietary fiber content and horn status on thermoregulatory responses of Brown Swiss dairy cows under thermoneutral and short-term heat stress conditions. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8033-8046. [PMID: 37641257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present experiment, 10 horned and 10 disbudded mid-lactating Brown Swiss cows were included in a crossover feeding trial with a hay or hay and concentrate diet. The effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and horn status on thermoregulatory responses under thermoneutral and short-term heat stress conditions were studied, as both are considered to ease the cow's thermoregulation under an environmental heat load. Cows received either ad libitum hay and alfalfa pellets (85:15, C-, NDF content: 41.0%) or restricted amounts of hay and concentrate (70:30, C+, NDF content: 34.5%). The level of restriction applied with the C+ diet was determined from pre-experimental ad libitum intakes, ensuring that both diets provided the same intake of net energy for lactation (NEL). For data collection, cows were housed in respiration chambers for 5 d. The climatic conditions were 10°C and 60% relative humidity (RH), considered thermoneutral (TN) conditions (temperature-humidity index (THI): 52) for d 1 and 2, and 25°C and 70% RH, considered heat stress (HS) conditions (THI: 74), for d 4 and 5. On d 3, the temperature and RH were increased gradually. Compared with TN, HS conditions increased the water intake, skin temperature, respiration and heart rates, and endogenous heat production. They did not affect body temperature, feed intake, or milk production. Lowering dietary fiber content via concentrate supplementation lowered methane and increased carbon dioxide production. It did not mitigate physiological responses to HS. Although the responses of horned and disbudded cows were generally similar, the slower respiration rates of horned cows under HS conditions indicate a possible, albeit minor, role of the horn in thermoregulation. In conclusion, future investigations on nutritional strategies must be conducted to mitigate mild heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Reiche
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope Posieux, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
| | - S L Amelchanka
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - B Bapst
- Qualitas AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - M Terranova
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - B Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - F Dohme-Meier
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope Posieux, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
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McWhorter TM, Sargolzaei M, Sattler CG, Utt MD, Tsuruta S, Misztal I, Lourenco D. Single-step genomic predictions for heat tolerance of production yields in US Holsteins and Jerseys. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7861-7879. [PMID: 37641276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological stress caused by excessive heat affects dairy cattle health and production. This study sought to investigate the effect of heat stress on test-day yields in US Holstein and Jersey cows and develop single-step genomic predictions to identify heat tolerant animals. Data included 12.8 million and 2.1 million test-day records, respectively, for 923,026 Holstein and 153,710 Jersey cows in 27 US states. From 2015 through 2021, test-day records from the first 5 lactations included milk, fat, and protein yields (kg). Cow records were included if they had at least 5 test-day records per lactation. Heat stress was quantified by analyzing the effect of a 5-d hourly average temperature-humidity index (THI5d¯) on observed test-day yields. Using a multiple trait repeatability model, a heat threshold (THI threshold) was determined fowr each breed based on the point that the average adjusted yields started to decrease, which was 69 for Holsteins and 72 for Jerseys. An additive genetic component of general production and heat tolerance production were estimated using a multiple trait reaction norm model and single-step genomic BLUP methodology. Random effects were regressed on a function of 5-d hourly average (THI5d¯) and THI threshold. The proportion of test-day records that occurred on or above the respective heat thresholds was 15% for Holstein and 10% for Jersey. Heritability of milk, fat, and protein yields under heat stress for Holsteins increased, with a small standard error, indicating that the additive genetic component for heat tolerance of these traits was observed. This was not as evident in Jersey traits. For Jersey, the permanent environment explained the same or more of the variation in fat and protein yield under heat stress indicating that nongenetic factors may determine heat tolerance for these Jersey traits. Correlations between the general genetic merit of production (in the absence of heat stress) and heat tolerance genetic merit of production traits were moderate in strength and negative. This indicated that selecting for general genetic merit without consideration of heat tolerance genetic merit of production may result in less favorable performance in hot and humid climates. A general genomic estimated breeding value for genetic merit and a heat tolerance genomic estimated breeding value were calculated for each animal. This study contributes to the investigation of the impact of heat stress on US dairy cattle production yields and offers a basis for the implementation of genomic selection. The results indicate that genomic selection for heat tolerance of production yields is possible for US Holsteins and Jerseys, but a study to validate the genomic predictions should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McWhorter
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
| | | | | | - M D Utt
- Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH 43064
| | - S Tsuruta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - I Misztal
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - D Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Rockett PL, Campos IL, Baes CF, Tulpan D, Miglior F, Schenkel FS. Genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in Holsteins using test-day production records and NASA POWER weather data. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6995-7007. [PMID: 37562648 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a prominent issue in livestock production, even for intensively housed dairy herds in Canada. Production records and meteorological data can be combined to assess heat tolerance in dairy cattle. The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of genetic evaluation for heat tolerance in Canadian dairy cattle. The 2 specific objectives were (1) to estimate the genetic parameters for milk, fat, and protein yield for Holsteins while accounting for high environmental heat loads, and (2) to determine if a genotype-by-environment interaction causes reranking of top-ranked sires between environments with low and high heat loads. A repeatability test-day model with a heat stress function was used to evaluate the genetic merit for milk, fat, and protein yield under heat stress and at thermal comfort for first parity in 5 regions in Canada. The heat stress function for each trait was defined using a specific temperature-humidity index (THI) threshold. The purpose of this function was to quantify the level of heat stress that was experienced by the dairy cattle. The estimated genetic correlation between the general additive genetic effect and the additive effect on the slope of the change in the trait phenotype for milk, fat, and protein yield ranged from -0.16 to -0.30, -0.20 to -0.44, and -0.28 to -0.42, respectively. These negative correlations imply that there is an antagonistic relationship between sensitivity to heat stress and level of production. The heritabilities for milk, fat, and protein yield at 15 units above the THI threshold ranged from 0.15 to 0.27, 0.11 to 0.15, and 0.11 to 0.15, respectively. Finally, the rank correlations between the breeding values from a repeatability model with no heat stress effect and the breeding values accounting for heat stress for the 100 top-ranked bulls indicated possible interaction between milk production traits and THI, resulting in substantial reranking of the top-ranked sires in Canada, especially for milk yield. This is the first study to implement weather data from the NASA POWER database in a genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in dairy cattle. The NASA POWER database is a novel alternative meteorological resource that is potentially more reliable and consistent and with broader coverage than weather station data increasing the number of animals that could be included in a heat stress evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Rockett
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - I L Campos
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - C F Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3012
| | - D Tulpan
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - F S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Ataallahi M, Cheon SN, Park GW, Nugrahaeningtyas E, Jeon JH, Park KH. Assessment of Stress Levels in Lactating Cattle: Analyzing Cortisol Residues in Commercial Milk Products in Relation to the Temperature-Humidity Index. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2407. [PMID: 37570216 PMCID: PMC10417798 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress in the dairy cattle industry has negative impacts on animal health, productivity, and welfare. It has been confirmed that cortisol transfers to milk and resists the high temperature during milk processing. This study evaluated the relationship between the milk cortisol concentration (MCC) in commercial milk products and the temperature-humidity index (THI) at the time of milk production. Eleven commercially produced pasteurized and sterilized milk products, purchased in Chuncheon, Korea, with production dates ranging from July to October 2021 were analyzed. The MCC was extracted using diethyl ether and analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay. The average THI values based on microclimate data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration were 77 ± 0.8, 75 ± 1.4, 69 ± 1.4, and 58 ± 1.8, in July, August, September, and October, respectively. The average MCC levels were 211.9 ± 95.1, 173.5 ± 63.8, 109.6 ± 53.2, and 106.7 ± 33.7 pg/mL in July, August, September, and October, respectively. The MCC in July was higher than in August, September, and October (p < 0.05), while it was lower in September and October than in August (p < 0.05). Significant variations in the MCC were observed in commercial milk products across the four production months (p < 0.05), except for two milk products. Overall, monitoring the cortisol residue in commercial dairy milk products can be an alternative indicator of stress in dairy cattle of farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataallahi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (G.-W.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Si Nae Cheon
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Agriculture, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.N.C.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Geun-Woo Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (G.-W.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Eska Nugrahaeningtyas
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (G.-W.P.); (E.N.)
| | - Jung Hwan Jeon
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Agriculture, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.N.C.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Kyu-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; (M.A.); (G.-W.P.); (E.N.)
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Schale P, Arkenau EF, Schmitt AO, Dänicke S, Kluess J, Grümpel-Schlüter A. Estimates of Water Consumption of Growing Pigs under Practical Conditions Based on Climate and Performance Data. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091547. [PMID: 37174584 PMCID: PMC10177191 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The water consumption of fattening pigs was recorded under practical conditions and compared with calculated water consumption. The experiment was carried out in the summer of 2020 with 79 fattening pigs. Data loggers were used to record the climate data, such as temperature and relative humidity. These data were used to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI). It was found that there were sometimes considerable discrepancies between the measured and the calculated water consumption. One possible reason for this discrepancy could be the age of the existing water requirement equations, as in recent decades there has been a clear breeding development and thus a strong increase in pig performance. Based on these deviations, six new water consumption equations were established, which considered the variables body weight (BW), temperature, THI and feed consumption. It was found that the THI and BW should be included in one equation as predictor variables and the evaluation also showed good results. Its use, in practice, should also be considered. Overall, it became apparent that there is still a need for further research to make water consumption equations more precise. This would require a larger database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schale
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Bundesallee 47, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Engel F Arkenau
- Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Directorate 82 Digital Innovation, Wilhelmstraße 54, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin O Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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Moore SS, Costa A, Penasa M, Callegaro S, De Marchi M. How heat stress conditions affect milk yield, composition, and price in Italian Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4042-4058. [PMID: 37080787 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
An edited data set of 700 bulk and 46,338 test-day records collected between 2019 and 2021 in 42 Holstein-dominated farms in the Veneto Region (North of Italy) was available for the present study. Information on protein, fat and lactose content, somatic cell count, and somatic cell score was available in bulk milk as well as individual test-day records, whereas urea concentration (mg/dL), differential somatic cell count (%), and milk yield (kg/d) were available for test-day records only. Milk features were merged with meteorological data retrieved from 8 weather stations located maximum 10 km from the farms. The daily and weekly temperature-humidity index (THI; wTHI) and maximum daily (MTHI) and weekly temperature-humidity index were associated with each record to evaluate the effect of heat stress conditions on milk-related traits through linear mixed models. Least squares means were estimated to evaluate the effect of THI and, separately, of MTHI on milk characteristics correcting for conventional systematic factors. Overall, heat stress conditions lowered the quality of both bulk milk and test-day records, with fat and protein content being greatly reduced, and somatic cell score and differential somatic cell count augmented. Milk yield was not affected by either THI or MTHI in this data set, but the effect of elevated THI and MTHI was in general stronger on test-day records than on bulk milk. Farm-level economic losses of reduced milk quality rather than reduced yield as consequence of elevated THI or MTHI was estimated to be between $23.57 and $43.98 per farmer per day, which is of comparable magnitude to losses resulting from reduced production. Furthermore, MTHI was found to be a more accurate indicator of heat stress experienced by a cow, explaining more variability of traits compared with THI. The negative effect of heat stress conditions on quality traits commences at lower THI/MTHI values compared with milk yield. Thus, a progressive farmers' income loss due to climatic changes is already a reality and it is mainly due to deterioration of milk quality rather than quantity in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sterup Moore
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), Alma Mater University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - M Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - S Callegaro
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Firenze, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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Macciotta NPP, Dimauro C, Degano L, Vicario D, Cesarani A. A transgenerational study on the effect of great-granddam birth month on granddaughter EBV for production traits in Italian Simmental cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2588-2597. [PMID: 36870840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat tolerance is a key feature of resilient animals. Offspring of animals that suffer environmental stress during pregnancy could show physiological, morphological, and metabolic modifications. This is due to a dynamic reprogramming of the epigenetics of the mammalian genome that occurs in the early life cycle. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent of the transgenerational effect of heat stress during the pregnancy of Italian Simmental cows. The effects of dam and granddam birth months (as indicator of pregnancy period) on their daughter and granddaughter estimated breeding values (EBV) for some dairy traits as well as of the temperature-humidity index (THI) during the pregnancy were tested. A total of 128,437 EBV (milk, fat, and protein yields, and somatic cell score) were provided by the Italian Association of Simmental Breeders. The best birth months (of both dam and granddam) for milk yield and protein yield were May and June, whereas the worst were January and March. Great-granddam pregnancies developed during the winter and spring seasons positively affected the EBV for milk and protein yields of their great-granddaughters; in contrast, pregnancies during summer and autumn had negative effects. These findings were confirmed by the effects of maximum and minimum THI in different parts of the great-granddam pregnancy on the performances of their great-granddaughters. Thus, a negative effect of high temperatures during the pregnancy of female ancestors was observed. Results of the present study suggest a transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in Italian Simmental cattle due to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò P P Macciotta
- Departimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Corrado Dimauro
- Departimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Degano
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Pezzata Rossa Italiana, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Daniele Vicario
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Pezzata Rossa Italiana, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Departimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
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Taborda-Charris JC, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Herrera-Sánchez MP, Uribe-García HF, Otero-Arroyo RJ, Naranjo-Gomez JS, Lozano-Villegas KJ, Rondón-Barragán IS. Expression profiling of heat shock protein genes in whole blood of Romosinuano cattle breed. Vet World 2023; 16:601-606. [PMID: 37041848 PMCID: PMC10082753 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.601-606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Heat shock proteins are highly conserved proteins that work as molecular chaperones expressed in response to thermal stress. This study aimed to determine the expression profile of genes related to the heat stress response in whole blood obtained from the Romosinuano creole breed. Materials and Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the transcript of hsp90, hsp70, hsp60, and hsf1 in the whole blood of Romosinuano under different temperature-humidity indices (THIs). Results The expression levels of the hsp70 and hsf1 genes at the high-THI level were higher (p = 0.0011 and p = 0.0003, respectively) than those at the low-THI level. In addition, no differences in the expression levels of the hsp60 and hsP90 genes were detected between the two THIs. Conclusion The overexpression of hsf1 and hsp70 genes play an important role in protecting cells from damage induced by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Taborda-Charris
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
| | - Roy Rodríguez-Hernández
- Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Postal Code 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - María Paula Herrera-Sánchez
- Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Postal Code 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Heinner Fabian Uribe-García
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
| | - Rafael J. Otero-Arroyo
- Grupo de Investigación en Reproducción y Mejoramiento Genético Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Sucre, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Corporación de Ciencias Biotecnológicas, Embriotecno, Montería 230029, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Juan Sebastian Naranjo-Gomez
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
| | - Kelly Johanna Lozano-Villegas
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Postal Code 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos the Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Postal Code 730006299, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia
- Corresponding author: Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán, e-mail: Co-authors: JCT: , RR: , MPH: , HFU: , RJO: , JSN: , KJL:
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9
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Landi V, Maggiolino A, Cecchinato A, Mota LFM, Bernabucci U, Rossoni A, De Palo P. Genotype by environment interaction due to heat stress in Brown Swiss cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1889-1909. [PMID: 36586797 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to its geographical position and a highly variable orography, Italy is characterized by several climatic areas and thus, by many different dairy cow farming systems. Brown Swiss cattle, in this context, are a very appreciated genetic resource for their adaptability and low metabolic requirement. The significant heterogeneity in farming systems may consist of genotype by environment (G × E) interactions with neglected changes in animals' rank position. The objective of this study was to investigate G × E for heat tolerance in Brown Swiss cattle for several production traits (milk, fat, and protein yield in kilograms; fat, protein, and cheese yield in percentage) and 2 derivate traits (fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk). We used the daily maximum temperature-humidity index (THI) range, calculated according to weather stations' data from 2008 to 2018 in Italy, and 202,776 test-day records from 23,396 Brown Swiss cows from 639 herds. Two different methodologies were applied to estimate the effect of the environmental variable (THI) on genetic parameters: (1) the reaction norm model, which uses a continuous random covariate to estimate the animal additive effect, and (2) the multitrait model, which splits each production pattern as a distinct and correlated trait according to the first (a thermal comfort condition), third (a moderate heat stress condition), and fifth (a severe heat stress condition) mean THI value quintile. The results from the reaction norm model showed a descending trend of the additive genetic effect until THI reached the value of 80. Then we recorded an increase with high extreme THI values (THI 90). Permanent environmental variance at increasing THI values revealed an opposite trend: The plot of heritability and the ratio of animal permanent environmental variance to phenotypic variance showed that when the environmental condition worsens, the additive genetic and permanent environmental component for production traits play a growing role. The negative additive genetic correlation between slope and linear random coefficient indicates no linear relationship between the production traits or under heat stress conditions, except for milk yield and protein yield. In tridimensional wireframe plots, the extreme margin decreases until a minimum of ∼0.90 of genetic correlation in the ECM trait, showing that the magnitude of G × E interaction is greater than the other traits. Genetic correlation values in Brown Swiss suggest the possibility of moderate changes in animals' estimated breeding value in heat stress conditions. Results indicated a moderate G × E interaction but significant variability in sire response related to their production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Landi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - A Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova) 35020, Italy
| | - L F M Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano 70010, Italy
| | - U Bernabucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - A Rossoni
- Italian Brown Swiss Breeders Association, Località Ferlina 204, Bussolengo 37012, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano 70010, Italy
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10
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Satoh M, Fukuzawa Y, Ogawa S, Okamura T. Estimation of off-farm temperatures and temperature-humidity index from meteorological observation records. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13902. [PMID: 38100629 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to devise an optimal method for estimating air temperatures outside pig farms to be able to evaluate the genetic performance of pigs. Using daily temperature data from Japan Meteorological Agency meteorological stations, we investigated the optimal number of observation weather stations (number of records), and methods of estimating outside temperature when temperature records are missing. We also considered the possibility of using relative humidity data. Our results showed that it is possible to use records from the three nearest weather stations to estimate off-farm ambient temperatures. We also concluded that estimates of outside temperatures when records are missing can be made by using data from at least one weather station that holds a full set of data. The correlation coefficients between the true THI (temperature-humidity index) and the estimated THI and the average daily temperature were almost the same, indicating that the daily average temperature can be used instead of estimated THI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Satoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yo Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Habimana V, Ekine-Dzivenu CC, Nguluma AS, Nziku ZC, Morota G, Chenyambuga SW, Mrode R. Genes and models for estimating genetic parameters for heat tolerance in dairy cattle. Front Genet 2023; 14:1127175. [PMID: 36923799 PMCID: PMC10009153 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1127175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle are highly susceptible to heat stress. Heat stress causes a decline in milk yield, reduced dry matter intake, reduced fertility rates, and alteration of physiological traits (e.g., respiration rate, rectal temperature, heart rates, pulse rates, panting score, sweating rates, and drooling score) and other biomarkers (oxidative heat stress biomarkers and stress response genes). Considering the significant effect of global warming on dairy cattle farming, coupled with the aim to reduce income losses of dairy cattle farmers and improve production under hot environment, there is a need to develop heat tolerant dairy cattle that can grow, reproduce and produce milk reasonably under the changing global climate and increasing temperature. The identification of heat tolerant dairy cattle is an alternative strategy for breeding thermotolerant dairy cattle for changing climatic conditions. This review synthesizes information pertaining to quantitative genetic models that have been applied to estimate genetic parameters for heat tolerance and relationship between measures of heat tolerance and production and reproductive performance traits in dairy cattle. Moreover, the review identified the genes that have been shown to influence heat tolerance in dairy cattle and evaluated the possibility of using them in genomic selection programmes. Combining genomics information with environmental, physiological, and production parameters information is a crucial strategy to understand the mechanisms of heat tolerance while breeding heat tolerant dairy cattle adapted to future climatic conditions. Thus, selection for thermotolerant dairy cattle is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Habimana
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Athumani Shabani Nguluma
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Gota Morota
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Raphael Mrode
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Westhoff TA, Womack SJ, Overton TR, Ryan CM, Mann S. Epidemiology of bovine colostrum production in New York Holstein herds: Cow, management, and environmental factors. J Dairy Sci 2022:S0022-0302(22)00750-0. [PMID: 36567249 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adequate supply of high-quality colostrum is essential for calf health. Colostrum production, at first milking, varies between animals and seasons, but herd-level and management associations with colostrum production have not been well described. Our objectives were to (1) describe colostrum production and colostrum handling practices and (2) to identify individual cow, herd management, and environmental factors associated with colostrum production. A convenience sample of 19 New York Holstein dairy farms (620 to 4,600 cows) were enrolled in this observational study to describe colostrum production and to evaluate cow, management, and prepartum environmental factors associated with colostrum yield and Brix %. Herd owners or managers were given a colostrum management questionnaire, and farm personnel recorded individual colostrum yield and Brix % for primiparous (PP; n = 5,978) and multiparous (MPS; n = 13,228) cows between October 2019 and February 2021. Temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were measured by sensors placed in each farm's close-up dry cow pens for the entire length of the study. Median colostrum yield for each farm ranged from 2.5 to 7.6 kg for PP and 4.0 to 7.7 kg for MPS cows. Mean Brix % from each farm ranged from 22.2 to 27.9% for PP and 22.0 to 28.8% for MPS cows. Lowest colostrum yield from PP animals was associated with calf sex (female) and colostrum Brix % (≤22%). Greatest colostrum yield from MPS cows was associated with colostrum Brix % (≤22%), calf sex (twin), dry period length (>67 d), gestation length (283-293 d), an alive calf, second parity, previous lactation length (>344 d) and previous lactation 305-d mature equivalent milk yield (>13,091 kg), heat and humidity exposure area under the curve (AUC) 7 d before calving (>69.2 average temperature-humidity index per 30-min interval), and light intensity AUC 14 d before calving (>154.2 average lux per 15-min interval). Greatest colostrum Brix % from PP animals was associated with calf sex (male), an alive calf, and light intensity AUC 14 d before calving (≤64.0 average lux per 15-min interval). Greatest colostrum Brix % from MPS cows was associated with dry period length (>67 d), an alive calf, 305-d mature equivalent milk yield of previous lactation (≤15,862 kg), gestation length (274-282 d), colostrum yield (<6 kg), fifth or greater parity, and heat and humidity exposure AUC 7 d before calving (≤50.1 average temperature-humidity index per 30-min interval). Dairy producers can use this information to recognize the variation in colostrum production and alter colostrum management programs in anticipation of periods of low production or quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Westhoff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S J Womack
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Ryan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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13
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Campos IL, Chud TCS, Junior GAO, Baes CF, Cánovas Á, Schenkel FS. Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Heat Tolerance for Production Traits in Canadian Holsteins Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36552505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cows respond to heat stress has helped to provide effective herd management practices to tackle this environmental challenge. The possibility of selecting animals that are genetically more heat tolerant may provide additional means to maintain or even improve the productivity of the Canadian dairy industry, which is facing a shifting environment due to climate changes. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for heat tolerance of milk, fat, and protein yields in Canadian Holstein cows. A total of 1.3 million test-day records from 195,448 first-parity cows were available. A repeatability test-day model fitting a reaction norm on the temperature-humidity index (THI) was used to estimate the genetic parameters. The estimated genetic correlations between additive genetic effect for production and for heat tolerance ranged from -0.13 to -0.21, indicating an antagonistic relationship between the level of production and heat tolerance. Heritability increased marginally as THI increased above its threshold for milk yield (0.20 to 0.23) and protein yield (0.14 to 0.16) and remained constant for fat yield (0.17). A Spearman rank correlation between the estimated breeding values under thermal comfort and under heat stress showed a potential genotype by environmental interaction. The existence of a genetic variability for heat tolerance allows for the selection of more heat tolerant cows.
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14
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Ishida S, Osawa T, Yamaguchi S, Yamazaki T, Hagiya K. Suitable indicator of heat stress for genetic evaluation of heat tolerance in Holstein cows in Japan. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13688. [PMID: 35112421 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Only a few, principal, weather stations in Japanese prefectures have the daily humidity records required to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI) as a dairy cow heat-stress indicator. We compared three heat-stress indices: (1) THI calculated from daily average temperature and daily relative humidity at a principal weather station (PTHI); (2) daily average temperature at each herd's closest local weather station (TEMP); and (3) THI calculated from daily average temperature at each herd's closest local weather station and daily relative humidity at the principal weather station (HTHI). We used daily records from 532 provincial weather stations and test-day records of milk production from Days 6 to 305 post-first-calving in Holsteins to compare the indices as indicators of heat-stress effects on milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS). The models used the BLUPF90 package to analyze the effects of herd-year, calving age, days in milk, and PTHI, TEMP, or HTHI. We estimated each model's mean square error (MSE) and compared suitabilities among indices for each trait. TEMP heat-stress thresholds were ~18°C (milk yield) and 15-20°C (SCS). The MSE of the HTHI model was the smallest, but no significant differences were found among the indices for milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoka Ishida
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takefumi Osawa
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Koichi Hagiya
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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15
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Dauria BD, Sigdel A, Petrini J, Bóscollo PP, Pilonetto F, Salvian M, Rezende FM, Pedrosa VB, Bittar CMM, Machado PF, Coutinho LL, Wiggans GR, Mourão GB. Genetic effects of heat stress on milk fatty acids in a Brazilian Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3296-3305. [PMID: 35094861 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to estimate covariance components of milk fatty acids (FA) and to compare the genomic estimated breeding values under general and heat-stress effects. Data consisted of 38,762 test-day records from 6,344 Holstein cows obtained from May 2012 through January 2018 on 4 dairy herds from Brazil. Single-trait repeatability test-day models with random regressions as a function of temperature-humidity index values were used for genetic analyses. The models included contemporary groups, parity order (1-6), and days in milk classes as fixed effects, and general and thermotolerance additive genetic and permanent environmental as random effects. Notably, differences in heritability estimates between environments (general and heat stress) increased (0.03 to 0.06) for unsaturated FA traits, such as unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated, at higher heat-stress levels. In contrast, heritability estimated between environments for saturated FA traits, including saturated FA, palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) did not observe significant differences between environments. In addition, our study revealed negative genetic correlations between general and heat-stress additive genetic effects (antagonistic effect) for the saturated FA, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1, which ranged from -0.007 to -0.32. Spearman's ranking correlation between genomic estimated breeding values ranged from -0.27 to 0.99. Results indicated a moderate to strong interaction of genotype by the environment for most FA traits comparing a heat-stress environment with thermoneutral conditions. Our findings point out novel opportunities to explore the use of FA milk profile and heat-stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Dauria
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A Sigdel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J Petrini
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - P P Bóscollo
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - F Pilonetto
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - M Salvian
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - F M Rezende
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - V B Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil
| | - C M M Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - P F Machado
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - L L Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - G R Wiggans
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - G B Mourão
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
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16
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Arsenopoulos KV, Triantafillou E, Gelasakis AI, Papadopoulos E. Deltamethrin Application on Pre-Weaned Calves Improves Feed Consumption, Stress and Fatigue Status under Heat Stress Conditions. Pathogens 2022; 11:85. [PMID: 35056033 PMCID: PMC8780268 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fly infestation remains a universal problem for dairy cattle herds, affecting the animals' health and welfare status. Pre-weaned dairy calves are significantly challenged by the direct and indirect consequences of severe fly infestation, heat-stress and their interaction, which contribute to a stressful and fatiguing environment. Among several physiological, behavioral, clinical and biochemical traits, serum cortisol (SC) and creatine kinase (CK) levels, as well as feed consumption can be used as valid indicators of potential stressful and fatiguing conditions and, therefore, can be efficiently used for stress analysis studies. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the fly-repellency effect of deltamethrin on pre-weaned dairy calves exposed to heat stress conditions, as well as its association with SC, CK concentrations and feed consumption. Two commercial dairy cattle herds of the Holstein breed in Central Macedonia (Greece) were involved in the study during summer months and under heat stress conditions. Deltamethrin administration resulted in (i) a decreased fly population (100% Musca domestica) landing on pre-weaned dairy calves, (ii) a reduced SC (stress indicator) and CK (fatigue indicator) concentration, and (iii) an increased consumption of feedstuff in deltamethrin treated animals compared to the untreated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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17
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Gálik R, Lüttmerding G, Boďo Š, Knížková I, Kunc P. Impact of Heat Stress on Selected Parameters of Robotic Milking. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113114. [PMID: 34827846 PMCID: PMC8614418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The values of the temperature-humidity index and its influence on the performance parameters of dairy cows were monitored on four farms located in the southern part of the central Slovakia during a period of three years. The observed parameters included: the milk yield per cow per day, average milk speed and maximum milk speed. The thermal-humidity index was calculated based on a formula. The individual periods were divided according to the achieved THI. The results of dairy cows with a milk yield of 29 kg to 31 kg show that there is not a decrease in the milk yield per milking if the THI value is lower than 68. It was also found that there was a decrease in the milk yield per dairy cow in the robotic milking parlor for a THI value greater than 72. The influence of a THI value higher than 68 in these dairy cows results in a higher average milk speed, as well as a higher maximum milk speed. These two parameters are not yet in the main area of research interest. This study enriches the area with new knowledge, according to which dairy cows can show thermal stress by increasing the milk speed as well as the maximum milk speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gálik
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Transport and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (R.G.); (Š.B.)
| | - Gabriel Lüttmerding
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Transport and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (R.G.); (Š.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Štefan Boďo
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Transport and Bioenergetics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (R.G.); (Š.B.)
| | - Ivana Knížková
- Livestock Technology and Management, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, Uhříněves, 104 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Petr Kunc
- Livestock Technology and Management, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, Uhříněves, 104 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (P.K.)
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18
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Lourenço JPDA, Cappellozza BI, Bertin RD, Miranda VFB, Junior WMC, de Sousa OA, Vasconcelos JLM. Evaluation of different cooling management strategies for lactating Holstein × Gir dairy cows. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab199. [PMID: 34729461 PMCID: PMC8558264 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts production, reproduction, and health of ruminants and strategies to alleviate these losses are warranted. Therefore, four experiments evaluated different cooling strategies on vaginal temperature (VT) of Holstein × Gir cows. Experiment 1 compared different amounts of water (2- or 4-L) over a 1-hour period from 1000 to 1100 h and 1600 to 1700 h. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of sprinkling duration (in hours; 1- or 2-H), whereas Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of water amount (4- or 8-L) applied for 1- or 2-H. Lastly, the effects of a cooling strategy on specific hours of the day, starting at either 0700 (T-1) or 1100 h (T-2; Experiment 4), were evaluated. In all experiments, 12 Holstein × Gir cows were used in a 2 × 2 Latin Square Design containing two periods of 6 days each. Temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded hourly and VT was recorded every 10-min throughout the experiments. As expected, an hour effect was observed for THI (P < 0.0001), which peaked early in the afternoon. In Experiment 1, a treatment × hour interaction was observed (P < 0.0001) for VT, as animals assigned to receive 4-L had a reduced VT at 1100, 1600, 1700, and 2300 h (P ≤ 0.03). During the cooling applications, cows receiving 4-L for 1 h had a reduced VT from 60 to 150 min (P ≤ 0.04). In Experiment 2, a treatment × hour interaction was observed (P < 0.0001) for VT, as animals assigned to receive 4-L of water for 2-H had a reduced VT at 1200 h (P = 0.05). Moreover, during the cooling process, VT was reduced for 2-H cows from 140 to 170 min after the beginning of the cooling process (P ≤ 0.05). In Experiment 3, animals assigned to receive 4-L + 2H had a reduced VT at 1200, 1700, 1800, and 1900 h (P < 0.001). A treatment × hour interaction was observed (P < 0.0001), as VT was reduced for 4-L + 2-H cows from 130 to 180 min after the beginning of the cooling process (P ≤ 0.05). In Experiment 4, by the time when the first cooling cycle of T-1 was applied (0700 h), T-1 cows consistently had (P ≤ 0.05) a reduced VT up to the hottest hours and greatest THI of the day (1400 and 1500 h). This pattern was maintained until the end of the last cooling cycle, whereas T-2 cows had a reduced VT. In summary, 4 L of water over a 5-min cycle for a period of 2 hours twice a day maintained VT of Holstein × Gir cows at lower levels. Moreover, the hour at which the first cooling cycle starts also should be considered when evaluating the efficacy of a cooling strategy for an entire day.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo de A Lourenço
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela D Bertin
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor F B Miranda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson M C Junior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A de Sousa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz M Vasconcelos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Li M, Hassan FU, Tang Z, Guo Y, Liang X, Peng L, Xie H, Yang C. Physiological, oxidative and metabolic responses of lactating water buffaloes to tropical climate of South China. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1696-1706. [PMID: 34273254 PMCID: PMC8464237 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress in tropics is generally associated with significant economic losses resulting from reduced performance, morbidity, and mortality of livestock. To avoid serious consequences of heat stress, it is imperative to better understand the physiological responses and biochemical changes under the state of altered body homeostasis during different seasons of the year. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of physiological, oxidative and metabolic responses of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes to the tropical climate of South China. METHODS Physiological responses including rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST) and respiratory rate (RR) along with serum biochemical and antioxidant parameters of 20 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were evaluated during different seasons of the year. RESULTS Higher temperature-humidity Index (THI) during the summer season (>80) resulted in a significant increases in RR and BST as compared to the winter season. Higher oxidative stress was observed in the summer season as revealed by significantly higher MDA while lower serum antioxidant enzyme (TAC, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT) contents. Moreover, serum cortisol was also significantly higher in summer and autumn. The levels of growth hormone and ACTH were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in summer and autumn as compared to other seasons. The negative association of THI with physiological and antioxidant parameters was observed while it was positively associated with serum MDA and cortisol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed moderate heat stress in lactating buffaloes in the summer season which calls for attention to avoid economic losses and animal welfare issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Huade Xie
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Asano K, Takamatsu E, Numata H, Nitta M, Ishida M. Effect of climatic factors on urinary cortisol and peripheral blood leukocytes in lambs grazing on a semi-natural grassland in the Hokuriku District of Japan. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13536. [PMID: 33694283 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of climatic factors on stress and immune functions of grazing lambs in summer and autumn in the Hokuriku District of Japan were evaluated by determining urinary cortisol (U-COR) levels and peripheral blood leukocyte populations and comparing those with lambs kept indoors. Two groups of five lambs, consisting of those grazed on a semi-natural grassland (GRL) and those housed indoors in a domestic animal shelter (INL), were maintained at from July to October. The temperature-humidity index at each location was indicative of heat stress during summer; however, the U-COR elevation was not observed in both groups. The elevation was observed in GRL in autumn and was higher than INL in October. Climatic conditions in autumn were characterized by high humidity and a sudden drop in temperature. U-COR was positively correlated with the relative humidity. The GRL was exposed to low-nutrient conditions for a relatively long time. The CD4+ /CD8+ T cell ratio in GRL decreased in October. Subsequently, the total leucocyte, including granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, sharply increased. The responses indicated an immune deficiency caused by immunosuppression because of a low nutrition caused by grazing and high-stress conditions in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Asano
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresouces and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Erina Takamatsu
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresouces and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Hana Numata
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresouces and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Momoyo Nitta
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresouces and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ishida
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Faculty of Bioresouces and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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21
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Chung Y, Lee SH, Lee HK, Lim D, van der Werf J, Lee SH. THI Modulation of Genetic and Non-genetic Variance Components for Carcass Traits in Hanwoo Cattle. Front Genet 2021; 11:576377. [PMID: 33424920 PMCID: PMC7786192 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.576377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of carcass traits in beef cattle are affected by random genetic and non-genetic effects, which both can be modulated by an environmental variable such as Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), a key environmental factor in cattle production. In this study, a multivariate reaction norm model (MRNM) was used to assess if the random genetic and non-genetic (i.e., residual) effects of carcass weight (CW), back fat thickness (BFT), eye muscle area (EMA), and marbling score (MS) were modulated by THI, using 9,318 Hanwoo steers (N = 8,964) and cows (N = 354) that were genotyped on the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip (50K). THI was measured based on the period of 15–45 days before slaughter. Both the correlation and the interaction between THI and random genetic and non-genetic effects were accounted for in the model. In the analyses, it was shown that the genetic effects of EMA and the non-genetic effects of CW and MS were significantly modulated by THI. No significant THI modulation of such effects was found for BFT. These results highlight the relevance of THI changes for the genetic and non-genetic variation of CW, EMA, and MS in Hanwoo beef cattle. Importantly, heritability estimates for CW, EMA, and MS from additive models without considering THI interactions were underestimated. Moreover, the significance of interaction can be biased if not properly accounting for the correlation between THI and genetic and non-genetic effects. Thus, we argue that the estimation of genetic parameters should be based on appropriate models to avoid any potential bias of estimates. Our finding should serve as a basis for future studies aiming at revealing genotype by environment interaction in estimation and genomic prediction of breeding values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Chung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Julius van der Werf
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - S Hong Lee
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Kim DH, Lee YK, Kim SH, Lee KW. The Impact of Temperature and Humidity on the Performance and Physiology of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E56. [PMID: 33396835 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study investigated whether the temperature-humidity index (THI) influences the production parameters and physiology of laying hens. Two environmental conditions combining high temperature with low relative humidity (TLHH75) or vice versa (THHL75), with the same THI value (75), were considered. The same THI value indicated equal thermal stress for laying hens. Neither TLHH75 nor THHL75 affected laying performance, including egg production, egg weight, and egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, plasma biochemical parameters, and stress indicators. Our study suggests that laying hens exposed to the same THI values will receive similar thermal stresses. The results of this study will serve as a scientific basis for management decisions and handling laying hens under thermally challenging conditions. Abstract We investigated the effect of different ambient temperatures and relative humidity (RH) with the same temperature-humidity indices (THI) on laying performance, egg quality, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), corticosterone (CORT) concentration in blood, yolk, and albumen, and plasma biochemical parameters of laying hens. Commercial hens (Hy-Line Brown; n = 120), aged 60 weeks, were allocated to two environmental chambers. Laying hens were subjected to either one of two thermal treatments—26 °C and 70% RH (TLHH75) or 30 °C and 30% RH (THHL75) for 28 days—with the same THI of 75. Neither TLHH75 nor THHL75 affected laying performance, including egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05). Plasma biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were not altered by the environmental treatments (p > 0.05). As for stress indicators, both environmental regimes failed to affect blood H/L ratio and CORT levels in plasma, yolk, and albumen (p > 0.05), although albumen CORT levels were elevated (p < 0.05) in TLHH75 group at day 7. Hence, our study suggests that laying hens performed and responded similarly when exposed to either TLHH75 or THHL75 characterized by the same THI. These results can serve as a scientific basis for management decisions and handling laying hens under thermally challenging conditions.
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Lovarelli D, Tamburini A, Mattachini G, Zucali M, Riva E, Provolo G, Guarino M. Relating Lying Behavior With Climate, Body Condition Score, and Milk Production in Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:565415. [PMID: 33251257 PMCID: PMC7676895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention on animal behavior and welfare has been increasing. Scientific knowledge about the effect of behavior and welfare on animals' production augmented and made clear the need of improving their living conditions. Among the variables to monitor in dairy cattle farming, lying time represents a signal for health and welfare status as well as for milk production. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship among the lying behavior of dairy cows and milk production, body condition score (BCS), weather variables, and the temperature–humidity index (THI) in the barn from a dairy farm located in Northern Italy. One-year data were collected on this farm with sensors that allowed monitoring of the environmental conditions in the barn and the activity of primiparous lactating cows. Principal components analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), generalized linear model select (GLMSelect), and logistic analysis (LA) were carried out to get the relationships among variables. Among the main results, it emerges that the effect of weather parameters is quite restrained, except for THI > 70, which negatively affects the lying time. In addition, the most productive cows are found to lie down more than the less productive ones, and the parameters of milk production, lying time, and BCS are found to be linked by a similar trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lovarelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Tamburini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mattachini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zucali
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Provolo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella Guarino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Dado-Senn B, Ouellet V, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Methods for assessing heat stress in preweaned dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8587-8600. [PMID: 32600767 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although dairy calves are more thermotolerant relative to mature cows, they are still susceptible to heat stress, as demonstrated by elevated physiological responses and reduced feed intake under high ambient temperature and relative humidity. However, indicators of heat stress have not been well-characterized in calves. Herein, we evaluated associations between environmental and thermoregulatory and productive animal-based indicators of heat stress in dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling in a subtropical climate. Holstein calves were exposed to heat stress (HT; shade of barn, n = 24) or continuous cooling (CL; shade of barn plus 2 fans, n = 24) from 2 to 42 d of age. Environmental indices, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, temperature-humidity index (THI), and wind speed, and animal-based indices, including respiration (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal (RT), and skin temperature (ST) were recorded thrice daily (0900, 1300, and 1900 h). Milk replacer (MI) and grain intakes were recorded daily from 15 to 42 d of age. Using segmented regression models, we then estimated THI thresholds for significant changes in physiological responses. We found a strong, positive correlation between animal-based indicators (except for HR, MI, and grain intakes) and ambient temperature and THI, with the highest correlation obtained with ST and THI (r ≥ 0.72). Ambient temperature and ST and ambient temperature or THI and MI were the only correlations that differed between treatments. The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained from regression analyses to model animal-based indicators was substantially improved by the inclusion of environmental indicators, with the greatest improvement achieved with THI. Overall, continuous cooling by fans promoted calf heat loss as CL calves had lower RR, RT, ST, and higher feed intake compared with HT calves. Temperature-humidity index breakpoints could be determined for RT (THI = 67), RR (THI = 65), and MI (THI = 82) in HT calves, and only for RR (THI = 69) in CL calves. Skin temperature variables had no detectable breakpoints in either treatment due to the strong linear relationship to THI. Collectively, our results suggest that ST is appropriate to estimate chronic heat stress and that THI is the best environmental indicator of heat stress in dairy calves raised in a shaded, subtropical environment. At a practical level, calves should be closely monitored when THI reaches 65 to 69 to minimize the risk of heat stress-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - V Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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25
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Díaz RF, Galina CS, Aranda EM, Aceves LA, Sánchez JG, Pablos JL. Effect of temperature - humidity index on the onset of post- partum ovarian activity and reproductive behavior in Bos indicus cows. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20190074. [PMID: 32399065 PMCID: PMC7212737 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of climatic factors on ovarian activity and reproductive behavior (RB) was evaluated in 46 Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of stress and divided in alert, damage and emergency levels. Fat thickness (FAT) was taken during the last trimester of gestation (LTG) to approximately 90d postpartum (PP). At 30d PP animals received a progesterone (P4)-releasing device (CIDR) which was withdrawn 9d later. Ovarian activity was assessed by blood progesterone on days 21, 24, 27, 30, 49, 51, and 54 PP. Animals were divided into three groups, higher, and moderate RB and non-behavior. Sixty percent presented a THI >74 increasing dramatically from June to September up to >78. During LTG, animals lost 27% of their body reserves contrasting to PP where an increase of 2.6% (P=0.002) was observed. The percentages of cyclic and non-cyclic animals were 57 and 43%, respectively (P> 0.05). Seventy-two percent displayed RB and 28% were non-behavior (P<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.307; P = 0.038) between THI and RB, and a positive correlation (r = 0.427; P = 0.003) between the onset of ovarian activity and RB were observed. Differences in THI during the LTG (P<0.01) were observed between cyclic and non-cyclic animals. Non-behavior cows in the LTG had a higher THI (P <0.05). High levels of THI have a negative effect on the resumption of ovarian activity and RB in Bos indicus especially if high THI occurs during the last trimester of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Fernando Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Salvador Galina
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Pablos
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Abstract
Based on ten years of data (2001-10), consisting of 12 673 observations on fortnightly milk yield of buffaloes reared in a dairy farm located in the Northern sub-tropics (29°41'0″N, 76°59'0″E), the present study establishes the relationship between weather conditions and production performance of lactating buffaloes. The critical threshold level of maximum temperature-humidity index (THI) was estimated to be 74, which is higher than that of crossbred cows. The duration of discomfort period for buffaloes begins in mid-March and lasts up to early November. During the aggravated stress condition (THI > 82) prevailing in the region for about 5 months starting from early May, milk productivity declines by more than 1% per unit increase in maximum THI over 82. The maximum temperature and minimum humidity (viz. maximum THI) are the most critical weather parameters causing thermal stress in animals, however, the climatic conditions in the region are such that not only maximum but also minimum THI crosses the critical threshold providing little relief to the animals during the night.
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27
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Benni S, Pastell M, Bonora F, Tassinari P, Torreggiani D. A generalised additive model to characterise dairy cows' responses to heat stress. Animal 2020; 14:418-24. [PMID: 31362794 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731119001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the most critical issues jeopardising animal welfare and productivity during the warm season in dairy cattle farms. The global trend of increase in average and peak temperatures is making the problem more and more serious. Many devices have been introduced in livestock farms to monitor and control temperature-humidity index, as well as animal behaviour and production parameters. The consequent availability of collected databases has increasingly enhanced the research aimed to understand the consequences of heat stress in cattle, in relation to genetic, reproductive, productive and behavioural features. Moreover, these investigations laid the foundations for the development, calibration, validation and test of numerical models quantifying the individual responses to heat stress conditions. In this work, a generalised additive model with mixed effects has been developed to analyse the relationship between milk production, animal behaviour and environmental parameters based on data surveyed in 2016 in an Italian dairy farm. Each cow has been characterised in terms of her response to heat conditions, and the results led to define three classes of susceptibility to heat stress within the herd. These attributes have then been related to the various phenotypic parameters collected by the precision livestock farming devices used in the farm. The study provides a model to understand the effects of heat stress conditions on individual animals in relation to the main parameters describing their rearing conditions; moreover, the results contribute to improve the herd management by lending indications to define targeted treatments according to the cow's characteristics.
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Ouellet V, Bellavance AL, Fournel S, Charbonneau É. Short communication: Summer on-farm environmental condition assessments in Québec tiestall farms and adaptation of temperature-humidity index calculated with local meteorological data. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7503-7508. [PMID: 31155257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-humidity index (THI) calculation following the equation developed by the National Research Council (A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals, 1971) requires ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). Those data are widely and readily available at local meteorological stations. However, studies showed that using average AT and RH retrieved from the closest stations is not appropriate for estimating on-farm conditions. The present objectives were (1) to study summer on-farm environmental conditions, (2) to explore the relationship between summer THI calculated with on-farm data and summer THI calculated with local weather station data, and (3) to verify whether THI calculated with summer meteorological station data could be adapted to better represent summer on-farm conditions. Six tiestall dairy farms located in 2 regions of the province of Québec [Eastern Québec (EQ) and Southwestern Québec (SWQ)] were enrolled in this study. Within-barn conditions were monitored using 3 remote data loggers from August 2016 through August 2017. Two loggers were installed inside at varying distances relative to the ventilation inlet (L1: closest to inlet; L2: farthest from inlet) and a third was installed just outside of the barn (L3). Values retrieved from each logger and the closest local meteorological station were used to calculate daily THI according to the National Research Council formula and were ultimately compared. Our results showed that THI varied within the barn depending on the proximity relative to the inlet because THI measured by L1 was lower than THI measured by L2 in both regions. Moreover, our results showed that in both regions AT measured on-farm was consistently higher than AT measured at the weather station. The opposite was observed with RH, as it was significantly lower on-farm in EQ and numerically lower in SWQ compared with RH extracted from weather stations. Overall, this led to THI being lower by 4.6 and 3.7 units at the weather stations compared with within-barn conditions for EQ and SWQ farms, respectively. Hence, using local meteorological station data to estimate on-farm conditions would lead to an underestimation of heat stress level in dairy cows. Adapting THI calculations by including daily maximum AT and minimum RH retrieved from the local weather station instead of their average counterparts led to a better estimation of within-barn conditions. However, the difference between THI measured on-farm and the adapted THI calculated with weather station data remained significant. Although the adaption made to THI allowed for a closer relation to on-farm conditions, THI calculated with weather station data should only be used to assess heat stress level in dairy cows when heat stress thresholds are adapted for such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - A L Bellavance
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - S Fournel
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Hagiya K, Bamba I, Osawa T, Atagi Y, Takusari N, Itoh F, Yamazaki T. Length of lags in responses of milk yield and somatic cell score on test day to heat stress in Holsteins. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:613-618. [PMID: 30815937 PMCID: PMC6593864 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We used daily records from provincial Japanese weather stations and monthly test-day records of milk production to investigate the length of the lags in the responses of cows' milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS) to heat stress (HS). We also investigated the HS thresholds in milk yield and SCS. Data were a total of 17,245,709 test-day records for milk and SCS in Holstein cows that had calved for the first time between 2000 and 2015, along with weather records from 60 weather stations. Temperature-humidity index (THI) values were estimated by using average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity. Adjusted THI values were calculated by using temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The model contained herd, calving year, month of test day, age group, days in milk, and THI as a fixed effect. THIs for each day from 14 days before the test day until the test day were used to represent the HS effects. The HS occurring 3 days, and between 8 and 10 days, before the test day had the greatest effect on the milk yield and SCS, respectively. The threshold THI values for the HS effect were about 60-65 for both traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hagiya
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ikumi Bamba
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takefumi Osawa
- Data Analysis Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yamato Atagi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumiaki Itoh
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo, Japan
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Nabenishi H, Sugino F, Konaka R, Yamazaki A. Conception rate of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle following embryo transfer in southwestern Japan. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1073-1078. [PMID: 29806228 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify and compare conception rates to embryo transfer (ET) of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle in southwestern Japan. A 10-year retrospective epidemiological survey was conducted. The recipient numbers for Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was 621 and 527, respectively. Conception rates of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle during the study period were 45.4% and 42.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference between both breeds. However, a different trend of conception rate to ET in Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was observed. In Holstein cattle, conception rate in August to October was lower than in the other months and was significantly lower (p < .05) than in April. Particularly, conception rate in October of Holstein cattle was the lowest (31.0%). In Japanese Black cattle, conception rates in December (24.2%) and January (31.3%) were lower than in the other months. Conception rate of Japanese Black cattle declined as the temperature-humidity index (THI) decreased, exhibiting significantly lower levels in the ≤45 THI class than in any other THI class (p < .05). By contrast, in Holstein cattle, no relationship was observed between conception rate and THI on the day of ET. These observations suggest the importance of appropriate management that considers seasonal reactivity in each breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Nabenishi
- Laboratory of Animal Feeding and Management, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sugino
- Domestic Animal Biotechnology Department, Miyazaki Livestock Research Institute, Takaharu, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Rui Konaka
- Domestic Animal Biotechnology Department, Miyazaki Livestock Research Institute, Takaharu, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Atusi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Feeding and Management, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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31
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Fournel S, Ouellet V, Charbonneau É. Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7050037. [PMID: 28468329 PMCID: PMC5447919 DOI: 10.3390/ani7050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The severity of heat stress issues on dairy cows will increase as global warming progresses. Fortunately, major advances in environmental management, including fans, misters, sprinklers, and cooled waterbeds, can attenuate the effects of thermal stress on cow health, production, and reproduction. These cooling systems were, however, tested in subtropical areas and their efficiency in northern regions is uncertain. This article assesses the potential of existing technologies to cool cows in humid continental climates through calculation of heat stress indices. Abstract Heat stress negatively affects the health and performance of dairy cows, resulting in considerable economic losses for the industry. In future years, climate change will exacerbate these losses by making the climate warmer. Physical modification of the environment is considered to be the primary means of reducing adverse effects of hot weather conditions. At present, to reduce stressful heat exposure and to cool cows, dairy farms rely on shade screens and various forms of forced convection and evaporative cooling that may include fans and misters, feed-line sprinklers, and tunnel- or cross-ventilated buildings. However, these systems have been mainly tested in subtropical areas and thus their efficiency in humid continental climates, such as in the province of Québec, Canada, is unclear. Therefore, this study reviewed the available cooling applications and assessed their potential for northern regions. Thermal stress indices such as the temperature-humidity index (THI) were used to evaluate the different cooling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fournel
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Véronique Ouellet
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Édith Charbonneau
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Nguyen TTT, Bowman PJ, Haile-Mariam M, Pryce JE, Hayes BJ. Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2849-2862. [PMID: 27037467 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and humidity levels above a certain threshold decrease milk production in dairy cattle, and genetic variation is associated with the amount of lost production. To enable selection for improved heat tolerance, the aim of this study was to develop genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for heat tolerance in dairy cattle. Heat tolerance was defined as the rate of decline in production under heat stress. We combined herd test-day recording data from 366,835 Holstein and 76,852 Jersey cows with daily temperature and humidity measurements from weather stations closest to the tested herds for test days between 2003 and 2013. We used daily mean values of temperature-humidity index averaged for the day of test and the 4 previous days as the measure of heat stress. Tolerance to heat stress was estimated for each cow using a random regression model with a common threshold of temperature-humidity index=60 for all cows. The slope solutions for cows from this model were used to define the daughter trait deviations of their sires. Genomic best linear unbiased prediction was used to calculate GEBV for heat tolerance for milk, fat, and protein yield. Two reference populations were used, the first consisted of genotyped sires only (2,300 Holstein and 575 Jersey sires), and the other included genotyped sires and cows (2,189 Holstein and 1,188 Jersey cows). The remainder of the genotyped sires were used as a validation set. All animals had genotypes for 632,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms. When using only genotyped sires in the reference set and only the first parity data, the accuracy of GEBV for heat tolerance in relation to changes in milk, fat, and protein yield were 0.48, 0.50, and 0.49 in the Holstein validation sires and 0.44, 0.61, and 0.53 in the Jersey validation sires, respectively. Some slight improvement in the accuracy of prediction was achieved when cows were included in the reference population for Holsteins. No clear improvements in the accuracy of genomic prediction were observed when data from the second and third parities were included. Correlations of GEBV for heat tolerance with Australian Breeding Values for other traits suggested heat tolerance had a favorable genetic correlation with fertility (0.29-0.39 in Holsteins and 0.15-0.27 in Jerseys), but unfavorable correlations for some production traits. Options to improve heat tolerance with genomic selection in Australian dairy cattle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T T Nguyen
- BioSciences Research Division, Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Phil J Bowman
- BioSciences Research Division, Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Mekonnen Haile-Mariam
- BioSciences Research Division, Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie E Pryce
- BioSciences Research Division, Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Hayes
- BioSciences Research Division, Department of Economic Developments, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Agribio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Ferreira FC, Gennari RS, Dahl GE, De Vries A. Economic feasibility of cooling dry cows across the United States. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9931-9941. [PMID: 27743663 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress during the dry period reduces milk yield in the subsequent lactation of dairy cows. Our objectives were to quantify the economic losses due to heat stress if dry cows are not cooled and to evaluate the economic feasibility of dry cow cooling. We used weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to calculate the number of heat stress days for each of the 50 US states. A heat stress day was declared when the daily average temperature-humidity index was ≥68. The number of dairy cows in each state in 2015 was obtained from the USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service. We assumed that 15% of the cows were dry at any time, a 60-d dry period, and a calving interval of 400d. Only cows in their second or greater parity (65%) benefitted from cooling during the dry period of the previous parity. Milk yield decreased by 5kg in the subsequent lactation (340d) if the cow experienced heat stress during the dry period based on a review of the literature. The default marginal value of milk minus feed cost was $0.33/kg of milk. The investment analysis included purchases of fans and soakers and use of water and electricity. Investment in a dry cow barn was considered separately. The average US dairy cow would experience 96 (26%) heat stress days during the year if not cooled and loses 447kg of milk in the subsequent lactation if not cooled when dry. Annual losses would be $810 million if dry cows were not cooled ($87/cow per yr). For the top 3 milk-producing states (California, Wisconsin, New York), and Florida and Texas, the average milk losses in the subsequent lactation were 522, 349, 387, 1,197, and 904kg, and reduced profit per cow per year would be $101, $68, $75, $233, and $176, respectively. The average benefit-cost ratio and payback periods of cooling dry cows in the United States were 3.15 and 0.27 yr (dry cow barn already present) and 1.45 and 5.68 yr (if investing in a dry cow barn) in the default scenario. To reach positive net present values, 6d (barn is present) and 55d (barn investment necessary) of heat stress annually were necessary (default assumptions). Other benefits of cooling, such as increased health and more productive offspring, were not considered. In conclusion, cooling of dry cows was profitable for 89% of the cows in the United States when building a new barn is required (under default assumptions) and very profitable when construction of a dry cow barn is not required (except for Alaska).
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Ferreira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; EMBRAPA Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil 36038-330
| | - R S Gennari
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Mayengbam P, Tolenkhomba TC, Upadhyay RC. Expression of heat-shock protein 72 mRNA in relation to heart rate variability of Sahiwal and Karan-Fries in different temperature-humidity indices. Vet World 2016; 9:1051-1055. [PMID: 27847412 PMCID: PMC5104711 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1051-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) on the expression pattern of heat-shock protein 72 (HSP72) mRNA of Sahiwal and Karan-Fries (KF) cattle in different THIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five different periods of a year were selected based on combinations of Tmax/Tmin, viz., P1: <20°C/<10°C; P2: >20°C/<10°C, P3: <30°C/<15°C; P4: >35°C/<20°C, and P5: >35°C/>20°C. The THI was calculated from the records of temperature and relative humidity in different periods. Heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated from electrocardiogram records in different periods. HSP72 mRNA expression was estimated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The THI recorded during P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 were 55.5, 60.3, 70.1, 74.5, and 79.0, respectively. THI in P4 and P5 were stressful to animals. HSP72 mRNA expression increased during cold stress in P1 in Sahiwal and heat stress in P4 and P5 in both Sahiwal and KF. Sahiwal maintained increased HSP72 mRNA expression longer than KF without causing a significant change in HRV. CONCLUSION Both low THI in winter and high THI in summer increased HSP72 mRNA of Sahiwal and KF without significant change in HRV. Thermotolerance of Sahiwal could be due to the maintenance of higher HSP72 expression longer than KF in prolonged heat stress in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prava Mayengbam
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, ICAR, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - T C Tolenkhomba
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, ICAR, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - R C Upadhyay
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, ICAR, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
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Seerapu SR, Kancharana AR, Chappidi VS, Bandi ER. Effect of microclimate alteration on milk production and composition in Murrah buffaloes. Vet World 2015; 8:1444-52. [PMID: 27047058 PMCID: PMC4774824 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1444-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of microclimate alteration on temperature-humidity index (THI), milk yield, and milk composition of Murrah buffaloes during summer for a period of 90-day from March to May-2014 at Buffalo Research Station, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected having similar body weight, parity, and milk yield. They were divided into four groups of 10 each. Three groups of buffaloes were provided with microclimate alteration using supplemental cooling like foggers, fans and foggers plus fans, and the fourth group (control) was without any cooling system. The daily THI was measured using dry and wet bulb thermometer. The physiological responses viz. rectal temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate were measured by a clinical thermometer, measuring the flank movements a minute and observing the pulsation of the middle coccygeal artery at the base of tail with the help of finger. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition viz., fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), total solids (TS), specific gravity. Results: In the present study, significant (p<0.001) decrease in the average THI values were observed in experimental Murrah buffalo houses of GroupII (foggers), GroupIII (fans), and GroupIV (foggers and fans) compared to GroupI (control). Significant (p<0.001) decrease in average rectal temperature (°F), respiration rate (breaths/min) and pulse rate (beats/min) values were recorded in Murrah buffaloes of Groups II, III and IV compared to Group I. Significant (p<0.001) increase in the average milk yield (kg/day) was recorded in Murrah buffaloes of Groups II, III, and IV compared with Group I. Significant (p<0.001) increase in the average milk fat, SNF, and TS percent were recorded in Murrah buffalo Groups of II, III, and IV compared with Group I. Conclusion: Microclimate alteration by the provision of foggers and air circulators in the buffalo houses increased feed intake in buffaloes resulting increased milk production, fat and SNF yield which was due to decreased heat stress in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Reddy Seerapu
- Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ananda Rao Kancharana
- Buffalo Research Station VR Gudem, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkata Seshaiah Chappidi
- Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswara Rao Bandi
- Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Karimi MT, Ghorbani GR, Kargar S, Drackley JK. Late-gestation heat stress abatement on performance and behavior of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6865-75. [PMID: 26233442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate cooling to lessen the effects of heat stress during the last 3 wk of gestation on performance and behavior of multiparous Holstein cows. Twenty nonlactating cows were randomly assigned to treatments approximately 21 d before their expected calving date based on mature equivalent milk production and parity. Treatments were only imposed during the last 3 wk of gestation and included heat stress (HT; n=10) and cooling (CL; n=10), both under a similar photoperiod (14 h of light and 10 h of dark). Dry cows were housed in a sand-bedded stall with the stall areas for CL cows equipped with sprinklers and fans that were on from 0700 to 1900 h, whereas those for the HT cows were not. After parturition, all cows were housed in a barn with cooling devices. Rectal temperatures were measured daily at 1400 h and respiration rates were recorded by counting the flank movements for 1 min at 1500 h on odd days over the last 3 wk of gestation to calving. Daily dry matter intake was measured from -21 d relative to expected calving to 21 d after calving and milk production was recorded daily up to 180 d in milk. Behavioral changes of dry cows were studied continuously for 24 h at -10 d relative to expected calving. The average temperature-humidity index during the last 3 wk of gestation was 69.7 and was not significantly different between treatments. Heat-stressed cows exhibited greater rectal temperatures (39.5 vs. 39.2°C), greater respiration rates (70.4 vs. 63.3 breaths/min), and decreased dry matter intake (13.7 vs. 15.5 kg/d) compared with CL cows. Compared with HT cows, CL cows produced more milk during 180 d in milk (40.5 vs. 44.6 kg/d). Heat stress decreased ruminating (243.2 vs. 282.5 min/d) and chewing times (390.6 vs. 448.7 min/d) at -10 d before calving. The CL cows had shorter standing times than their HT counterparts (390.4 vs. 474.0 min/d). These results confirm that heat stress abatement in the late gestation period improves performance of dairy cows in subsequent lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Karimi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - S Kargar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Hammami H, Vandenplas J, Vanrobays ML, Rekik B, Bastin C, Gengler N. Genetic analysis of heat stress effects on yield traits, udder health, and fatty acids of Walloon Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4956-68. [PMID: 25958288 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic parameters that considered tolerance for heat stress were estimated for production, udder health, and milk composition traits. Data included 202,733 test-day records for milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein percentages, somatic cell score (SCS), 10 individual milk fatty acids (FA) predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry, and 7 FA groups. Data were from 34,468 first-lactation Holstein cows in 862 herds in the Walloon region of Belgium and were collected between 2007 and 2010. Test-day records were merged with daily temperature-humidity index (THI) values based on meteorological records from public weather stations. The maximum distance between each farm and its corresponding weather station was 21km. Linear reaction norm models were used to estimate the intercept and slope responses of 23 traits to increasing THI values. Most yield and FA traits had phenotypic and genetic declines as THI increased, whereas SCS, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, and 4 FA groups (unsaturated FA, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and long-chain FA) increased with THI. Moreover, the latter traits had the largest slope-to-intercept genetic variance ratios, which indicate that they are more affected by heat stress at high THI levels. Estimates of genetic correlations within trait between cold and hot environments were generally high (>0.80). However, lower estimates (<=0.67) were found for SCS, fat yield, and C18:1 cis-9, indicating that animals with the highest genetic merit for those traits in cold environments do not necessarily have the highest genetic merit for the same traits in hot environments. Among all traits, C18:1 cis-9 was the most sensitive to heat stress. As this trait is known to reflect body reserve mobilization, using its variations under hot conditions could be a very affordable milk biomarker of heat stress for dairy cattle expressing the equilibrium between intake and mobilization under warm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hammami
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J Vandenplas
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M-L Vanrobays
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - B Rekik
- School of Higher Education in Agricultural of Mateur, TN-7030 Mateur, Tunisia
| | - C Bastin
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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