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Khalid A, Arshad MU, Imran A, Haroon Khalid S, Shah MA. Development, stabilization, and characterization of nanoemulsion of vitamin D 3-enriched canola oil. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1205200. [PMID: 37693243 PMCID: PMC10484710 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared and loaded with vitamin D3 in food-grade (edible) canola oil and stabilized by Tween 80 and Span 80 by using a water titration technique with droplet sizes of 20 to 200 nm. A phase diagram was established for the influence of water, oil, and S-Mix concentration. The outcomes revealed that the particle size of blank canola oil nanoemulsion (NE) ranged from 60.12 to 62.27 (d.nm) and vitamin D3 NE ranged from 93.92 to 185.5 (d.nm). Droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of both blank and vitamin D3-loaded NE results were less than 1, and zeta potential results for blank and vitamin D3 loaded NE ranged from -9.71 to -15.32 mV and -7.29 to -13.56 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the pH and electrical conductivity of blank NE were 6.0 to 6.2 and 20 to 100 (μs/cm), respectively, whereas vitamin D3-loaded NE results were 6.0 to 6.2 and 30 to 100 (μs/cm), respectively. The viscosity results of blank NE ranged from 0.544 to 0.789 (mPa.s), while that of vitamin D3-loaded NE ranged from 0.613 to 0.793 (mPa.s). In this study, the long-term stability (3 months) of canola oil NE containing vitamin D3 at room temperature (25 C) and high temperature (40 C) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafia Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- School of Business, Woxsen University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Economics, Kabridahar University, Somali, Ethiopia
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Calame W, Street L, Hulshof T. Vitamin D Serum Levels in the UK Population, including a Mathematical Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Vitamin D Fortified Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals: Application of the NDNS Database. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1868. [PMID: 32585847 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status is relatively poor in the general population, potentially leading to various conditions. The present study evaluates the relationship between vitamin D status and intake in the UK population and the impact of vitamin D fortified ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) on this status via data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS: 2008–2012). Four cohorts were addressed: ages 4–10 (n = 803), ages 11–18 (n = 884), ages 19–64 (n = 1655) and ages 65 and higher (n = 428). The impact of fortification by 4.2 μg vitamin D per 100 g of RTEC on vitamin D intake and status was mathematically modelled. Average vitamin D daily intake was age-dependent, ranging from ~2.6 (age range 4–18 years) to ~5.0 μg (older than 64 years). Average 25(OH)D concentration ranged from 43 to 51 nmol/L, the highest in children. The relationship between vitamin D intake and status followed an asymptotic curve with a predicted plateau concentration ranging from 52 in children to 83 nmol/L in elderly. The fortification model showed that serum concentrations increased with ~1.0 in children to ~6.5 nmol/L in the elderly. This study revealed that vitamin D intake in the UK population is low with 25(OH)D concentrations being suboptimal for general health. Fortification of breakfast cereals can contribute to improve overall vitamin D status.
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Itkonen ST, Andersen R, Björk AK, Brugård Konde Å, Eneroth H, Erkkola M, Holvik K, Madar AA, Meyer HE, Tetens I, Torfadóttir JE, Thórisdóttir B, Lamberg-Allardt CJE. Vitamin D status and current policies to achieve adequate vitamin D intake in the Nordic countries. Scand J Public Health 2020; 49:616-627. [PMID: 31916497 DOI: 10.1177/1403494819896878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Nordic countries share fairly similar food culture and geographical location as well as common nutrition recommendations. The aim of this paper was to review the latest data on vitamin D status and intake and to describe the national supplementation and food fortification policies to achieve adequate vitamin D intake in the Nordic countries. Methods: The data are based on results derived from a literature search presented in a workshop held in Helsinki in November 2018 and completed by recent studies. Results: Vitamin D policies and the implementation of the recommendations differ among the Nordic countries. Vitamin D fortification policies can be mandatory or voluntary and widespread, moderate or non-existent. Vitamin D supplementation recommendations differ, ranging from all age groups being advised to take supplements to only infants. In the general adult population of the Nordic countries, vitamin D status and intake are better than in the risk groups that are not consuming vitamin D supplements or foods containing vitamin D. Non-Western immigrant populations in all Nordic countries share the problem of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Conclusions: Despite the common nutrition recommendations, there are differences between the Nordic countries in the implementation of the recommendations and policies to achieve adequate vitamin D intake and status. There is a need for wider Nordic collaboration studies as well as strategies to improve vitamin D status, especially in risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T Itkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rikke Andersen
- Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne K Björk
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Mineral Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Eneroth
- Science Division, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristin Holvik
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ahmed A Madar
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Tetens
- Vitality - Centre for Good Older Lives, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jóhanna E Torfadóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Birna Thórisdóttir
- Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Grant WB, Boucher BJ. A Review of the Potential Benefits of Increasing Vitamin D Status in Mongolian Adults through Food Fortification and Vitamin D Supplementation. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2452. [PMID: 31615079 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are low in Mongolia, averaging 22 ng/mL in summer and only 8 ng/mL in winter. Mongolians have high incidence and/or prevalence of several diseases linked to low 25(OH)D concentrations, including ischemic heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cirrhosis of the liver, ischemic stroke, lower respiratory tract infections, preterm birth complications, and diabetes mellitus. Fortifying regularly consumed foods such as flour, milk, and edible oils with vitamin D3 could raise 25(OH)D concentrations by about 10 ng/mL. However, to achieve 25(OH)D concentrations of 30–40 ng/mL in adults, vitamin D intakes of 1000 to 4000 IU/day would be required, making personal supplement use necessary. On the basis of prospective observational studies and clinical trials of disease incidence or known mortality rates and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, raising mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations to 40 ng/mL would likely reduce incidence and mortality rates for those and other diseases, reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, and increase mean life expectancy by one year or more.
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Itkonen ST, Erkkola M, Lamberg-Allardt CJE. Vitamin D Fortification of Fluid Milk Products and Their Contribution to Vitamin D Intake and Vitamin D Status in Observational Studies-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081054. [PMID: 30096919 PMCID: PMC6116165 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid milk products are systematically, either mandatorily or voluntarily, fortified with vitamin D in some countries but their overall contribution to vitamin D intake and status worldwide is not fully understood. We searched the PubMed database to evaluate the contribution of vitamin D-fortified fluid milk products (regular milk and fermented products) to vitamin D intake and serum or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status in observational studies during 1993–2017. Twenty studies provided data on 25(OH)D status (n = 19,744), and 22 provided data on vitamin D intake (n = 99,023). Studies showed positive associations between the consumption of vitamin D-fortified milk and 25(OH)D status in different population groups. In countries with a national vitamin D fortification policy covering various fluid milk products (Finland, Canada, United States), milk products contributed 28–63% to vitamin D intake, while in countries without a fortification policy, or when the fortification covered only some dairy products (Sweden, Norway), the contribution was much lower or negligible. To conclude, based on the reviewed observational studies, vitamin D-fortified fluid milk products contribute to vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D status. However, their impact on vitamin D intake at the population level depends on whether vitamin D fortification is systematic and policy-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T Itkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- Department of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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Al-Daghri NM, Aljohani N, Al-Attas OS, Krishnaswamy S, Alfawaz H, Al-Ajlan A, Alokail MS. Dairy products consumption and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in Saudi children and adults. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:8480-8486. [PMID: 26339421 PMCID: PMC4555749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D deficiency is implicated in several calcium deficiency-related disease conditions. We aimed to investigate vitamin D status and its association with consumption frequencies of various dairy products in Saudi population. Subjects consisted of 820 children (327 boys; mean age 14.9 yrs and 493 girls; 14.8 yrs) and 565 adults (249 men, 27.9 yrs and 316 women 32.2 yrs). We estimated the consumption frequencies of various dairy food products (fresh milk, powdered milk, laban, yoghurt and cheese) using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D). Associations between variables of interest were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. Among the study subjects, 80% boys, 90% girls, 64% men and 50% women had deficient/insufficient levels of vitamin D. Modest associations were found between mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration and fresh milk consumption in children (r=0.11) (especially in girls (r=0.12)), and overall dairy products consumption in women (r=0.12). CONCLUSION Results indicated widespread vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabian children and adults. High level of vitamin D deficiency and a lack of strong correlation between dairy product consumption and serum level of vitamin D imply a need for adequate fortification of milk and other dairy products with vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Specialized Diabetes and Endocrine Center, King Fahad Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health SciencesRiyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food Science & Agriculture, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Ajlan
- Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Black LJ, Walton J, Flynn A, Cashman KD, Kiely M. Small Increments in Vitamin D Intake by Irish Adults over a Decade Show That Strategic Initiatives to Fortify the Food Supply Are Needed. J Nutr 2015; 145:969-76. [PMID: 25761500 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.209106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing. OBJECTIVE Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period. METHODS We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology. RESULTS There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) μg/d (mean ± SD, 4.3 ± 4.0 to 5.0 ± 6.4 μg). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) μg/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) μg/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) μg/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) μg/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. CONCLUSIONS We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Black
- Vitamin D Research Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | | | - Kevin D Cashman
- Vitamin D Research Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Vitamin D Research Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Irish Center for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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