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Luo L, Zhang L, Huang H, Guan J, Zhang X, Lin Y, Wu R. 3.0 T multi-parametric MRI reveals metabolic and microstructural abnormalities in the posterior visual pathways in patients with thyroid eye disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1306364. [PMID: 38274503 PMCID: PMC10809795 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1306364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aim to explore the microstructural and metabolic changes in visual pathways in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) using 3T multi-parametric MRI. Methods Thirty-four TED patients (inactive group = 20; active group = 14; acute group = 18; chronic group = 16) and 12 healthy controls (HC) were recruited from November 2020 to July 2021. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) were performed on 3.0T MR scanner. Data analysis and group comparisons were performed after MR data processing. Results As compare to HC group, the levels of total choline (tCh) in optic radiation (OR) in active group ([1.404 ± 0.560] vs. [1.022 ± 0.260]; p < 0.05), together with tCh ([1.415 ± 0.507] vs. [1.022 ± 0.260]; p < 0.05) in OR in acute group were significantly increased. Glutamine (Gln) levels were higher in OR in the chronic group than those in HCs and were positively correlated with the levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and FT4 in chronic group. Glutamate (Glu) levels by 1H-MRS did not show significant differences between any two groups. Interestingly, MTRasym (3.0 ppm) was higher in OL in inactive group, active group, acute group and chronic group than those in HCs, and was positively correlated with Glu levels in OL in 1H-MRS. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values from DKI in OR in acute group were significantly lower than those in HCs. Discussion Our initial study demonstrate that GluCEST performs better than 1H-MRS to monitor Glu alterations in visual pathway in TED patients. Changes of brain glutamine levels in TED patients are closely related to their associated hormones alterations, indicating that disease injury status could be reflected through non-invasive metabolites detection by brain 1H-MRS. FA is the most sensitive DKI index to reveal the visual pathway impairment in TED patients. Altogether, our study revealed that 3T multiparametric MR techniques are useful to demonstrate metabolic and microstructural alterations in visual pathways in TED patients. We found that damage to visual pathways occurs in mild TED cases, which not only offers a new approach to the diagnosis of dysthyroid optic neuropathy, but also demonstrates neuropathy in TED is a gradual and continuous spatio-emporal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Radiology Department, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liling Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huaidong Huang
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Radiology Department, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
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Jordan N, Emanuelle R. Hands off, brain off? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging data during active and passive driving. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3272. [PMID: 37828722 PMCID: PMC10726911 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Car driving is more and more automated, to such an extent that driving without active steering control is becoming a reality. Although active driving requires the use of visual information to guide actions (i.e., steering the vehicle), passive driving only requires looking at the driving scene without any need to act (i.e., the human is passively driven). MATERIALS & METHODS After a careful search of the scientific literature, 11 different studies, providing 17 contrasts, were used to run a comprehensive meta-analysis contrasting active driving with passive driving. RESULTS Two brain regions were recruited more consistently for active driving compared to passive driving, the left precentral gyrus (BA3 and BA4) and the left postcentral gyrus (BA4 and BA3/40), whereas a set of brain regions was recruited more consistently in passive driving compared to active driving: the left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), the right anterior lobe and the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the right sub-lobar thalamus, the right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10), the right inferior occipital gyrus (BA17/18/19), the right inferior temporal gyrus (BA37), and the left cuneus (BA17). DISCUSSION From a theoretical perspective, these findings support the idea that the output requirement of the visual scanning process engaged for the same activity can trigger different cerebral pathways, associated with different cognitive processes. A dorsal stream dominance was found during active driving, whereas a ventral stream dominance was obtained during passive driving. From a practical perspective, and contrary to the dominant position in the Human Factors community, our findings support the idea that a transition from passive to active driving would remain challenging as passive and active driving engage distinct neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarro Jordan
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082)Université de LyonBron Cedex, LyonFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Reynaud Emanuelle
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082)Université de LyonBron Cedex, LyonFrance
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Pedersini CA, Miller NP, Gandhi TK, Gilad-Gutnick S, Mahajan V, Sinha P, Rokers B. White matter plasticity following cataract surgery in congenitally blind patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207025120. [PMID: 37126677 PMCID: PMC10175850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207025120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual system develops abnormally when visual input is absent or degraded during a critical period early in life. Restoration of the visual input later in life is generally thought to have limited benefit because the visual system will lack sufficient plasticity to adapt to and utilize the information from the eyes. Recent evidence, however, shows that congenitally blind adolescents can recover both low-level and higher-level visual function following surgery. In this study, we assessed behavioral performance in both a visual acuity and a face perception task alongside longitudinal structural white matter changes in terms of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). We studied congenitally blind patients with dense bilateral cataracts, who received cataract surgery at different stages of adolescence. Our goal was to differentiate between age- and surgery-related changes in both behavioral performance and structural measures to identify neural correlates which might contribute to recovery of visual function. We observed surgery-related long-term increases of structural integrity of late-visual pathways connecting the occipital regions with ipsilateral fronto-parieto-temporal regions or homotopic contralateral areas. Comparison to a group of age-matched healthy participants indicated that these improvements went beyond the expected changes in FA and MD based on maturation alone. Finally, we found that the extent of behavioral improvement in face perception was mediated by changes in structural integrity in late visual pathways. Our results suggest that sufficient plasticity remains in adolescence to partially overcome abnormal visual development and help localize the sites of neural change underlying sight recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina A Pedersini
- Psychology, Division of Science, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Tapan K Gandhi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sharon Gilad-Gutnick
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Vidur Mahajan
- Mahajan Imaging Center, Defence Colony, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pawan Sinha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bas Rokers
- Psychology, Division of Science, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Soyuhos O, Baldauf D. Functional connectivity fingerprints of the frontal eye field and inferior frontal junction suggest spatial versus nonspatial processing in the prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1114-1140. [PMID: 36789470 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the frontal eye field (FEF) and inferior frontal junction (IFJ) govern the encoding of spatial and nonspatial (such as feature- or object-based) representations, respectively, both during visual attention and working memory tasks. However, it is still unclear whether such contrasting functional segregation is also reflected in their underlying functional connectivity patterns. Here, we hypothesized that FEF has predominant functional coupling with spatiotopically organized regions in the dorsal ('where') visual stream whereas IFJ has predominant functional connectivity with the ventral ('what') visual stream. We applied seed-based functional connectivity analyses to temporally high-resolving resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings. We parcellated the brain according to the multimodal Glasser atlas and tested, for various frequency bands, whether the spontaneous activity of each parcel in the ventral and dorsal visual pathway has predominant functional connectivity with FEF or IFJ. The results show that FEF has a robust power correlation with the dorsal visual pathway in beta and gamma bands. In contrast, anterior IFJ (IFJa) has a strong power coupling with the ventral visual stream in delta, beta and gamma oscillations. Moreover, while FEF is phase-coupled with the superior parietal lobe in the beta band, IFJa is phase-coupled with the middle and inferior temporal cortex in delta and gamma oscillations. We argue that these intrinsic connectivity fingerprints are congruent with each brain region's function. Therefore, we conclude that FEF and IFJ have dissociable connectivity patterns that fit their respective functional roles in spatial versus nonspatial top-down attention and working memory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Soyuhos
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel Baldauf
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Wang H, Dey O, Lagos WN, Callaway EM. Diversity in spatial frequency, temporal frequency, and speed tuning across mouse visual cortical areas and layers. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3226-3247. [PMID: 36070574 PMCID: PMC9588602 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mouse visual system consists of several visual cortical areas thought to be specialized for different visual features and/or tasks. Previous studies have revealed differences between primary visual cortex (V1) and other higher visual areas, namely, anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM), and their tuning preferences for spatial and temporal frequency. However, these differences have primarily been characterized using methods that are biased toward superficial layers of cortex, such as two-photon calcium imaging. Fewer studies have investigated cell types in deeper layers of these areas and their tuning preferences. Because superficial versus deep-layer neurons and different types of deep-layer neurons are known to have different feedforward and feedback inputs and outputs, comparing the tuning preferences of these groups is important for understanding cortical visual information processing. In this study, we used extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging targeted toward two different layer 5 cell classes to characterize their tuning properties in V1, AL, and PM. We find that deep-layer neurons, similar to superficial layer neurons, are also specialized for different spatial and temporal frequencies, with the strongest differences between AL and V1, and AL and PM, but not V1 and PM. However, we note that the deep-layer neuron populations preferred a larger range of SFs and TFs compared to previous studies. We also find that extratelencephalically projecting layer 5 neurons are more direction selective than intratelencephalically projecting layer 5 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wang
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oyshi Dey
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Willian N. Lagos
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pidnebesna A, Sanda P, Kalina A, Hammer J, Marusic P, Vlcek K, Hlinka J. Tackling the challenges of group network inference from intracranial EEG data. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1061867. [PMID: 36532288 PMCID: PMC9752888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1061867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracranial EEG (iEEG) data is a powerful way to map brain function, characterized by high temporal and spatial resolution, allowing the study of interactions among neuronal populations that orchestrate cognitive processing. However, the statistical inference and analysis of brain networks using iEEG data faces many challenges related to its sparse brain coverage, and its inhomogeneity across patients. METHODS We review these challenges and develop a methodological pipeline for estimation of network structure not obtainable from any single patient, illustrated on the inference of the interaction among visual streams using a dataset of 27 human iEEG recordings from a visual experiment employing visual scene stimuli. 100 ms sliding window and multiple band-pass filtered signals are used to provide temporal and spectral resolution. For the connectivity analysis we showcase two connectivity measures reflecting different types of interaction between regions of interest (ROI): Phase Locking Value as a symmetric measure of synchrony, and Directed Transfer Function-asymmetric measure describing causal interaction. For each two channels, initial uncorrected significance testing at p < 0.05 for every time-frequency point is carried out by comparison of the data-derived connectivity to a baseline surrogate-based null distribution, providing a binary time-frequency connectivity map. For each ROI pair, a connectivity density map is obtained by averaging across all pairs of channels spanning them, effectively agglomerating data across relevant channels and subjects. Finally, the difference of the mean map value after and before the stimulation is compared to the same statistic in surrogate data to assess link significance. RESULTS The analysis confirmed the function of the parieto-medial temporal pathway, mediating visuospatial information between dorsal and ventral visual streams during visual scene analysis. Moreover, we observed the anterior hippocampal connectivity with more posterior areas in the medial temporal lobe, and found the reciprocal information flow between early processing areas and medial place area. DISCUSSION To summarize, we developed an approach for estimating network connectivity, dealing with the challenge of sparse individual coverage of intracranial EEG electrodes. Its application provided new insights into the interaction between the dorsal and ventral visual streams, one of the iconic dualities in human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pidnebesna
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Sanda
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Adam Kalina
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Hammer
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Marusic
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kamil Vlcek
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
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Ouchi H, Ishiguro H, Shibano K, Hara K, Sugawara M, Enomoto K, Miyata H. Primary degeneration of oculomotor, motor, and somatosensory systems and auditory and visual pathways in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7: A clinicopathological study in a Japanese autopsy case. Neuropathology 2022; 43:164-175. [PMID: 36168676 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia associated with retinal degeneration. The disease is rare in Japan, and this is the first full description of clinicopathological findings in a Japanese autopsy case of genetically confirmed SCA7 having 49 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats in the ataxin 7 gene. A 34-year-old Japanese man with no family history of clinically apparent neurodegenerative diseases presented with gait disturbance, gradually followed by truncal instability with progressive visual loss by the age of 42 years. He became wheelchair-dependent by 51 years old, neurologically exhibiting cerebellar ataxia, slow eye movement, slurred and scanning speech, lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, action-related slowly torsional dystonic movements in the trunk and limbs, diminished vibratory sensation in the lower limbs, auditory impairment, and macular degeneration. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed atrophy of the brainstem and cerebellum. He died of pneumonia at age 60 with a 26-year clinical duration of disease. Postmortem neuropathological examination revealed pronounced atrophy of the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, external globus pallidus (GP), and subthalamic nucleus, microscopically showing neuronal cell loss and fibrillary astrogliosis with polyglutamine-immunoreactive neuronal nuclei and/or neuronal nuclear inclusions (NNIs). Degeneration was also accentuated in the oculomotor system, auditory and visual pathways, upper and lower motor neurons, and somatosensory system, including the spinal dorsal root ganglia. There was a weak negative correlation between the frequency of nuclear polyglutamine-positive neurons and the extent of neuronal cell loss. Clinicopathological features in the present case suggest that neurological symptoms, such as oculomotor, auditory, visual, and sensory impairments, are attributable to degeneration in their respective projection systems affected by SCA7 pathomechanisms and that dystonic movement is related to more significant degeneration in the external than internal GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Ouchi
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Onoba Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken Shibano
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenju Hara
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhiko Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita Cerebrospinal and Cardiovascular Center, Akita, Japan
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Poh EZ, Green C, Agostinelli L, Penrose-Menz M, Karl AK, Harvey AR, Rodger J. Manipulating the Level of Sensorimotor Stimulation during LI-rTMS Can Improve Visual Circuit Reorganisation in Adult Ephrin-A2A5 -/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052418. [PMID: 35269561 PMCID: PMC8910719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has the potential to treat a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The extent of rTMS-induced neuroplasticity may be dependent on a subject's brain state at the time of stimulation. Chronic low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) has previously been shown to induce beneficial structural and functional reorganisation within the abnormal visual circuits of ephrin-A2A5-/- mice in ambient lighting. Here, we administered chronic LI-rTMS in adult ephrin-A2A5-/- mice either in a dark environment or concurrently with voluntary locomotion. One day after the last stimulation session, optokinetic responses were assessed and fluorescent tracers were injected to map corticotectal and geniculocortical projections. We found that LI-rTMS in either treatment condition refined the geniculocortical map. Corticotectal projections were improved in locomotion+LI-rTMS subjects, but not in dark + LI-rTMS and sham groups. Visuomotor behaviour was not improved in any condition. Our results suggest that the beneficial reorganisation of abnormal visual circuits by rTMS can be significantly influenced by simultaneous, ambient visual input and is enhanced by concomitant physical exercise. Furthermore, the observed pathway-specific effects suggest that regional molecular changes and/or the relative proximity of terminals to the induced electric fields influence the outcomes of LI-rTMS on abnormal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Z. Poh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (E.Z.P.); (M.P.-M.); (A.-K.K.)
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.G.); (L.A.); (A.R.H.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney Green
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.G.); (L.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Luca Agostinelli
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.G.); (L.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Marissa Penrose-Menz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (E.Z.P.); (M.P.-M.); (A.-K.K.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Karl
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (E.Z.P.); (M.P.-M.); (A.-K.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.G.); (L.A.); (A.R.H.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (E.Z.P.); (M.P.-M.); (A.-K.K.)
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-2245
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Ziccardi L, Cioffi E, Barbano L, Gioiosa V, Falsini B, Casali C, Parisi V. Macular Morpho-Functional and Visual Pathways Functional Assessment in Patients with Spinocerebellar Type 1 Ataxia with or without Neurological Signs. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5271. [PMID: 34830553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-ATXN1) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease, caused by CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-1 gene (ATXN1). In isolated reports of patients with neurological signs [symptomatic patients (SP)], macular abnormalities have been described. However, no reports exist about macular anomalies in SCA1 subjects carrying the ATXN1 mutation without neurological signs [not symptomatic carriers (NSC)]. Therefore, the main aim of our work was to evaluate whether the macular functional and morphological abnormalities could be detectable in SP, genetically confirmed and with neurological signs, as well as in SCA-ATXN1-NSC, harboring pathogenic CAG expansion in ATXN1. In addition, we investigated whether the macular involvement could be associated or not to an impairment of RGCs and of their fibers and of the neural conduction along the visual pathways. Herein, nine SCA-ATXN1 subjects (6 SP and 3 NSC) underwent the following examinations: visual acuity and chromatic test assessments, fundus oculi (FO) examination, macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL-T) analysis by Spectral domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (Sd-OCT) acquisition, multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), pattern reversal electroretinogram (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) recordings. In four eyes of two SP, visual acuity reduction and chromatic abnormalities were observed; in three of them FO changes associated with macular thinning and outer retinal defects were also detected. In three NSC eyes, slight FO abnormalities were associated with qualitative macular morphological changes. By contrast, abnormal mfERG responses (exclusively from foveal and parafoveal areas) were detected in all SP and NSC (18 eyes). No abnormalities of PERG values, RNFL-T, and VEP responses were found, but in one SP, presenting abnormal papillo-macular bundle neural conduction. Results from our SCA-ATXN1 cohort suggest that a macular dysfunction, detectable by mfERG recordings, may occur in the overt disorder, and unexpectedly in the stage of the disease in which there is still an absence of neurological signs. In NSC, an exclusive dysfunction of preganglionic macular elements can be observed, and this is associated with both normal RGCs function and neural conduction along the visual pathways.
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Paz-Filgueira C, Tan M, Elliott S, Cao D. Dynamics of Visual Adaptation With Simultaneous Stimulation of Two Visual Pathways. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:719499. [PMID: 34497489 PMCID: PMC8419739 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.719499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates’ retinal ganglion cells in different visual pathways have been shown to adapt independently (Current Biology 22 (2012) 220–224). However, the manner in which adaptation occurs under simultaneous stimulation of two visual pathways has not yet been explored. In this study, the dynamics of color afterimages were measured while stimulating one or two visual pathway using a time-varying afterimage paradigm. The dynamics of adaptation was approximately equivalent among the three primary visual pathways, but adaptation was slower for simultaneous stimulation of two visual pathways compared to the stimulation of one visual pathway. In addition, we found that the speed of adaptation also depends upon which two pathways are combined. We developed a two-stage adaptation model, both with the same dynamics, to account for the results with simultaneous stimulation of two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Paz-Filgueira
- Visual Perception Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Tan
- Visual Perception Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Elliott
- Peppermill Resort Spa Casino, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Visual Perception Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Parisi V, Ziccardi L, Tanga L, Roberti G, Barbano L, Carnevale C, Manni G, Oddone F. Neural Conduction Along Postretinal Visual Pathways in Glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:697425. [PMID: 34408643 PMCID: PMC8365149 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.697425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted in order to evaluate retinal ganglion cell (RCG) function and the neural conduction along the postretinal large and small axons and its correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL-T) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) eyes. Methods: Thirty-seven OAG patients (mean age: 51.68 ± 9.83 years) with 24-2 Humphrey mean deviation (MD) between -2.5 and -20 dB and IOP <21 mmHg on pharmacological treatment (OAG group) and 20 age-matched controls (control group) were enrolled. In both groups, simultaneous pattern electroretinograms (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP), in response to checks stimulating macular or extramacular areas (the check edge subtended 15' and 60' of visual arc, respectively), and RNFL-T (measured in superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants) were assessed. Results: In the OAG group, a significant (ANOVA, p < 0.01) reduction of 60' and 15' PERG P50-N95 and VEP N75-P100 amplitudes and of RNFL-T [overall (average of all quadrants) or temporal] with respect to controls was found; the values of 60' and 15' PERG P50 and VEP P100 implicit times and of retinocortical time (RCT; difference between VEP P100 and PERG P50 implicit times) were significantly (p < 0.01) increased with respect to control ones. The observed increased RCTs were significantly linearly correlated (Pearson's test, p < 0.01) with the reduced PERG amplitude and MD values, whereas no significant linear correlation (p < 0.01) with RNFL-T (overall or temporal) values was detected. Conclusions: In OAG, there is an impaired postretinal neural conduction along both large and small axons (increased 60' and 15' RCTs) that is related to RGC dysfunction, but independent from the RNFL morphology. This implies that, in OAG, the impairment of postretinal neural structures can be electrophysiologically identified and may contribute to the visual field defects, as suggested by the linear correlation between the increase of RCT and MD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Manni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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12
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Roberts JW, Gerber N, Wakefield CJ, Simmonds PJ. Dissociating the Influence of Perceptual Biases and Contextual Artifacts Within Target Configurations During the Planning and Control of Visually Guided Action. Motor Control 2021; 25:349-68. [PMID: 33811190 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The failure of perceptual illusions to elicit corresponding biases within movement supports the view of two visual pathways separately contributing to perception and action. However, several alternative findings may contest this overarching framework. The present study aimed to examine the influence of perceptual illusions within the planning and control of aiming. To achieve this, we manipulated and measured the planning/control phases by respectively perturbing the target illusion (relative size-contrast illusion; Ebbinghaus/Titchener circles) following movement onset and detecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the movement trajectory. The perceptual bias that was indicated by the perceived target size estimates failed to correspondingly manifest within the effective target size. While movement time (specifically, time after peak velocity) was affected by the target configuration, this outcome was not consistent with the direction of the perceptual illusions. These findings advocate an influence of the surrounding contextual information (e.g., annuli) on movement control that is independent of the direction predicted by the illusion.
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13
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Kölsch Y, Hahn J, Sappington A, Stemmer M, Fernandes AM, Helmbrecht TO, Lele S, Butrus S, Laurell E, Arnold-Ammer I, Shekhar K, Sanes JR, Baier H. Molecular classification of zebrafish retinal ganglion cells links genes to cell types to behavior. Neuron 2021; 109:645-662.e9. [PMID: 33357413 PMCID: PMC7897282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) form an array of feature detectors, which convey visual information to central brain regions. Characterizing RGC diversity is required to understand the logic of the underlying functional segregation. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we systematically classified RGCs in adult and larval zebrafish, thereby identifying marker genes for >30 mature types and several developmental intermediates. We used this dataset to engineer transgenic driver lines, enabling specific experimental access to a subset of RGC types. Expression of one or few transcription factors often predicts dendrite morphologies and axonal projections to specific tectal layers and extratectal targets. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that molecularly defined RGCs exhibit specific functional tuning. Finally, chemogenetic ablation of eomesa+ RGCs, which comprise melanopsin-expressing types with projections to a small subset of central targets, selectively impaired phototaxis. Together, our study establishes a framework for systematically studying the functional architecture of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kölsch
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joshua Hahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Sappington
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Manuel Stemmer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - António M Fernandes
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas O Helmbrecht
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shriya Lele
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Salwan Butrus
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eva Laurell
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Irene Arnold-Ammer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, Center for Computational Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Herwig Baier
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes - Circuits - Behavior, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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14
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Maldonado IL, Destrieux C, Ribas EC, Siqueira de Abreu Brito Guimarães B, Cruz PP, Duffau H. Composition and organization of the sagittal stratum in the human brain: a fiber dissection study. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:1214-1222. [PMID: 33418529 DOI: 10.3171/2020.7.jns192846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sagittal stratum is divided into two layers. In classic descriptions, the stratum sagittale internum corresponds to optic radiations (RADs), whereas the stratum sagittale externum corresponds to fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Although advanced for the time it was proposed, this schematic organization seems simplistic considering the recent progress on the understanding of cerebral connectivity and needs to be updated. Therefore, the authors sought to investigate the composition of the sagittal stratum and to detail the anatomical relationships among the macroscopic fasciculi. METHODS The authors performed a layer-by-layer fiber dissection from the superolateral aspect to the ventricular cavity in 20 cadaveric human hemispheres. RESULTS Diverse bundles of white matter were observed to contribute to the sagittal stratum and their spatial arrangement was highly consistent from one individual to another. This was the case of the middle longitudinal fasciculus, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the RADs, and other posterior thalamic radiations directed to nonvisual areas of the cerebral cortex. In addition, small contributions to the sagittal stratum came from the anterior commissure anteriorly and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus inferiorly. CONCLUSIONS A general model of sagittal stratum organization in layers is possible, but the composition of the external layer is much more complex than is mentioned in classic descriptions. A small contribution of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus is the main difference between the present results and the classic descriptions in which this bundle was considered to entirely correspond to the stratum sagittale externum. This subject has important implications both for fundamental research and neurosurgery, as well as for the development of surgical approaches for the cerebral parenchyma and ventricular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lima Maldonado
- 1UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,2CHRU de Tours, France.,3Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Destrieux
- 1UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,2CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Eduardo Carvalhal Ribas
- 4Department of Neurology, Discipline of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pontes Cruz
- 6Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hugues Duffau
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France; and.,8INSERM-1051, Team 4, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, France
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15
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Tai CY, Chin AL, Chiang AS. Comprehensive map of visual projection neurons for processing ultraviolet information in the Drosophila brain. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1988-2013. [PMID: 33174208 PMCID: PMC8049075 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain perceives visual information and controls behavior depending on its underlying neural circuits. How UV information is represented and processed in the brain remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, UV light is detected by the R7 photoreceptor that projects exclusively into the medulla layer 6 (M6 ). Herein, we imaged 28,768 single neurons and identified 238 visual projection neurons linking M6 to the central brain. Based on morphology and connectivity, these visual projection neurons were systematically classified into 94 cell types belonging to 12 families. Three tracts connected M6 in each optic lobe to the central brain: One dorsal tract linking to the ipsilateral lateral anterior optic tubercle (L-AOTU) and two medial tracts linking to the ipsilateral ventral medial protocerebrum (VMP) and the contralateral VMP. The M6 information was primarily represented in the L-AOTU. Each L-AOTU consisted of four columns that each contained three glomeruli. Each L-AOTU glomerulus received inputs from M6 subdomains and gave outputs to a glomerulus within the ellipsoid body dendritic region, suggesting specific processing of spatial information through the dorsal pathway. Furthermore, the middle columns of the L-AOTUs of both hemispheres were connected via the intertubercle tract, suggesting information integration between the two eyes. In contrast, an ascending neuron linked each VMP to all glomeruli in the bulb and the L-AOTU, bilaterally, suggesting general processing of information through the ventral pathway. Altogether, these diverse morphologies of the visual projection neurons suggested multi-dimensional processing of UV information through parallel and bilateral circuits in the Drosophila brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yi Tai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - An-Lun Chin
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Ataídes FG, Silva SFBR, Baldin JJCMDC. Radiation-Induced Optic Neuropathy: Literature Review. Neuroophthalmology 2020; 45:172-180. [PMID: 34194124 PMCID: PMC8210865 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2020.1817946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is a rare disease caused by exposure of the optic nerves to radiation during radiotherapy procedures for head and neck tumours. The purpose of this study was to review and summarise the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, pathphysiology characteristics, diagnosis, and management of RION. Its occurrence is associated with cumulative doses of radiation above 50 Gy, presence of multi-morbidities and the presence of concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It manifests with acute, painless, and monocular loss of vision, and these symptoms appear late after the radiation exposure. The diagnosis of the disease occurs by exclusion and, mainly, by the clinical analysis of the case associated with the time of radiation exposure. Treatment does not seem promising and there is not an effective cure. In this review, we mainly focus on compiling existing information on the topic and providing knowledge for early diagnosis and more efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Gomes Ataídes
- Biological Science and Health Centre, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
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17
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Li J, Guo B, Cui L, Huang H, Meng M. Dissociated modulations of multivoxel activation patterns in the ventral and dorsal visual pathways by the temporal dynamics of stimuli. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01673. [PMID: 32496013 PMCID: PMC7375111 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies suggested temporal limitations of visual object identification in the ventral pathway. Moreover, multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) of fMRI activation have shown reliable encoding of various object categories including faces and tools in the ventral pathway. By contrast, the dorsal pathway is involved in reaching a target and grasping a tool, and quicker in processing the temporal dynamics of stimulus change. However, little is known about how activation patterns in both pathways may change according to the temporal dynamics of stimulus change. METHODS Here, we measured fMRI responses of two consecutive stimuli with varying interstimulus intervals (ISIs), and we compared how the two visual pathways respond to the dynamics of stimuli by using MVPA and information-based searchlight mapping. RESULTS We found that the temporal dynamics of stimuli modulate responses of the two visual pathways in opposite directions. Specifically, slower temporal dynamics (longer ISIs) led to greater activity and better MVPA results in the ventral pathway. However, faster temporal dynamics (shorter ISIs) led to greater activity and better MVPA results in the dorsal pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first to show how temporal dynamics of stimulus change modulated multivoxel fMRI activation pattern change. And such temporal dynamic response function in different ROIs along the two visual pathways may shed lights on understanding functional relationship and organization of these ROIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- School of PsychologySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bingbing Guo
- School of PsychologySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lin Cui
- School of PsychologySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hong Huang
- School of PsychologySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Meng
- School of PsychologySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of BrainCognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
- Center for Studies of Psychological ApplicationSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
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18
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Dotto PDF, Berezovsky A, Sacai PY, Rocha DM, Fernandes AG, Salomão SR. Visual function assessed by visually evoked potentials in adults with orbital and other primary intracranial tumors. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:1351-1360. [PMID: 32468859 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120925643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess visual function by visually evoked potentials in adults with orbital and other primary brain tumors affecting the optic pathway. METHODS In this retrospective case-control series, patients with orbital (intraconal and extraconal) or midline/chiasmatic tumors were included. Visually evoked potentials using pattern-reversal visually evoked potential and flash visually evoked potential stimuli were performed according to the international standards. Outcome measures were visually evoked potential parameters of amplitude (µV) and peak times (ms) measured both for the P100 component (pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials) and the N2P2 complex (flash visually evoked potential). Individual results were also compared with gender-based normative values. RESULTS A group of 21 adult patients (17 females) and age- and sex-matched controls were evaluated. Tumor location was intraconal (6 meningiomas, 3 hemangiomas, 1 glioma), extraconal (6 meningiomas), and midline (3 pituitary adenomas, 2 hypothalamic/chiasmatic low-grade gliomas). Abnormal fundus (76%), abnormal pupillary reflexes (71%), reduced visual acuity (62%), strabismus (48%), and proptosis (38%) were present. Visually evoked potential abnormalities were found in at least one eye of all cases. Affected eyes had significantly reduced amplitudes and prolonged peak times for pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (p < .001) and significantly reduced amplitudes for flash visually evoked potential (p < .001). In unilateral orbital tumors, abnormally prolonged pattern-reversal visually evoked potential peak times were also detected in some contralateral eyes (n = 6/16). CONCLUSION Visually evoked potential abnormalities were found in all adult patients with orbital and other intracranial primary tumors, even in eyes with normal exam and good visual acuity. Visually evoked potential can be used as a non-invasive ancillary test to characterize and monitor visual function in subjects with these neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Freitas Dotto
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adriana Berezovsky
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paula Yuri Sacai
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniel Martins Rocha
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Arthur Gustavo Fernandes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Solange Rios Salomão
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
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19
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Abstract
It is well-documented that patients with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit specific deficits in visual cognition. A less well-documented literature also exists that suggests people with HD experience a number of disease-related changes to more rudimentary sensory visual processing. Here, we review evidence for the effects of HD on the integrity of the early visual pathways in humans along with changes to low-level visual sensitivity. We find evidence for reduced structural and functional integrity of the visual pathways, marked by retinal thinning, reduced VEP amplitude, and cell loss and thinning in visual cortex. We also find evidence of visual perceptual deficits, particularly for colour and motion. We suggest that future studies with well-defined HD and HD-related groups in appropriate numbers that systematically examine the relationship between structural changes to the visual system, basic visual perceptual deficits and disease stage/severity are therefore likely to yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dhalla
- School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susil Pallikadavath
- School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Claire V Hutchinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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20
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Abstract
In 1994 Vivien Casagrande published a review paper in which she summarized evidence for a koniocellular pathway to visual cortex. Here we try to explain how that review moved the field forward, and summarize some key unanswered questions about koniocellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Martin
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, WC1P 0AH, England
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21
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Abstract
After been exposed to the visual input, in the first year of life, the brain experiences subtle but massive changes apparently crucial for communicative/emotional and social human development. Its lack could be the explanation of the very high prevalence of autism in children with total congenital blindness. The present theory postulates that the superior colliculus is the key structure for such changes for several reasons: it dominates visual behavior during the first months of life; it is ready at birth for complex visual tasks; it has a significant influence on several hemispheric regions; it is the main brain hub that permanently integrates visual and non-visual, external and internal information (bottom-up and top-down respectively); and it owns the enigmatic ability to take non-conscious decisions about where to focus attention. It is also a sentinel that triggers the subcortical mechanisms which drive social motivation to follow faces from birth and to react automatically to emotional stimuli. Through indirect connections it also activates simultaneously several cortical structures necessary to develop social cognition and to accomplish the multiattentional task required for conscious social interaction in real life settings. Genetic or non-genetic prenatal or early postnatal factors could disrupt the SC functions resulting in autism. The timing of postnatal biological disruption matches the timing of clinical autism manifestations. Astonishing coincidences between etiologies, clinical manifestations, cognitive and pathogenic autism theories on one side and SC functions on the other are disclosed in this review. Although the visual system dependent of the SC is usually considered as accessory of the LGN canonical pathway, its imprinting gives the brain a qualitatively specific functions not supplied by any other brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Jure
- Centro Privado de Neurología y Neuropsicología Infanto Juvenil WERNICKE, Córdoba, Argentina
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22
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Mutlu U, Ikram MK, Roshchupkin GV, Bonnemaijer PWM, Colijn JM, Vingerling JR, Niessen WJ, Ikram MA, Klaver CCW, Vernooij MW. Thinner retinal layers are associated with changes in the visual pathway: A population-based study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4290-4301. [PMID: 29935103 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), assessed on optical coherence tomography (OCT), are reflecting global brain atrophy. Yet, little is known on the relation of these layers with specific brain regions. Using voxel-based analysis, we aimed to unravel specific brain regions associated with these retinal layers. We included 2,235 persons (mean age: 67.3 years, 55% women) from the Rotterdam Study (2007-2012) who had gradable retinal OCT images and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, including diffusion tensor (DT) imaging. Thicknesses of peripapillary RNFL and perimacular GCL were measured using an automated segmentation algorithm. Voxel-based morphometry protocols were applied to process DT-MRI data. We investigated the association between retinal layer thickness with voxel-wise gray matter density and white matter microstructure by performing linear regression models. We found that thinner RNFL and GCL were associated with lower gray matter density in the visual cortex, and with lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity in white matter tracts that are part of the optic radiation. Furthermore, thinner GCL was associated with lower gray matter density of the thalamus. Thinner RNFL and GCL are associated with gray and white matter changes in the visual pathway suggesting that retinal thinning on OCT may be specifically associated with changes in the visual pathway rather than with changes in the global brain. These findings may serve as a basis for understanding visual symptoms in elderly patients, patients with Alzheimer's disease, or patients with posterior cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Mutlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad K Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter W M Bonnemaijer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Baldwin MKL, Krubitzer L. Architectonic characteristics of the visual thalamus and superior colliculus in titi monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1760-1776. [PMID: 29658111 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Titi monkeys are arboreal, diurnal New World monkeys whose ancestors were the first surviving branch of the New World radiation. In the current study, we use cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical characteristics to compare titi monkey subcortical structures associated with visual processing with those of other well-studied primates. Our goal was to appreciate features that are similar across all New World monkeys, and primates in general, versus those features that are unique to titi monkeys and other primate taxa. We examined tissue stained for Nissl substance, cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin (Cb), parvalbumin (Pv), and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) to characterize the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual pulvinar. This is the first study to characterize VGLUT2 in multiple subcortical structures of any New World monkey. Our results from tissue processed for VGLUT2, in combination with other histological stains, revealed distinct features of subcortical structures that are similar to other primates, but also some features that are slightly modified compared to other New World monkeys and other primates. These included subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar, sublamina within the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus, and specific koniocellular layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Compared to other New World primates, many features of the subcortical structures that we examined in titi monkeys were most similar to those in owl monkeys and marmosets, with the lateral geniculate nucleus consisting of two main parvocellular layers and two magnocellular layers separated by interlaminar zones or koniocellular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, California
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, California
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Hagio H, Sato M, Yamamoto N. An ascending visual pathway to the dorsal telencephalon through the optic tectum and nucleus prethalamicus in the yellowfin goby Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845). J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1733-1746. [PMID: 29638003 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dual visual pathways reaching the telencephalon appear to be an ancient vertebrate trait, but some teleost fish seem to possess only one pathway via the optic tectum. We undertook the present study to determine if and when this loss occurred during evolution. Tracer injection experiments to the optic nerve, the optic tectum, and the dorsal telencephalon were performed in the present study, to investigate ascending visual pathways to the dorsal telencephalon in an acanthopterygian teleost, the yellowfin goby Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845). We confirmed the presence of a nucleus prethalamicus (PTh) in the goby, which has been convincingly identified only in holocentrids, suggesting that this nucleus is present in other acanthopterygians. We found that the optic tectum projects to the PTh bilaterally. The PTh projects in turn to the dorsal telencephalon, ipsilaterally. These results suggest that the yellowfin goby possesses only an extrageniculate-like pathway, while a geniculate-like pathway could not be identified. This situation is common with that of holocentrids and may be a character common in acanthopterygians. It is possible that a geniculate-like system was lost in the common ancestor of acanthopterygians, although the scenario for the evolution of ascending visual systems in actinopterygians remains uncertain due to the lack of precise knowledge in a number of actinopterygian taxons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Hagio
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Moe Sato
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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25
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Rider AT, Henning GB, Eskew RT Jr, Stockman A. Harmonics added to a flickering light can upset the balance between ON and OFF pathways to produce illusory colors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4081-90. [PMID: 29632212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717356115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By varying the temporal waveforms of complex flickering stimuli, we can produce alterations in their mean color that can be predicted by a physiologically based model of visual processing. The model highlights the perceptual effects of a well-known feature of most visual pathways, namely the early separation of visual signals into increments and decrements. The role of this separation in improving the efficiency and sensitivity of the visual system has been discussed before, but its effect on perception has been neglected. The application of a model incorporating half-wave rectification offers an exciting psychophysical method for investigating the inner workings of the human visual system. The neural signals generated by the light-sensitive photoreceptors in the human eye are substantially processed and recoded in the retina before being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. A key aspect of this recoding is the splitting of the signals within the two major cone-driven visual pathways into distinct ON and OFF branches that transmit information about increases and decreases in the neural signal around its mean level. While this separation is clearly important physiologically, its effect on perception is unclear. We have developed a model of the ON and OFF pathways in early color processing. Using this model as a guide, we can produce imbalances in the ON and OFF pathways by changing the shapes of time-varying stimulus waveforms and thus make reliable and predictable alterations to the perceived average color of the stimulus—although the physical mean of the waveforms does not change. The key components in the model are the early half-wave rectifying synapses that split retinal photoreceptor outputs into the ON and OFF pathways and later sigmoidal nonlinearities in each pathway. The ability to systematically vary the waveforms to change a perceptual quality by changing the balance of signals between the ON and OFF visual pathways provides a powerful psychophysical tool for disentangling and investigating the neural workings of human vision.
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Abstract
Recordings of local field potential (LFP) in the visual cortex can show rhythmic activity at gamma frequencies (30-100 Hz). While the gamma rhythms in the primary visual cortex have been well studied, the structural and functional characteristics of gamma rhythms in extrastriate visual cortex are less clear. Here, we studied the spatial distribution and functional specificity of gamma rhythms in extrastriate middle temporal (MT) area of visual cortex in marmoset monkeys. We found that moving gratings induced narrowband gamma rhythms across cortical layers that were coherent across much of area MT. Moving dot fields instead induced a broadband increase in LFP in middle and upper layers, with weaker narrowband gamma rhythms in deeper layers. The stimulus dependence of LFP response in middle and upper layers of area MT appears to reflect the presence (gratings) or absence (dot fields and other textures) of strongly oriented contours. Our results suggest that gamma rhythms in these layers are propagated from earlier visual cortex, while those in the deeper layers may emerge in area MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina S Solomon
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John W Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1P 0AH, UK
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27
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Toosy A. Commentary on retrograde trans-synaptic visual pathway degeneration in MS: A case series. Mult Scler 2017; 23:1039-1040. [PMID: 28385089 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517702552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Pietersen ANJ, Cheong SK, Munn B, Gong P, Martin PR, Solomon SG. Relationship between cortical state and spiking activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus of marmosets. J Physiol 2017; 595:4475-4492. [PMID: 28116750 DOI: 10.1113/jp273569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS How parallel are the primate visual pathways? In the present study, we demonstrate that parallel visual pathways in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) show distinct patterns of interaction with rhythmic activity in the primary visual cortex (V1). In the V1 of anaesthetized marmosets, the EEG frequency spectrum undergoes transient changes that are characterized by fluctuations in delta-band EEG power. We show that, on multisecond timescales, spiking activity in an evolutionary primitive (koniocellular) LGN pathway is specifically linked to these slow EEG spectrum changes. By contrast, on subsecond (delta frequency) timescales, cortical oscillations can entrain spiking activity throughout the entire LGN. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in waking animals, the koniocellular pathway selectively participates in brain circuits controlling vigilance and attention. ABSTRACT The major afferent cortical pathway in the visual system passes through the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), where nerve signals originating in the eye can first interact with brain circuits regulating visual processing, vigilance and attention. In the present study, we investigated how ongoing and visually driven activity in magnocellular (M), parvocellular (P) and koniocellular (K) layers of the LGN are related to cortical state. We recorded extracellular spiking activity in the LGN simultaneously with local field potentials (LFP) in primary visual cortex, in sufentanil-anaesthetized marmoset monkeys. We found that asynchronous cortical states (marked by low power in delta-band LFPs) are linked to high spike rates in K cells (but not P cells or M cells), on multisecond timescales. Cortical asynchrony precedes the increases in K cell spike rates by 1-3 s, implying causality. At subsecond timescales, the spiking activity in many cells of all (M, P and K) classes is phase-locked to delta waves in the cortical LFP, and more cells are phase-locked during synchronous cortical states than during asynchronous cortical states. The switch from low-to-high spike rates in K cells does not degrade their visual signalling capacity. By contrast, during asynchronous cortical states, the fidelity of visual signals transmitted by K cells is improved, probably because K cell responses become less rectified. Overall, the data show that slow fluctuations in cortical state are selectively linked to K pathway spiking activity, whereas delta-frequency cortical oscillations entrain spiking activity throughout the entire LGN, in anaesthetized marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N J Pietersen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, Sydney, Australia
| | - Soon Keen Cheong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brandon Munn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pulin Gong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuel G Solomon
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK
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Lu Z, Li X, Meng M. Encodings of implied motion for animate and inanimate object categories in the two visual pathways. Neuroimage 2015; 125:668-680. [PMID: 26505302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has proposed two separate pathways for visual processing: the dorsal pathway for "where" information vs. the ventral pathway for "what" information. Interestingly, the middle temporal cortex (MT) in the dorsal pathway is involved in representing implied motion from still pictures, suggesting an interaction between motion and object related processing. However, the relationship between how the brain encodes implied motion and how the brain encodes object/scene categories is unclear. To address this question, fMRI was used to measure activity along the two pathways corresponding to different animate and inanimate categories of still pictures with different levels of implied motion speed. In the visual areas of both pathways, activity induced by pictures of humans and animals was hardly modulated by the implied motion speed. By contrast, activity in these areas correlated with the implied motion speed for pictures of inanimate objects and scenes. The interaction between implied motion speed and stimuli category was significant, suggesting different encoding mechanisms of implied motion for animate-inanimate distinction. Further multivariate pattern analysis of activity in the dorsal pathway revealed significant effects of stimulus category that are comparable to the ventral pathway. Moreover, still pictures of inanimate objects/scenes with higher implied motion speed evoked activation patterns that were difficult to differentiate from those evoked by pictures of humans and animals, indicating a functional role of implied motion in the representation of object categories. These results provide novel evidence to support integrated encoding of motion and object categories, suggesting a rethink of the relationship between the two visual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueting Li
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Meng
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Gori S, Seitz AR, Ronconi L, Franceschini S, Facoetti A. Multiple Causal Links Between Magnocellular-Dorsal Pathway Deficit and Developmental Dyslexia. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4356-4369. [PMID: 26400914 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although impaired auditory-phonological processing is the most popular explanation of developmental dyslexia (DD), the literature shows that the combination of several causes rather than a single factor contributes to DD. Functioning of the visual magnocellular-dorsal (MD) pathway, which plays a key role in motion perception, is a much debated, but heavily suspected factor contributing to DD. Here, we employ a comprehensive approach that incorporates all the accepted methods required to test the relationship between the MD pathway dysfunction and DD. The results of 4 experiments show that (1) Motion perception is impaired in children with dyslexia in comparison both with age-match and with reading-level controls; (2) pre-reading visual motion perception-independently from auditory-phonological skill-predicts future reading development, and (3) targeted MD trainings-not involving any auditory-phonological stimulation-leads to improved reading skill in children and adults with DD. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a causal relationship between MD deficits and DD, virtually closing a 30-year long debate. Since MD dysfunction can be diagnosed much earlier than reading and language disorders, our findings pave the way for low resource-intensive, early prevention programs that could drastically reduce the incidence of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo 24129, Italy Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Luca Ronconi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sandro Franceschini
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
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Coubard OA. Editorial: Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:47. [PMID: 26321930 PMCID: PMC4534782 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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Sayeur MS, Vannasing P, Tremblay E, Lepore F, McKerral M, Lassonde M, Gallagher A. Visual Development and Neuropsychological Profile in Preterm Children from 6 Months to School Age. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1159-73. [PMID: 25414236 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814555188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this semilongitudinal study was to investigate the development of central visual pathways in children born preterm but without major neurologic impairments and to establish their cognitive and behavioral profile at school age. Ten children born preterm were assessed at 6 months and at school age, using visual evoked potentials at both time points and cognitive and behavioral tests at school age. We also tested 10 age-matched children born full-term. At 6 months' corrected age, we found no significant differences between preterm and full-term groups for either amplitude or latency of N1 and P1 components. At school age, the preterm group manifested significantly higher N1 amplitudes and tended to show higher P1 amplitudes than the full-term group. We found no significant differences in cognitive and behavioral measures at school age. These results suggest that preterm birth affects visual pathways development, yet the children born preterm did not manifest cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Sue Sayeur
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emmanuel Tremblay
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franco Lepore
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michelle McKerral
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryse Lassonde
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Gallagher
- Research Centre in Neuropsychology and Cognition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mundell NA, Beier KT, Pan YA, Lapan SW, Göz Aytürk D, Berezovskii VK, Wark AR, Drokhlyansky E, Bielecki J, Born RT, Schier AF, Cepko CL. Vesicular stomatitis virus enables gene transfer and transsynaptic tracing in a wide range of organisms. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1639-63. [PMID: 25688551 PMCID: PMC4458151 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current limitations in technology have prevented an extensive analysis of the connections among neurons, particularly within nonmammalian organisms. We developed a transsynaptic viral tracer originally for use in mice, and then tested its utility in a broader range of organisms. By engineering the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to encode a fluorophore and either the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV‐G) or its own glycoprotein (VSV‐G), we created viruses that can transsynaptically label neuronal circuits in either the retrograde or anterograde direction, respectively. The vectors were investigated for their utility as polysynaptic tracers of chicken and zebrafish visual pathways. They showed patterns of connectivity consistent with previously characterized visual system connections, and revealed several potentially novel connections. Further, these vectors were shown to infect neurons in several other vertebrates, including Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, axolotls, and Xenopus. They were also shown to infect two invertebrates, Drosophila melanogaster, and the box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, a species previously intractable for gene transfer, although no clear evidence of transsynaptic spread was observed in these species. These vectors provide a starting point for transsynaptic tracing in most vertebrates, and are also excellent candidates for gene transfer in organisms that have been refractory to other methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1639–1663, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Mundell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 01238
| | - Sylvain W Lapan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Didem Göz Aytürk
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | | | - Abigail R Wark
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Jan Bielecki
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
| | - Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 01238
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Spering M, Carrasco M. Acting without seeing: eye movements reveal visual processing without awareness. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:247-58. [PMID: 25765322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visual perception and eye movements are considered to be tightly linked. Diverse fields, ranging from developmental psychology to computer science, utilize eye tracking to measure visual perception. However, this prevailing view has been challenged by recent behavioral studies. Here, we review converging evidence revealing dissociations between the contents of perceptual awareness and different types of eye movement. Such dissociations reveal situations in which eye movements are sensitive to particular visual features that fail to modulate perceptual reports. We also discuss neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and clinical studies supporting the role of subcortical pathways for visual processing without awareness. Our review links awareness to perceptual-eye movement dissociations and furthers our understanding of the brain pathways underlying vision and movement with and without awareness.
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35
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Coubard OA, Urbanski M, Bourlon C, Gaumet M. Educating the blind brain: a panorama of neural bases of vision and of training programs in organic neurovisual deficits. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:89. [PMID: 25538575 PMCID: PMC4256986 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision is a complex function, which is achieved by movements of the eyes to properly foveate targets at any location in 3D space and to continuously refresh neural information in the different visual pathways. The visual system involves five main routes originating in the retinas but varying in their destination within the brain: the occipital cortex, but also the superior colliculus (SC), the pretectum, the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract and terminal dorsal, medial and lateral nuclei. Visual pathway architecture obeys systematization in sagittal and transversal planes so that visual information from left/right and upper/lower hemi-retinas, corresponding respectively to right/left and lower/upper visual fields, is processed ipsilaterally and ipsialtitudinally to hemi-retinas in left/right hemispheres and upper/lower fibers. Organic neurovisual deficits may occur at any level of this circuitry from the optic nerve to subcortical and cortical destinations, resulting in low or high-level visual deficits. In this didactic review article, we provide a panorama of the neural bases of eye movements and visual systems, and of related neurovisual deficits. Additionally, we briefly review the different schools of rehabilitation of organic neurovisual deficits, and show that whatever the emphasis is put on action or perception, benefits may be observed at both motor and perceptual levels. Given the extent of its neural bases in the brain, vision in its motor and perceptual aspects is also a useful tool to assess and modulate central nervous system (CNS) in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier A Coubard
- The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-Fed Paris, France ; Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242 CNRS-Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Marika Urbanski
- Service de Médecine et de Réadaptation Gériatrique et Neurologique, Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice Saint-Maurice, France ; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 75, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 Paris, France
| | - Clémence Bourlon
- Service de Médecine et de Réadaptation, Clinique Les Trois Soleils Boissise-le-Roi, France
| | - Marie Gaumet
- The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-Fed Paris, France
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Lennartsson F, Nilsson M, Flodmark O, Jacobson L. Damage to the immature optic radiation causes severe reduction of the retinal nerve fiber layer, resulting in predictable visual field defects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:8278-88. [PMID: 25377222 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to seek evidence of a relationship between damage to the optic radiation (OR) in the immature brain and subsequent development of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and associated visual manifestations. METHODS Seven cases (2 males and 5 females ranging in age from 18 to 35 years old) were selected from a large cohort of individuals with known white matter damage of immaturity (WMDI), who had presented with visual dysfunction. They underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted MRI. Visual function was evaluated by best-corrected visual acuity and visual field (VF) testing using Goldmann perimetry and Humphrey field analyzer (HFA). RNFL thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS A homogeneous lesion pattern with bilateral WMDI predominantly in the superior posterior periventricular white matter was seen in all subjects. However, as shown by white matter fiber tractography, only cases with injuries to the superior portion of the OR had corresponding inferior VF defects. In the individuals showing structural abnormalities in the OR, a commensurate reduction in the peripapillary RNFL was seen. The RNFL loss was most pronounced in the subjects suffering from the more extensive lesions, and it followed the pattern of OR damage in the sense that damage in the superior portion of the OR gave a reduced RNFL thickness in the superior part of the peripapillary RNFL. CONCLUSIONS Primary injuries in the immature OR are associated with reduced RNFL thickness, and examination of the RNFL may be a helpful predictor of VF defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Lennartsson
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Unit of Optometry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Flodmark
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Raz N, Levin N. Cortical and white matter mapping in the visual system-more than meets the eye: on the importance of functional imaging to understand visual system pathologies. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:68. [PMID: 25221482 PMCID: PMC4145715 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Information transmission within the visual system is highly organized with the ultimate goal of accomplishing higher-order, complex visuo-spatial and object identity processing. Perception is dependent on the intactness of the entire system and damage at each stage—in the eye itself, the visual pathways, or within cortical processing—might result in perception disturbance. Herein we will review several examples of lesions along the visual system, from the retina, via the optic nerve and chiasm and through the occipital cortex. We will address their clinical manifestation and their cortical substrate. The latter will be studied via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), enabling cortical, and white matter mapping of the human brain. In contrast to traditional signal recording, these procedures enable simultaneous evaluation of the entire brain network engaged when subjects undertake a particular task or evaluate the entirety of associated white matter pathways. These examples provided will highlight the importance of using advanced imaging methods to better understand visual pathologies. We will argue that clinical manifestation cannot always be explained solely by structural damage and a functional view is required to understand the clinical symptom. In such cases we recommend using advanced imaging methods to better understand the neurological basis of visual phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Raz
- fMRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem, Israelm
| | - Netta Levin
- fMRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem, Israelm
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Lee VK, Nau AC, Laymon C, Chan KC, Rosario BL, Fisher C. Successful tactile based visual sensory substitution use functions independently of visual pathway integrity. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 24860473 PMCID: PMC4026734 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuronal reorganization after blindness is of critical interest because it has implications for the rational prescription of artificial vision devices. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the microstructural differences between perinatally blind (PB), acquired blind (AB), and normally sighted controls (SCs) and relate these differences to performance on functional tasks using a sensory substitution device (BrainPort). METHODS We enrolled 52 subjects (PB n = 11; AB n = 35; SC n = 6). All subjects spent 15 h undergoing BrainPort device training. Outcomes of light perception, motion, direction, temporal resolution, grating, and acuity were tested at baseline and after training. Twenty-six of the subjects were scanned with a three Tesla MRI scanner for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and with a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner for mapping regional brain glucose consumption during sensory substitution function. Non-parametric models were used to analyze fractional anisotropy (FA; a DTI measure of microstructural integrity) of the brain via region-of-interest (ROI) analysis and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). RESULTS At baseline, all subjects performed all tasks at chance level. After training, light perception, time resolution, location and grating acuity tasks improved significantly for all subject groups. ROI and TBSS analyses of FA maps show areas of statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.025) in the bilateral optic radiations and some visual association connections between all three groups. No relationship was found between FA and functional performance with the BrainPort. DISCUSSION All subjects showed performance improvements using the BrainPort irrespective of nature and duration of blindness. Definite brain areas with significant microstructural integrity changes exist among PB, AB, and NC, and these variations are most pronounced in the visual pathways. However, the use of sensory substitution devices is feasible irrespective of microstructural integrity of the primary visual pathways between the eye and the brain. Therefore, tongue based devices devices may be usable for a broad array of non-sighted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent K Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Nau
- Sensory Substitution Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles Laymon
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bedda L Rosario
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chris Fisher
- Sensory Substitution Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
We investigated the interdependence of activity within the luminance (L + M) and opponent chromatic (L - M and S - [L + M]) postreceptoral mechanisms in mid-level and high-level vision. Mid-level processes extract contours and perform figure-background organization whereas high-level processes depend on additional semantic input, such as object knowledge. We collected mid-level (good/poor continuation) and high-level (object/nonobject) two-alternative forced-choice discrimination threshold data over a range of conditions that isolate mechanisms or simultaneously stimulate them. The L - M mechanism drove discrimination in the presence of very low luminance inputs. Contrast-dependent interactions between the luminance and L - M as well as combined L - M and S - (L + M) inputs were also found, but S - (L + M) signals, on their own, did not interact with luminance. Mean mid-level and high-level thresholds were related, with luminance providing inputs capable of sustaining performance over a broader, linearly corresponding range of contrasts when compared to L - M signals. The observed interactions are likely to be driven by L - M signals and relatively low luminance signals (approximately 0.05-0.09 L + M contrast) facilitating each other. The results are consistent with previous findings on low-level interactions between chromatic and luminance signals and demonstrate that functional interdependence between the geniculate mechanisms extends to the highest stages of the visual hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Jennings
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
Although object perception is typically associated with the parvocellular (P) pathway, a form of fast "gist" object perception may be due to activity in the magnocellular (M) pathway (Kveraga et al., 2007). Because the M-pathway is typically associated with action, we hypothesized that manipulations of action would influence speeded object perception. In three experiments, participants indicated whether the objects shown in low and high spatial frequency (HSF) images were larger or smaller than a prototypical shoebox. In Experiment 1, participants used a proximal (hands on monitor) or distal (hands on keyboard) hand posture in separate blocks. In Experiment 2, only the proximal hand posture was used, but the hands were either action oriented with palms in (palms toward the stimuli) or non-action oriented with palms out (palms away from the stimuli). In Experiment 3, we used the palms-in proximal hand posture but manipulated the type of visual stimuli such that they were either action oriented (easily grasped) or non-action oriented (not easily grasped). In all three experiments, the advantage in identifying the low spatial frequency (LSF) images was greater when action was primed (proximal hands, palms-in, graspable). Together, these experiments show that the M-pathway is involved in rapid "gist" object perception, and this type of object perception is influenced by action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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Becker-Bense S, Buchholz HG, zu Eulenburg P, Best C, Bartenstein P, Schreckenberger M, Dieterich M. Ventral and dorsal streams processing visual motion perception (FDG-PET study). BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:81. [PMID: 22800430 PMCID: PMC3467181 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier functional imaging studies on visually induced self-motion perception (vection) disclosed a bilateral network of activations within primary and secondary visual cortex areas which was combined with signal decreases, i.e., deactivations, in multisensory vestibular cortex areas. This finding led to the concept of a reciprocal inhibitory interaction between the visual and vestibular systems. In order to define areas involved in special aspects of self-motion perception such as intensity and duration of the perceived circular vection (CV) or the amount of head tilt, correlation analyses of the regional cerebral glucose metabolism, rCGM (measured by fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography, FDG-PET) and these perceptual covariates were performed in 14 healthy volunteers. For analyses of the visual-vestibular interaction, the CV data were compared to a random dot motion stimulation condition (not inducing vection) and a control group at rest (no stimulation at all). RESULTS Group subtraction analyses showed that the visual-vestibular interaction was modified during CV, i.e., the activations within the cerebellar vermis and parieto-occipital areas were enhanced. The correlation analysis between the rCGM and the intensity of visually induced vection, experienced as body tilt, showed a relationship for areas of the multisensory vestibular cortical network (inferior parietal lobule bilaterally, anterior cingulate gyrus), the medial parieto-occipital cortex, the frontal eye fields and the cerebellar vermis. The "earlier" multisensory vestibular areas like the parieto-insular vestibular cortex and the superior temporal gyrus did not appear in the latter analysis. The duration of perceived vection after stimulus stop was positively correlated with rCGM in medial temporal lobe areas bilaterally, which included the (para-)hippocampus, known to be involved in various aspects of memory processing. The amount of head tilt was found to be positively correlated with the rCGM of bilateral basal ganglia regions responsible for the control of motor function of the head. CONCLUSIONS Our data gave further insights into subfunctions within the complex cortical network involved in the processing of visual-vestibular interaction during CV. Specific areas of this cortical network could be attributed to the ventral stream ("what" pathway) responsible for the duration after stimulus stop and to the dorsal stream ("where/how" pathway) responsible for intensity aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Becker-Bense
- Department of Neurolog, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Buchholz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Peter zu Eulenburg
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Matthias Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurolog, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
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Zanin E, Ranjeva J, Confort‐Gouny S, Guye M, Denis D, Cozzone PJ, Girard N. White matter maturation of normal human fetal brain. An in vivo diffusion tensor tractography study. Brain Behav 2011; 1:95-108. [PMID: 22399089 PMCID: PMC3236541 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the ability to determine in vivo and in utero the transitions between the main stages of white matter (WM) maturation in normal human fetuses using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. Biophysical characteristics of water motion are used as an indirect probe to evaluate progression of the tissue matrix organization in cortico-spinal tracts (CSTs), optic radiations (OR), and corpus callosum (CC) in 17 normal human fetuses explored between 23 and 38 weeks of gestation (GW) and selected strictly on minimal motion artifacts. Nonlinear polynomial (third order) curve fittings of normalized longitudinal and radial water diffusivities (Z-scores) as a function of age identify three different phases of maturation with specific dynamics for each WM bundle type. These phases may correspond to distinct cellular events such as axonal organization, myelination gliosis, and myelination, previously reported by other groups on post-mortem fetuses using immunostaining methods. According to the DTI parameter dynamics, we suggest that myelination (phase 3) appears early in the CSTs, followed by the OR and by the CC, respectively. DTI tractography provides access to a better understanding of fetal WM maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Zanin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Centre hospitalo‐universitaire Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, France
| | - Jean‐Philippe Ranjeva
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
| | - Sylviane Confort‐Gouny
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
| | - Daniele Denis
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Centre hospitalo‐universitaire Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, France
| | - Patrick J. Cozzone
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
| | - Nadine Girard
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Aix‐Marseille II, France
- Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Interventionelle, Centre hospitalo‐universitaire de la Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, France
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Díez-Ajenjo MA, Capilla P. Spatio-temporal Contrast Sensitivity in the Cardinal Directions of the Colour
Space. A Review. J Optom 2010; 3:2-19. [PMCID: PMC4052488 DOI: 10.3921/joptom.2010.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We review the psychophysics of the spatio-temporal contrast
sensitivity in the cardinal directions of the colour space and their correlation
with those neural characteristics of the visual system that limit the ability to
perform contrast detection or pattern-resolution tasks. We focus our attention
particularly on the influence of luminance level, spatial extent and spatial
location of the stimuli - factors that determine the characteristics of the
physiological mechanisms underlying detection. Optical factors do obviously play
a role, but we will refer to them only briefly. Contrast sensitivity
measurements are often used in clinical practice as a method to detect, at their
early stages, a variety of pathologies affecting the visual system, but their
usefulness is very limited due to several reasons. We suggest some
considerations about stimuli characteristics that should be taken into account
in order to improve the performance of this kind of
measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amparo Díez-Ajenjo
- Departament d’Òptica, Universitat de Valencia. Dr. Moliner,50. 46100
Burjassot (Valencia, Spain)
- Fundación Oftalmológica del Mediterráneo. Bifurcación Pío Baroja-General
Avilés, s/n 46015 Valencia (Spain)
| | - Pascual Capilla
- Departament d’Òptica, Universitat de Valencia. Dr. Moliner,50. 46100
Burjassot (Valencia, Spain)
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Pouget P, Stepniewska I, Crowder EA, Leslie MW, Emeric EE, Nelson MJ, Schall JD. Visual and motor connectivity and the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in macaque frontal eye field: implications for saccade target selection. Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:2. [PMID: 19506705 PMCID: PMC2691655 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.002.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal eye field (FEF) contributes to directing visual attention and saccadic eye movement through intrinsic processing, interactions with extrastriate visual cortical areas (e.g., V4), and projections to subcortical structures (e.g., superior colliculus, SC). Several models have been proposed to describe the relationship between the allocation of visual attention and the production of saccades. We obtained anatomical information that might provide useful constraints on these models by evaluating two characteristics of FEF. First, we investigated the laminar distribution of efferent connections from FEF to visual areas V4 + TEO and to SC. Second, we examined the laminar distribution of different populations of GABAergic neurons in FEF. We found that the neurons in FEF that project to V4 + TEO are located predominantly in the supragranular layers, colocalized with the highest density of calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive inhibitory interneurons. In contrast, the cell bodies of neurons that project to SC are found only in layer 5 of FEF, colocalized primarily with parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons. None of the neurons in layer 5 that project to V4 + TEO also project to SC. These results provide useful constraints for cognitive models of visual attention and saccade production by indicating that different populations of neurons project to extrastriate visual cortical areas and to SC. This finding also suggests that FEF neurons projecting to visual cortex and SC are embedded in different patterns of intracortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pouget
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Iwona Stepniewska
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Erin A. Crowder
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Melanie W. Leslie
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Erik E. Emeric
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J. Nelson
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Schall
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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O'Donnell BF, Blekher TM, Weaver M, White KM, Marshall J, Beristain X, Stout JC, Gray J, Wojcieszek JM, Foroud TM. Visual perception in prediagnostic and early stage Huntington's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008; 14:446-53. [PMID: 18419843 PMCID: PMC2643869 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617708080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of visual perception frequently accompany neurodegenerative disorders but have been little studied in Huntington's disease (HD) gene carriers. We used psychophysical tests to assess visual perception among individuals in the prediagnostic and early stages of HD. The sample comprised four groups, which included 201 nongene carriers (NG), 32 prediagnostic gene carriers with minimal neurological abnormalities (PD1); 20 prediagnostic gene carriers with moderate neurological abnormalities (PD2), and 36 gene carriers with diagnosed HD. Contrast sensitivity for stationary and moving sinusoidal gratings, and tests of form and motion discrimination, were used to probe different visual pathways. Patients with HD showed impaired contrast sensitivity for moving gratings. For one of the three contrast sensitivity tests, the prediagnostic gene carriers with greater neurological abnormality (PD2) also had impaired performance as compared with NG. These findings suggest that early stage HD disrupts visual functions associated with the magnocellular pathway. However, these changes are only observed in individuals diagnosed with HD or who are in the more symptomatic stages of prediagnostic HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Braun CMJ, Dumont M, Duval J, Hamel-Hébert I, Godbout L. Brain modules of hallucination: an analysis of multiple patients with brain lesions. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003; 28:432-49. [PMID: 14631455 PMCID: PMC257791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically reviewed the localization of focal brain lesions that cause isolated hallucination in a single sensory modality. Case reports of post-lesion nonparoxysmal hallucination in 1 (and only 1) of 3 sensory modalities (i.e., visual, auditory, somatic) were reviewed, and the content of the qualitative descriptions was analyzed for each modality. The lesion is practically always located in the brain pathway of the sensory modality of the hallucination. There seem to exist localized sensory brain circuits that in healthy people diminish the intensity of internal sensory representation. After a lesion, hallucinosis seems to be caused also by compensatory overactivation of tissue in the nearby brain sensory pathway. This type of hallucination may indeed be termed a "release" form, whereby patients are aware of the hallucinatory nature of their experience, but not usually of "dream centres" as proposed by Lhermitte. Instead, we propose that it is dreaming that should be considered a special case of neural "release."
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude M J Braun
- Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.
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Abstract
P/midget ganglion cells mediate red-green color opponency in anthropoids. It has been proposed that these cells evolved as a specialization to subserve color vision in primates. If that is correct, they must have evolved about the same time as the long-wavelength ('red') and medium-wavelength ('green') pigment genes diverged, thirty million years ago. Strepsirhines are another group of primates that diverged from the ancestor of the anthropoids at least 55 million years ago. If P/midget ganglion cells evolved to subserve color vision, they should be absent in strepsirhines. We tested this hypothesis in a nocturnal strepsirhine, the greater bush baby Otolemur. The retinal ganglion cells were labeled with the lipophilic tracer Dil and the results show that bush babies have P/midget and M/parasol cells similar to those found in the peripheral retinas of anthropoids. A number of studies have shown that the P and M pathways of bush babies share many similarities with those of anthropoids, and our results show that the same is true for their retinal ganglion cells. These results support the hypothesis that the P system evolved prior to the emergence of red-green color opponency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Yamada
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225, USA.
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