Pre-Clinical Development of an Adenovirus Vector Based RSV and Shingles Vaccine Candidate

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and shingles are two viral diseases that affect older adults, and a combined vaccine to protect against both could be beneficial. RSV infection causes hospitalisations and significant morbidity in both children and adults and can be fatal in the elderly. The RSV fusion (F) envelope glycoprotein induces a strong RSV-neutralising antibody response and is the target of protective immunity in the first RSV vaccine for older adults, recently approved by the FDA. An initial childhood infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in chickenpox disease, but reactivation in older adults can cause shingles. This reactivation in sensory and autonomic neurons is characterized by a skin-blistering rash that can be accompanied by prolonged pain. The approved protein-in-adjuvant shingles vaccine induces VZV glycoprotein E (gE)-fspecific antibody and CD4+ T cell responses and is highly effective. Here we report the evaluation of RSV/shingles combination vaccine candidates based on non-replicating chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) vectors. We confirmed the cellular and humoral immunogenicity of the vaccine vectors in mice using T cell and antibody assays. We also carried out an RSV challenge study in cotton rats which demonstrated protective efficacy following a homologous prime-boost regimen with our preferred vaccine candidate.

Development of an Integrated Continuous Manufacturing Process for the rVSV-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Candidate Vaccine

The administration of viral vectored vaccines remains one of the most effective ways to respond to the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, pre-existing immunity to the viral vector hinders its potency, resulting in a limited choice of viral vectors. Moreover, the basic batch mode of manufacturing vectored vaccines does not allow one to cost-effectively meet the global demand for billions of doses per year. To date, the exposure of humans to VSV infection has been limited. Therefore, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV), which expresses the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, was selected as the vector. To determine the operating upstream process conditions for the most effective production of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine, a set of critical process parameters was evaluated in an Ambr 250 modular system, whereas in the downstream process, a streamlined process that included DNase treatment, clarification, and a membrane-based anion exchange chromatography was developed. The design of the experiment was performed with the aim to obtain the optimal conditions for the chromatography step. Additionally, a continuous mode manufacturing process integrating upstream and downstream steps was evaluated. rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 was continuously harvested from the perfusion bioreactor and purified by membrane chromatography in three columns that were operated sequentially under a counter-current mode. Compared with the batch mode, the continuous mode of operation had a 2.55-fold increase in space-time yield and a reduction in the processing time by half. The integrated continuous manufacturing process provides a reference for the efficient production of other viral vectored vaccines.

Fighting Fire with Fire: Immunogenicity of Viral Vectored Vaccines against COVID-19

The persistent expansion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires the rapid development of safe and effective countermeasures to reduce transmission, morbidity, and mortality. Several highly efficacious vaccines are actively being deployed around the globe to expedite mass vaccination and control of COVID-19. Notably, viral vectored vaccines (VVVs) are among the first to be approved for global distribution and use. In this review, we examine the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses elicited by viral vectors, and the immune correlates of protection against COVID-19 in preclinical and clinical studies. We also discuss the durability and breadth of immune response induced by VVVs and boosters. Finally, we present challenges associated with VVVs and offer solutions for overcoming certain limitations of current vaccine regimens. Collectively, this review provides the rationale for expanding the portfolio of VVVs against SARS-CoV-2.

Vaccine Technologies and Platforms for Infectious Diseases: Current Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Vaccination is a key component of public health policy with demonstrated cost-effective benefits in protecting both human and animal populations. Vaccines can be manufactured under multiple forms including, inactivated (killed), toxoid, live attenuated, Virus-like Particles, synthetic peptide, polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugate (glycoconjugate), viral vectored (vector-based), nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) and bacterial vector/synthetic antigen presenting cells. Several processes are used in the manufacturing of vaccines and recent developments in medical/biomedical engineering, biology, immunology, and vaccinology have led to the emergence of innovative nucleic acid vaccines, a novel category added to conventional and subunit vaccines. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in vaccine technologies and platforms focusing on their mechanisms of action, advantages, and possible drawbacks.

Development of a Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Vectored Vaccine against Turkey Arthritis Reovirus and Its Immunological Response Characterization in Vaccinated Animals

Vaccination may be an effective way to reduce turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV)-induced lameness in turkey flocks. However, there are currently no commercial vaccines available against TARV infection. Here, we describe the use of reverse genetics technology to generate a recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV) that expresses the Sigma C and/or Sigma B proteins of TARV as antigens. Nine recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccines were developed carrying the wild-type S1 (Sigma C) and/or S3 (Sigma B) genes from three different TARV strains. In addition, three recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccines were produced carrying codon-optimized S1 and/or S3 genes of a TARV strain. The S1 and S3 genes and antigens were found to be expressed in virus-infected cells via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique, respectively. Turkey poults inoculated with the recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccine expressing the bivalent TARV S1 and S3 antigens developed high anti-TARV antibody titers, indicating the immunogenicity (and safety) of this vaccine. Future in vivo challenge studies using a turkey reovirus infection model will determine the optimum dose and protective efficacy of this recombinant virus-vectored candidate vaccine.

5T4 oncofoetal glycoprotein: an old target for a novel prostate cancer immunotherapy

The tumour-associated antigen 5T4 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. However to date, reported 5T4-specific cellular immune responses induced by various immunisation platforms have been largely weak or non-existent. In the present study, we have evaluated a heterologous prime boost regime based on the simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing 5T4 for immunogenicity and tumour protective efficacy in a mouse cancer model. Vaccination-induced immune responses were strong, durable and attributable primarily to CD8+ T cells. By comparison, homologous MVA vaccination regimen did not induce detectable 5T4-specific T cell responses. ChAdOx1-MVA vaccinated mice were completely protected against subsequent B16 melanoma challenge, but in therapeutic settings this regime was only modestly effective in delaying tumour outgrowth. Concomitant delivery of the vaccine with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoint regulators LAG-3, PD-1 or PD-L1 demonstrated that the combination of vaccine with anti PD-1 mAb could significantly delay tumour growth and increase overall survival of tumour-bearing mice. Our findings support a translation of the combinatorial approach based on the heterologous ChAdOx1-MVA vaccination platform with immune checkpoint blockade into the clinic for the treatment of 5T4-positive tumours such as prostate, renal, colorectal, gastric, ovarian, lung cancer and mesothelioma.