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Ma H, Zhao Y, He W, Wang J, Hu Q, Chen K, Yang L, Ma Y. Quantitative analysis of three ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza by near infrared spectroscopy combined with hybrid variable selection strategy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 315:124273. [PMID: 38615417 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), and Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) are crucial compounds found in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Quickly predicting these components can aid in ensuring the quality of S. miltiorrhiza. Spectral preprocessing and variable selection are essential processes in quantitative analysis using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). A novel hybrid variable selection approach utilizing iVISSA was employed in this study to enhance the quantitative measurement of RA, Tan IIA, and Sal B contents in S. miltiorrhiza. The spectra underwent 108 preprocessing approaches, with the optimal method being determined as orthogonal signal correction (OSC). iVISSA was utilized to identify the intervals (feature bands) that were most pertinent to the target chemical. Various methods such as bootstrapping soft shrinkage (BOSS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), genetic algorithm (GA), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), successive projections algorithm (SPA), iteratively variable subset optimization (IVSO), and iteratively retained informative variables (IRIV) were used to identify significant feature variables. PLSR models were created for comparison using the given variables. The results fully demonstrated that iVISSA-SPA calibration model had the best comprehensive performance for Tan IIA, and iVISSA-BOSS had the best comprehensive performance for RA and Sal B, and correlation coefficients of cross-validation (R2cv), root mean square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV), correlation coefficients of prediction (R2p), and root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.9970, 0.0054, 0.9990 and 0.0033, 0.9992, 0.0016, 0.9961 and 0.0034, 0.9998, 0.0138, 0.9875 and 0.1090, respectively. The results suggest that NIR spectroscopy, along with PLSR and a hybrid variable selection method using iVISSA, can be a valuable tool for quickly quantifying RA, Sal B, and Tan IIA in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China.
| | - Yu Zhao
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Wenxiu He
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Kehan Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianlin Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Yonglin Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528437, China
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Marsh JM, Whitaker S, Li L, Fang R, Simmonds MSJ, Vagkidis N, Chechik V. The key phytochemistry of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) contributing to hair protection against UV. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:749-760. [PMID: 37461190 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from rosemary (Salvia Rosmarinus) are analysed for their phytochemistry using LC-MS and the phytochemistry identified. The same extracts were tested for their efficacy to act as antioxidants by both hydrogen-atom transfer (ORAC) and single electron transfer (FRAP). A correlation analysis was performed to identify the key phytochemistry responsible for antioxidant efficacy. The top performing extracts were then tested in a peptide model and in hair with the presence of UV to measure ability to protect against UV-induced peptide and protein damage. Polyphenols (e.g. rosmarinic acid, glycosides of selgin) and abietane diterpenes (e.g. carnosic acid) in rosemary were identified as the principal compounds which enables the extracts to protect hair from UV. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to correlate the phytochemistry of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), a botanical with known antioxidant properties, to a UV protection benefit in hair. These data will give insights into mechanisms of UV damage, the ROS formed and their reactivity. METHODS LC-MS was used to compare the compounds in 10 commercial extracts of rosemary. ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the rosemary extracts. The ORAC assay measures ability of an antioxidant to react with a peroxyl radical via hydrogen atom extraction and FRAP measures electron transfer through reduction of ferric iron (Fe3+ ) to ferrous iron (Fe2+ ) by antioxidants present in the samples. Correlation of extract composition with antioxidant measures was performed using principal component analysis. Selected extracts were assessed for their ability to protect hair from UV damage in a model peptide system and on hair. In addition, the same methods were used to test rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, key phytochemistries in the rosemary extracts. The model system was a peptide and its decomposition on exposure to UV was monitored by LC-MS in the absence and presence of the rosemary extracts. Hair degradation in the presence of UV was measured by exposure of UV in an Atlas weatherometer followed by extraction of degraded protein in water. A fragment of the S100A3 protein was used as a marker of UV damage (m/z = 1278) and quantified via LC-MS. RESULTS Ten rosemary extracts were assessed for antioxidant performance and correlated with their compositions. The phytochemistry in each extract varied widely with a total of 33 individual compounds identified. The differences were most likely driven by the solvent and extraction method used by the supplier with extracts varying in the proportion of polar or non-polar compounds. This did influence their reactivity in the ORAC and FRAP assays and their efficacy in preventing protein damage. Two of the key compounds identified were rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, with rosmarinic acid dominating in extracts with mainly polar compounds and carnosic acid dominating in extracts with mainly nonpolar compounds. Extracts with higher rosmarinic acid correlated with ORAC and FRAP scores, with UV protection on hair and in the peptide model system. The extracts chosen for hair experiments showed hair protection. UV protection was also measured for rosmarinic and carnosic acid. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variation in the profile of phytochemistries in the 10 rosemary extracts, likely driven by the chosen extraction method, all rosemary extracts had antioxidant activity measured. This study suggests that the polyphenols (e.g. rosmarinic acid, glycosides of selgin) and abietane diterpenes (e.g. carnosic acid) are the principal compounds which enables the extracts to protect hair from UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Marsh
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Lijuan Li
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Rui Fang
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Surrey, UK
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Chen G, Ma T, Ma Y, Han C, Zhang J, Sun Y. Chemical Composition, Anti-Breast Cancer Activity and Extraction Techniques of Ent-Abietane Diterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134282. [PMID: 35807527 PMCID: PMC9268248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ent-abietane diterpenoids are the main active constituents of Euphorbia fischeriana. In the continuing search for new anti-breast cancer drugs, 11 ent-abietane diterpenoids (1–11) were isolated from E. fischeriana. The structures of these compounds were clearly elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HRESIMS data. Among them, compound 1 was a novel compound, compound 10 was isolated from Euphorbia genus for the first time, compound 11 was firstly discovered from E. fischeriana. These compounds exhibited varying degrees of growth inhibition against the MCF-10A, MCF-7, ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in vitro. The experimental data obtained permit us to identify the roles of the epoxy group, hydroxyl group and acetoxyl group on their cytotoxic activities. Extraction is an important means for the isolation, identification, and application of valuable compounds from natural plants. To maximize yields of ent-abietane diterpenoids of E. fischeriana, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide B, jolkinolide B, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide A and jolkinolide A were selected as quality controls to optimize the salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions for SALLE were 0.47 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 5.5 mL acetonitrile and 4.5 mL water at pH 7.5. The experimental values of 17-hydroxyjolkinolide B, jolkinolide B, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide A and jolkinolide A (2.134, 0.529, 0.396, and 0.148 mg/g, respectively) were in agreement with the predicted values, thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China; (G.C.); (T.M.); (Y.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tiancheng Ma
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China; (G.C.); (T.M.); (Y.M.); (J.Z.)
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China; (G.C.); (T.M.); (Y.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Cuicui Han
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); or (Y.S.)
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China; (G.C.); (T.M.); (Y.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Bukui Road 333, Qiqihar 161006, China; (G.C.); (T.M.); (Y.M.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.H.); or (Y.S.)
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Li WF, Liang ZM, Zhao CL, Tsang NY, Li JX, Liu YH, He K, Pan LT, Rong L, Zou J, Zhang HJ. 3,4- Seco-Isopimarane Diterpenes from the Twigs and Leaves of Isodon Flavidus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103098. [PMID: 35630575 PMCID: PMC9143206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three isopimarane diterpenes [fladins B (1), C (2), and D (3)] were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Chinese folk medicine, Isodon flavidus. The chemical structures were determined by the analysis of the comprehensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structures of 1–3 were formed from isopimaranes through the rearrangement of ring A by the bond break at C-3 and C-4 to form a new δ-lactone ring system between C-3 and C-9. This structure type represents the first discovery of a natural isopimarane diterpene with an unusual lactone moiety at C-9 and C-10. In the crystal of 1, molecules are linked to each other by intermolecular O-H···O bonds, forming chains along the b axis. Compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their bioactivities against different diseases. None of these compounds displayed cytotoxic activities against HCT116 and A549 cancer cell lines, antifungal activities against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, or antiviral activities against HIV entry at 20 µg/mL (62.9–66.7) µM. Compounds 1 and 3 did not show antiviral activities against Ebola entry at 20 µg/mL either; only 2 was found to show an 81% inhibitory effect against Ebola entry activity at 20 µg/mL (66.7 µM). The bioactivity evidence suggested that this type of compound could be a valuable antiviral lead for further structure modification to improve the antiviral potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Fei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.-M.L.); (N.Y.T.)
| | - Zheng-Ming Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.-M.L.); (N.Y.T.)
| | - Chen-Liang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.-M.L.); (N.Y.T.)
| | - Nga Yi Tsang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.-M.L.); (N.Y.T.)
| | - Ji-Xin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
| | - Ya-Hua Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
| | - Kang He
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
| | - Lu-Tai Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Juan Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-F.L.); (C.-L.Z.); (J.-X.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (K.H.); (L.-T.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); Tel.: +852-34112956 (H.-J.Z.)
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (Z.-M.L.); (N.Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.-J.Z.); Tel.: +852-34112956 (H.-J.Z.)
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Lefebvre T, Destandau E, Lesellier E. Sequential extraction of carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) from Rosemary by online supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461709. [PMID: 33234291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A high degree of selectivity is required during the plant extraction process in order to obtain extracts enriched in specific compounds or to avoid the extraction of unwanted ones. Rosemary is well known for its antioxidant compounds (carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid). The plant also contains pigments (i.e. carotenoids, chlorophylls) which may cause a colour problem during the use of the extract in cosmetic formulations, for example. Supercritical fluid extraction is considered as a selective technique for plant extraction. Due to the physico-chemical properties of supercritical fluids, related to pressure, temperature and modifier addition, it is possible to carry out sequential extraction with successive conditions to collect different fractions that are rich either in pigments or in bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to selectively extract bioactive compounds (i.e. carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid) and pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) from rosemary using supercritical fluid extraction. The optimisation of the extraction method was carried out using supercritical fluid extraction online coupled with a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFE-SFC) system. Two columns of different polarities were coupled to achieve the separation of the targeted compounds every five minutes during the extraction. Four fractions were obtained: a first one rich in carotenoids obtained with pure CO2 (25°C and 20 MPa), a second rich in carnosic acid obtained with 3% polar modifier (EtOH:water 50/50 v/v), a third fraction rich in rosmarinic acid using 10% of the same modifier and a fourth fraction rich in chlorophylls with 30% of ethanol as modifier. These four samples were then analysed by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-HRMS in order to identify other extracted compounds and to study how the selected conditions impacted their extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lefebvre
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Emilie Destandau
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Eric Lesellier
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 45067 Orléans, France.
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Liu MT, Zhao J, Li SP. Application of smartphone in detection of thin-layer chromatography: Case of salvia miltiorrhiza. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1637:461826. [PMID: 33387914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a smartphone-based device was constructed for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detection and semi-quantitative analysis of the components of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The key construction and shooting parameters were investigated by the relative peak area and signal-to-noise ratio. The best conditions were as follows: shooting height, 17 cm; angle between the UV lamp and TLC plate, 58°; exposure compensation, 0~0.2 EV; and shutter speed under daylight and UV 365 nm, 1/50 s and 1/5 s, respectively. These ideal conditions could be replicated by smartphones from different brands with different versions of software. With good precision, repeatability and stability, the developed device was used for the semi-quantitative analysis of salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and miltirone in the TLC analysis of 10 batches of S. miltiorrhiza. The results were compared with those obtained by a TLC densitometric scanner and two common types of image processing software, i.e., Gelanalyzer and ImageJ. Except for salvianolic acid B in the TLC densitometric scanner, all results were not significantly different among these methods, which suggested that smartphones might be a useful tool for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Das S, Dagnew M, Ray MB. Anaerobic digestibility of resin acids in primary sludge: Effect of ozone pretreatment. Chemosphere 2021; 262:128316. [PMID: 33182136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resin acids in pulp and paper mills wastewater are potentially partitioned in the solids in post-primary clarification due to higher hydrophobicity with log Kow ∼1.74-5.80. They are known to adversely affect anaerobic digestion (AD) process, although the effect has not been quantified deterministically in control studies. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of untreated and ozonated spiked resin acids on AD of primary sludge. Batch adsorption tests were conducted to determine the solid-liquid partition coefficient (Kd) of resin acids on the primary sludge. Higher Kd was obtained at pH 4; however, it was decreased by 78-98% at pH 8. Thereafter, batch AD of model resin acids in primary sludge using food to microorganism ratio (S0/X) of 0.5gtCOD/gVSSindicated only 15-20% removal of resin acids in the liquid phase anaerobically. While, ozonation in pure water using 0.74-1.48 mg O3/mg tCOD showed >90% reduction of the test resin acids, an ozone dose of 0.52 mg O3/mg tCOD reduced 50-70% spiked resin acids' load to the digester. However, no further removal of resin acids occurred during AD over 30 days. About 42% reduction in methane production compared to the control digestor occurred in the presence of 150 mg/L of resin acids. When treated with 0.52 mg O3/mg tCOD, methane production improved and was comparable to the control digestor, indicating that resin acids may not be detrimental to AD at a concentration range of 45-75 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejon Das
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
| | - Martha Dagnew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
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Lefebvre T, Destandau E, West C, Lesellier E. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography development of a predictive analytical tool to selectively extract bioactive compounds by supercritical fluid extraction and pressurised liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461582. [PMID: 33035852 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective extraction is a great concern in the field of natural products. The interest is to apply specific conditions favouring the solubility of targeted secondary metabolites and avoiding the simultaneous extraction of unwanted ones. Different ways exist to reach selective extractions with suited conditions. These conditions can be determined from experimental studies through experimental design, but a full experimental design takes time, energy, and uses plant samples. Prediction from varied solubility models can also be applied allowing a better understanding of the final selected conditions and eventually less experiments. The aim of this work was to develop and use a chromatographic model to determine optimal extraction conditions without the need for numerous extraction experiments. This model would be applied on the selective extraction of the desired antioxidant compounds in rosemary leaves (rosmarinic and carnosic acids) vs chlorophyll pigments to limit the green colour in extracts. This model was achieved with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and then applied to Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE) assays. SFC models predicted low solubility of chlorophylls for low (5%) and high (100%) percentage of solvent in carbon dioxide. Also, low solubility was predicted with acetonitrile solvent compared to methanol or ethanol. This was confirmed with different extractions performed using SFE with different percentages of solvent (5, 30, and 70%) and with the three solvents used in the SFC models (acetonitrile, methanol and ethanol). Also extractions using PLE were carried out using the same neat solvents in order to confirm the SFC models obtained for 100% of solvent. Globally, extractions validated the SFC models. Only some differences were observed between ethanol and methanol showing the complexity of plant extraction due to matrix effect. For all these extracts, the content of carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid was also monitored and selective extraction conditions of bioactive compounds could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lefebvre
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie Destandau
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline West
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Lesellier
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Li XQ, Chen Y, Zhou HM, Shi HL, Yan XN, Lin LP, Tan RX. Anti-psoriasis effect of water-processed rosin in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 242:112073. [PMID: 31288049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rosin, an exudate of conifer trees such as Pinus masscnlana (Pinaceae), has been used to treat psoriasis for nearly two thousand years in China despite its so far undefined pharmacology. Unfortunately, the rosin intoxication is noted from time to time, but the water-boiled rosin (WBR) has been documented to be safer. This study was performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-psoriasis efficacy of WBR. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main phytochemicals in WBR were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). WBR was evaluated in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation mouse model for its anti-psoriasis effect at 130, 260, and 390 mg/kg, which were set according to the dose used for patients. Through a combination of q-PCR, flow cytometry, and histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, the in vivo efficacy was assessed in terms of the psoriasis area severity index (PASI), epidermal keratinocyte proliferation, Th1 and Th17 cell numbers in spleen, and mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines. RESULT Oral administration of WBR ameliorates the psoriasis-like dermatitis in the imiquimod-generated mouse model. In particular, WBR given at 260 or 390 mg/kg significantly restores the normal keratinization of dorsal lesion if compared with the untreated psoriatic mice. Such an effect was addressed to correlate to the Th1/Th17 cell reduction in spleen and the suppressed expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-α, K17, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) after the WBR administration. CONCLUSION WBR is effective in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation mouse model with the efficacy arising from its proliferation inhibition of Th1/Th17 cells and epidermal keratinocytes via the down-regulation of the relevant inflammatory cytokines such as IL-23, IL-17A, and IL-17F. Collectively, WBR harvested and processed in the traditional manner is an efficacious psoriasis-treating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hong Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hui Li Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, China.
| | - Xiao Ning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, China.
| | - Li Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Vaccaro M, Ocampo Bernal V, Malafronte N, De Tommasi N, Leone A. High Yield of Bioactive Abietane Diterpenes in Salvia sclarea Hairy Roots by Overexpressing Cyanobacterial DXS or DXR Genes. Planta Med 2019; 85:973-980. [PMID: 31026875 DOI: 10.1055/a-0895-5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abietane diterpenoids, containing a quinone moiety, are synthesized in the roots of several Salvia species. Promising cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities have been reported for these compounds in various cell and animal models. We have recently shown that aethiopinone, an o-naphto-quinone diterpene, produced in the roots of different Salvia species, is selectively cytotoxic against the A375 melanoma cell line. To enhance the synthesis of this abietane diterpenoid, we have engineered the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate-derived isoprenoid pathway in Salvia sclarea hairy roots by ectopic expression and plastid targeting of cyanobacterial genes encoding the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene, the first two enzymatic steps of the plastidial MEP pathway, from which plant diterpenes primarily derive. Plastid-targeted expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase proteins significantly enhanced the yield of aethiopinone by a 3-fold and about 6-fold increase, respectively. The accumulation of other abietane-type diterpenes (ferruginol, salvipisone, and carnosic acid), with interesting antiproliferative activity, was also increased. Compared to our previous data obtained by overexpressing the plant orthologous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes in S. sclarea hairy roots, the results presented here confirm that the bacterial 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase enzyme plays a major role than the DXS enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of this class of compounds and that its ectopic expression does not conflict with active hairy root growth, resulting in a balanced trade-off between the transgenic hairy root final biomass and the increased content of o-naphto-quinone diterpenes, with interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Malafronte
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFARMA, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFARMA, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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11
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Li P, Liu A, Li Y, Yuan B, Xiao W, Liu Z, Zhang S, Lin H. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method Based on HPLC-ELSD for the Simultaneous Determination of Rosmarinic Acid, Carnosol, Carnosic Acid, Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Rosemary. Molecules 2019; 24:E323. [PMID: 30658397 PMCID: PMC6358743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety, efficacy and stability of natural antioxidants have been the focus of research in the food industry, with the aim of rapidly analyzing and controlling the quality of rosemary and its extracts, a novel analytical method involving high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in rosemary. Chromatographic separation was conducted with gradient elution mode by using a Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phases of methanol and 0.6% acetic acid. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was 70 °C, and the pressure of nebulizer nitrogen gas was 40 Psi. The method developed has high sensitivity (with limits of detection from 1.3 to 8.6 μg/mL), acceptable linearity over the tested concentrations (with correlation coefficients from 0.991 to 0.999), good repeatability (with intra- and inter-day CV less than 3.1% for all analytes) and satisfactory accuracy (with recovery between 95.5% and 100.8%). The method has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for the functional ingredients analysis and quality control of rosemary and its extracts in a cost- and time-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yinhua Li
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Bin Yuan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Haiyan Lin
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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12
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Liu K, Zhang JW, Liu XG, Wu QW, Li XS, Gao W, Wang HY, Li P, Yang H. Correlation between macroscopic characteristics and tissue-specific chemical profiling of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytomedicine 2018; 51:104-111. [PMID: 30466607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroscopic identification has been widely used as a convenient method for herbal authentication and quality assessment. However, sensory evaluation heavily relied on personal experience and lacked enough evidence-based validations. PURPOSE We aim to reveal the correlation between macroscopic characteristics and tissue-specific chemical composition of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SMR), and then develop a rapid method for quality assessment. METHODS Thirty-two batches of SMR were collected and evaluated. The outer-surface color and diameter as the representative tissue features of SMR were selected as the macroscopic indexes. SMR were then divided into three parts along transverse section as outer bark, middle part and central part, to explore the spatial distribution of chemicals. Outer-surface color information was converted into RGB values, while the diameter data were expressed by mean distance, respectively. Thirteen major components including eight salvianolic acids and five tanshinones in each part were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, several mathematical models were established and optimized to evaluate the correlation between outer-surface color, size and chemical distribution. RESULT All five tanshinones mainly distributed in the outer bark while salvianolic acids were averagely existed among three parts. Correlational studies revealed that the surface color depth was significantly and positively correlated with tanshinone contents in the outer bark, while the size showed poor correlation in any chemicals. A color-oriented model was thus developed for the prediction of tanshinone contents in SMR, and a 9 × 9 standard color chart was created for easily use. CONCLUSION This study contributes an alternative method for macroscopic features-based quality evaluation of herbs, and also complements some scientific data for traditional knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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13
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Xing B, Yang D, Yu H, Zhang B, Yan K, Zhang X, Han R, Liang Z. Overexpression of SmbHLH10 enhances tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Plant Sci 2018; 276:229-238. [PMID: 30348323 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factors have important role in regulation of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Tanshinones are the major pharmaceutical components present in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. It has been reported that bHLHs have functions in terpenoids biosynthesis. Here, we got a bHLH family member named SmbHLH10 which could positively regulate tanshinones biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. In the SmbHLH10-overexpressing line 6, four major tanshinones contents were reaching 2.51-fold (dihydrotanshinone I), 2.84-fold (cryptotanshinone), 2.89- fold (tanshinone I), 2.68-fold (tanshinone II A) of WT, respectively. The variation in tanshinones biosynthetic pathway gene transcription was generally consistent with tanshinones content. DXS2, DXS3 and DXR of MEP pathway were induced substantially, reaching 10-fold, 3-fold, 5.74-fold higher of the WT, respectively. The downstream pathway genes CPS1, CPS5 and CYP76AH1 were highest in line OE-SmbHLH10-6, reached 4.93, 16.29 and 3.27-fold of the WT, respectively, while KSL1's expression was highest in line OE-SmbHLH10-4, 4.64-fold of WT. Yeast one-hybrid assays results showed that SmbHLH10 could binds the predicted G-box motifs within the promoters of DXS2, CPS1 and CPS5. These findings indicated that SmbHLH10 could directly binds to G-box in the pathway genes' promotor, activate their expression and then upregulate tanshinones biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcong Xing
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haizheng Yu
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingxue Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaijing Yan
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Ruilian Han
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300410, China.
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Coufalík P, Čmelík R, Křůmal K, Čapka L, Mikuška P. Determination of short-term changes in levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosols with Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit - LC-MS. Chemosphere 2018; 210:279-286. [PMID: 30005349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residential areas in urban agglomerations and also in the countryside are often burdened with high concentrations of aerosol in winter, this originating from local combustion sources. Aerosol sources can be identified by a monitoring of organic markers of biomass burning. Abundant markers of biomass and softwood burning are levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid, respectively. The aim of this research was to develop an analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid in aerosol over short time periods involving aerosol sampling into liquid samples, quantitative pre-concentration of analytes, and their determination by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. A Condensation Growth Unit - Aerosol Counterflow Two-Jets Unit (CGU-ACTJU) sampler was used for the quantitative collection of aerosol directly into water. Dehydroabietic acid was pre-concentrated from the aqueous phase by solid phase extraction (C-18). Afterwards, levoglucosan in water samples was concentrated on a vacuum evaporator. The detection limits of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid were 28 ng m-3 and 5.5 ng m-3, respectively. The results obtained by the developed method were compared with an independent determination of both markers in aerosol by means of the sampling of aerosols on a filter and subsequent analysis by GC-MS. The developed method demonstrated sufficient agreement with the independent determination for generated standard aerosol as well as for urban aerosol over an eight-day winter campaign. The presented method allows the monitoring of concentration changes in biomass burning markers in 2-h intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufalík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Čmelík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Křůmal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čapka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Armah FA, Amponsah IK, Mensah AY, Dickson RA, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Adokoh CK. Leishmanicidal activity of the root bark of Erythrophleum Ivorense (Fabaceae) and identification of some of its compounds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 211:207-216. [PMID: 28970156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandflies. High cost and lack of oral formulation of existing drugs, rapid developments of resistance by the parasite coupled with serious side effects require new treatments to augment or replace currently available therapies. The major merits of herbal medicine seem to demonstrate perceived efficacy, low incidence of serious adverse effects and low cost. Erythrophleum plants possess beneficial biological properties and, as such, characterization of the bioactive components of these plants is imperative. Previous work has shown an overwhelming presence of cassaine alkaloids in these plants. However, amongst these plants, the African based specie (Erythrophleum ivorense) is the least studied. OBJECTIVE In the current study, the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of the crude extract, its fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated using direct counting assay of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani using amphotericin B as positive control. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-leishmanial activity of E. ivorense extract was evaluated in vitro against the promastigote forms of Leishmania Donovani using a direct counting assay based on growth inhibition. Different crude extracts from ethyl acetate, pet-ether, and methanol as well as pure isolated compounds of E. ivorense: Erythroivorensin, Eriodictyol and Betulinic acid were screened. To know the possible components of the active methanolic extract, attempt was made to elucidate the extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). RESULTS This afforded a weak pet-ether fraction, a moderately active ethyl acetate fraction and a significantly active methanol fraction (IC50 = 2.97μg/mL) compared to Amphotericin B (IC50 = 2.40±0.67μg/mL). The novel diterpene erythroivorensin, betulinic acid and the flavanone Eriodictyol, from the ethyl acetate fraction, showed weak activity. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was used to identify the cassaine diterpenoids from the active methanol fraction. Here, 10 compounds of this type were putatively identified from the ethanol crude extract. CONCLUSION The fragmentation mechanism of these metabolites is also proposed and are expected to serve as reference template for identification of these and related compounds in future. The presence of these compounds is an indication that they are an inherited and evolutionary component of plants belonging to the Erythrophleum genus. Our results further present another dimension where these compounds and their relative abundances can be used as chemo-taxonomical bio-markers of the genus. The present study also successfully demonstrated/re-affirmed the use of UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS as a robust technique for the characterization of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Armah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Sciences, College of Health and Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Isaac K Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Abraham Y Mensah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rita A Dickson
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Natural Products and Agroprocessing Group, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Christian K Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Saoudi S, Chammem N, Sifaoui I, Jiménez IA, Lorenzo-Morales J, Piñero JE, Bouassida-Beji M, Hamdi M, L Bazzocchi I. Combined effect of carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol on the oxidative stability of soybean oil using a simplex centroid mixture design. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:3300-3311. [PMID: 27976408 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation taking place during the use of oil leads to the deterioration of both nutritional and sensorial qualities. Natural antioxidants from herbs and plants are rich in phenolic compounds and could therefore be more efficient than synthetic ones in preventing lipid oxidation reactions. This study was aimed at the valorization of Tunisian aromatic plants and their active compounds as new sources of natural antioxidant preventing oil oxidation. RESULTS Carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol were isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus capitatus by column chromatography and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Their antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. These active compounds were added to soybean oil in different proportions using a simplex-centroid mixture design. Antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of oils were determined before and after 20 days of accelerated oxidation at 60 °C. CONCLUSION Results showed that bioactive compounds are effective in maintaining oxidative stability of soybean oil. However, the binary interaction of rosmarinic acid and thymol caused a reduction in antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of soybean oil. Optimum conditions for maximum antioxidant activity and oxidative stability were found to be an equal ternary mixture of carnosol, rosmarinic acid and thymol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Saoudi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Technologie Microbiennes, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, INSAT, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Chammem
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Technologie Microbiennes, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, INSAT, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, IPEST, University of Carthage, 2070, La Marsa, Tunisia
| | - Ignacio A Jiménez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health, University of La Laguna, 38271, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- Etablissements Slama Frères, Nejma Huiles, Oued Ellil-Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Moktar Hamdi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Technologie Microbiennes, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, INSAT, University of Carthage, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Isabel L Bazzocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Ou J, Huang J, Wang M, Ou S. Effect of rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid on AGEs formation in vitro. Food Chem 2017; 221:1057-1061. [PMID: 27979058 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the effect of the two main components of rosemary extracts, namely rosmarinic acid (RA) and carnosic acid (CA), on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in vitro. In the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/glucose model, addition of RA and CA at 400μg/mL inhibited fluorescent AGEs by more than 90%, and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and carboxyethyl lysine (CEL) by 82.7% and 75.2%, and 71.4% and 64.2%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of RA and CA at 400μg/mL inhibited fluorescent AGEs by more than 90% both in the BSA/glyoxal (GO) and BSA/methylglyoxal (MGO) models, the formation of CML by 64.9% and 53.9% in BSA/GO model, and CEL by 28.9% and 24.3% in BSA/MGO model, respectively. RA and CA also significantly decreased the concentration of MGO and protein carbonylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanying Ou
- Food and Nutritional Science Program, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Food and Nutritional Science Program, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Zhang J, Liu SL, Wang H, Yang GP, Li JP, Liu SK, Tang Z, Pei Q, Huang PH. [UPLC-MS/MS determination of tanshinone ⅡA, salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg₁ in Fufang Danshen preparation in rat plasma and brain tissues]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:580-586. [PMID: 28952268 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for analysis of tanshinone ⅡA(TSⅡA), salvianolic acid B(SAB) and ginsenoside Rg₁ (GRg₁) in rat plasma and brain tissues. Male healthy Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were orally given single dose of Fufang Danshen preparation (TS ⅡA 60 mg•kg⁻¹, SAB 300 mg•kg⁻¹, GRg₁ 150 mg•kg⁻¹, borneol 300 mg•kg⁻¹), and their blood samples and brain tissues were collected at different time points. The drug plasma and brain tissue concentrations of the three analytes were determined by UPLC-MS/MS method. Subsequently, the main pharmacokinetics parameters of plasma and brain tissues were calculated by using Phoenix WinNolin 6.1 software. The methodological test showed that all of analytes in both plasma and brain homogenate exhibited a good linearity within the concentration range(r>0.992 2). Their mean recoveries were between 58.86% and 112.1%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the investigated components exhibited RSD≤9.7%, and the accuracy(RE) ranged from -9.68% to 8.20% at all quality control levels. The results of accuracy and stability meet the requirements for biopharmaceutical analysis. For TSⅡA, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the plasma were (1.58±0.081) h, (725.4±88.20) μg•L⁻¹, (2 101.3±124.85) μg•h•L⁻¹ and (3.66±0.05) h, respectively. For SAB, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the plasma were (1.29±0.21) h, (307.9±46.75) μg•L⁻¹, (537.4±88.24) μg•h•L⁻¹ and (2.08±0.11) h, respectively. For GRg₁, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the plasma were (1.42±0.20) h, (460.38±154.60) μg•L⁻¹, (383.4±88.16) μg•h•L⁻¹ and (1.87±0.046) h, respectively. For TSⅡA, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the brain tissue were (0.75±0.22) h, (1.41±0.42) ng•g⁻¹, (4.34±2.48) ng•h•g⁻¹ and (4.00±1.90) h, respectively. For SAB, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the plasma were (1.08±0.20) h, (21.09±4.850) ng•g⁻¹, (14.83±3.160) ng•h•g⁻¹ and (0.99±0.08) h, respectively. For GRg₁, the pharmacokinetics parameters Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, MRTlast in the plasma were (0.50±0.16) h, (130.96±54.220) ng•g⁻¹, (136.24±34.350) ng•h•g⁻¹ and (2.87±0.33) h, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic studies on content of TS ⅡA, SAB and GRg₁ in rat plasma and brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Guo-Ping Yang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shi-Kun Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qi Pei
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Pan-Hao Huang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Xue Z, Xu B, Shi X, Yang C, Cui X, Luo G, Qiao Y. Overall uncertainty measurement for near infrared analysis of cryptotanshinone in tanshinone extract. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 170:39-47. [PMID: 27404670 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presented a new strategy of overall uncertainty measurement for near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis of cryptotanshinone in tanshinone extract powders. The overall uncertainty of NIR analysis from validation data of precision, trueness and robustness study was fully investigated and discussed. Quality by design (QbD) elements, such as risk assessment and design of experiment (DOE) were utilized to organize the validation data. An "I×J×K" (series I, the number of repetitions J and level of concentrations K) full factorial design was used to calculate uncertainty from the precision and trueness data. And a 2(7-4) Plackett-Burmann matrix with four different influence factors resulted from the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) analysis was adapted for the robustness study. The overall uncertainty profile was introduced as a graphical decision making tool to evaluate the validity of NIR method over the predefined concentration range. In comparison with the T. Saffaj's method (Analyst, 2013, 138, 4677.) for overall uncertainty assessment, the proposed approach gave almost the same results, demonstrating that the proposed method was reasonable and valid. Moreover, the proposed method can help identify critical factors that influence the NIR prediction performance, which could be used for further optimization of the NIR analytical procedures in routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Xue
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianglong Cui
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Oliveira GDAR, de Oliveira AE, da Conceição EC, Leles MIG. Multiresponse optimization of an extraction procedure of carnosol and rosmarinic and carnosic acids from rosemary. Food Chem 2016; 211:465-73. [PMID: 27283656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A green solvent-based optimization for rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosol (COH), and carnosic acid (CA) extraction, the three main antioxidants from rosemary, was performed. The conventional solid-liquid extraction was optimized using a central composite design (CCD) followed by the desirability approach. In the CCD analysis the quantitative effects of extraction time (4.8-55.2min), liquid-to-solid ratio (4.6-21.4mLg(-1)), and ethanol content (44.8-95.2% v/v) were determined for the extracted amount of antioxidants, their concentrations in the extract, and the extraction yield. Samples were analyzed by HPLC and the antioxidants were identified by comparison with pure standard retention times and UV spectra. The desirability function that simultaneously maximizes the antioxidants extraction and their concentrations in the final product was validated. The extraction using a hydroalcoholic solution 70% v/v, at low liquid-to-solid ratio (5mLg(-1)), and after 55-min yielded an antioxidant recovery rate of 89.8%, and a final product 4.75 times richer in the main antioxidants than the raw material.
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Mannelli LDC, Micheli L, Maresca M, Cravotto G, Bellumori M, Innocenti M, Mulinacci N, Ghelardini C. Anti-neuropathic effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. terpenoid fraction: relevance of nicotinic receptors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34832. [PMID: 27713514 PMCID: PMC5054390 DOI: 10.1038/srep34832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional uses and current results highlight the neuroprotective properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. The compelling need for novel strategies able to relieve neuropathic pain encouraged us to analyze different rosemary leaf extracts in rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve. Ethanol, acetone, and the innovative ultrasound-hexane extractive methods were used to obtain: EE, AE, and for hexane extracts UREprel and URE. Extracts were characterized in terms of typical constituents and repeatedly administered to CCI-rats (13-days treatment, from the day of surgery). URE showed the best efficacy and potency in reducing hypersensitivity to noxious- and non-noxious stimuli and spontaneous pain. URE contained the higher quantity of the terpenoid carnosic acid (CA) and its efficacy was compared to pure CA. Histological analysis of the sciatic nerve revealed that URE prevented axon and myelin derangement, edema and inflammatory infiltrate. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, URE did not reduce astrocyte activation. Both the pain reliever and the neuroconservative effects of URE were significantly prevented by the nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine. In conclusion, the hexane-ultrasound rosemary extract is able to reduce neuropathic hypersensitivity and protect nervous tissues. Effectiveness is mainly related to the terpenoid fraction by mechanisms involving nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maresca
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dept. Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Division, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Innocenti
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Division, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Division, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Shi M, Luo X, Ju G, Li L, Huang S, Zhang T, Wang H, Kai G. Enhanced Diterpene Tanshinone Accumulation and Bioactivity of Transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots by Pathway Engineering. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:2523-30. [PMID: 26753746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are health-promoting diterpenoids found in Salvia miltiorrhiza and have wide applications. Here, SmGGPPS (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase) and SmDXSII (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase) were introduced into hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Overexpression of SmGGPPS and SmDXSII in hairy roots produces higher levels of tanshinone than control and single-gene transformed lines; tanshinone production in the double-gene transformed line GDII10 reached 12.93 mg/g dry weight, which is the highest tanshinone content that has been achieved through genetic engineering. Furthermore, transgenic hairy root lines showed higher antioxidant and antitumor activities than control lines. In addition, contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellins were significantly elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These results demonstrate a promising method to improve the production of diterpenoids including tanshinone as well as other natural plastid-derived isoprenoids in plants by genetic manipulation of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqin Luo
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Ju
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Li
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center For Teaching & Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
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Zhang S, Liu Q, Luo H, Chen P, Wu X, Yang M, Kong W, Guo W. UFLC-MS/MS analysis of four tanshinone components in Salvia miltiorrhizae after ultrasound-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:204-210. [PMID: 26990735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative of four characteristic tanshione components including tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and dihydrotanshinone I in Salvia miltiorrhizae after ultrasound-assisted extraction. By using a C18 column, the four analytes were separated by gradient elution with acetonitrile and water both containing 0.1% formic acid at the flow rate of 0.3mL/min. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for quantification, and an information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method was used to trigger enhanced product ion scans (EPI) for supplementary characteristic identification for qualitative research. Calibration curves showed good linearities with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9990. The method showed high sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) less than 0.0002ng/mL and 0.0008ng/mL, respectively, as well as good precision and reproducibility. Mean recoveries for four analytes ranged from 92.5% to 106.2% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 14.59%. Real application of the developed method in 32 batches of S. miltiorrhizae samples demonstrated that the total contents of four analytes in all samples were in the range of 2.258-52.342mg/g. Ultrasound-assisted extraction technique took a small amount of sample and low time but giving high extraction efficiency. Combining with UFLC-MS/MS method in MRM-IDA-EPI mode, more components in other complicated matrices can be simultaneously analyzed for qualitation and quantitation in one run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qiutao Liu
- Pharmacy College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Guizhou Xinbang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guiyang 550014,China
| | - Xiaoru Wu
- Guizhou Xinbang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guiyang 550014,China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China.
| | - Weiying Guo
- Pharmacy College, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
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da Cunha Pinto A, Vessecchi R, da Silva CG, Amorim ACL, dos Santos Júnior HM, Rezende MJC, Gates PJ, Rezende CM, Lopes NP. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of isopimarane diterpenes from Velloziaceae. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:61-68. [PMID: 26661971 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The study of natural products by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is an important strategy for the characterization of the major fragmentation reactions which can then help to determine the composition of complex mixtures. Application of ESI-MS/MS to a series of isopimarane diterpenes from Velloziaceae allowed the rationalization of their fragmentation mechanisms. METHODS Velloziaceae diterpenes were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and investigated by ESI-MS/MS analysis. The fragmentation studies were performed on a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument using N2 as the collision gas. To help rationalize the fragmentation pathways observed, the geometry and sites of reactivity of the diterpenes were obtained by theoretical calculations using the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) model. Fragmentation mechanisms were proposed on the basis of the calculated protonation sites and product ions energies using density functional theory (DFT) methods. RESULTS The presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the terpene core influences the protonation site observed. One compound showed a radical cation as the base peak. MS/MS spectra exhibit water elimination as the major fragmentation pathway (via two ways), either when protonation takes place on the oxygen atom, or through elimination after activation from hydrogen migration. After the elimination of water, the formation of an endocyclic double bond induces a sequential retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) reaction as the major fragmentation step. CONCLUSIONS A thorough rational analysis of the fragmentation mechanisms of protonated Velloziaceae diterpenes was used to propose the dissociation mechanisms in ESI-MS/MS. The presence of esters in the side chain also influenced the intensity or occurrence of the observed protonated or cationized molecules in ESI-MS. These results will aid the identification of analogues in sample extracts in future metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo da Cunha Pinto
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, sala 626A, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmelita Gomes da Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. Campus Nilópolis, R. LúcioTaváres, 1045, CEP 26530-060, Centro, Nilópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lourenço Amorim
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, sala 626A, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Martins dos Santos Júnior
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, sala 626A, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, sala 626A, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Claudia Moraes Rezende
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, sala 626A, CEP 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS) - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Jacotet-Navarro M, Rombaut N, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Danguien M, Bily A, Chemat F. Ultrasound versus microwave as green processes for extraction of rosmarinic, carnosic and ursolic acids from rosemary. Ultrason Sonochem 2015; 27:102-109. [PMID: 26186826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound and microwave as green processes are investigated in this study, focusing on the extraction selectivity towards antioxidant extraction from rosemary leaves. Due to its richness in valuable compounds such as rosmarinic, carnosic and ursolic acids, rosemary is a reference matrix for extraction study. In this work, six alternative processes are compared: ultrasound (bath, reactor and probe), microwave (reflux under microwave, microwave under nitrogen pressure and microwave under vapor pressure). The main result of this study is that selective extraction can be achieved according to extraction techniques and therefore to the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacotet-Navarro
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, F-84000 Avignon, France; ORTESA, LabCom Naturex-Université d'Avignon, F-84000 Avignon Cedex, France; Naturex, 250 rue Pierre Bayle, BP 81218, F-84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - N Rombaut
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, F-84000 Avignon, France; ORTESA, LabCom Naturex-Université d'Avignon, F-84000 Avignon Cedex, France
| | - A-S Fabiano-Tixier
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, F-84000 Avignon, France; ORTESA, LabCom Naturex-Université d'Avignon, F-84000 Avignon Cedex, France
| | - M Danguien
- Naturex, 250 rue Pierre Bayle, BP 81218, F-84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - A Bily
- ORTESA, LabCom Naturex-Université d'Avignon, F-84000 Avignon Cedex, France; Naturex, 250 rue Pierre Bayle, BP 81218, F-84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - F Chemat
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, F-84000 Avignon, France; ORTESA, LabCom Naturex-Université d'Avignon, F-84000 Avignon Cedex, France.
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Rontani JF, Aubert C, Belt ST. EIMS Fragmentation Pathways and MRM Quantification of 7α/β-Hydroxy-Dehydroabietic Acid TMS Derivatives. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:1606-1616. [PMID: 26138887 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
EI mass fragmentation pathways of TMS derivatives οf 7α/β-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acids resulting from NaBH(4)-reduction of oxidation products of dehydroabietic acid (a component of conifers) were investigated and deduced by a combination of (1) low energy CID-GC-MS/MS, (2) deuterium labeling, (3) different derivatization methods, and (4) GC-QTOF accurate mass measurements. Having identified the main fragmentation pathways, the TMS-derivatized 7α/β-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acids could be quantified in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode in sea ice and sediment samples collected from the Arctic. These newly characterized transformation products of dehydroabietic acid constitute potential tracers of biotic and abiotic degradation of terrestrial higher plants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, France,
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Liu W, Wei YY, Sun P, Zhou J, Wang X, Geng YL, Liu JH, Li FS. Influence of naturaldecay of fibrousroots on growth and content of active compositions of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:2548-2552. [PMID: 26697676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The change of yield and contents. of active compositions were studied while the fibrous roots were decayed naturally. HPLC method was used to detect the contents of active composition. The results show that fibrousroots could decrease the production of plant by 38.60% (20 g) and 30.99% (40 g), respectively. Treatment 1 could increase the contents of dihydrotanshinone and cryptotanshinone of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba by 26.08% and 22.64%, respectively. Compared with the comparison, treatment 2 decreased the contents of ihydrotanshinone, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone II(A) of S. miltiorrhiza f. alba by 60.87%, 79.24%, 84.61% and 88.99%, respectively. Meanwhile, the total contents of the liposoluble constituents reduced by 86.27%. The different concentration of fibrousroots could increase the content of salvianolic acid B by 4.98% (20 g) and 23.64% (40 g), respectively. Meanwhile, the content of rosemary acid was increased by 4.98% (20 g) and 23.64% (40 g), respectively. The content of water-soluble constituents positively correlated to the mount of added fibrousroots, and the change was significantly. The result indicted that the decay of fibrousroots has a significant impact on the growth and the content of the active composition of S. miltiorrhiza f. alba under the condition of continuous cropping. Fibrousroots could decrease the content of biomass and liposoluble constituents significantly, which maybe one of the main factors to S. miltiorrhiza f. alba continuous cropping obstacle formation.
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Yu NJ, Peng DY, Chen WD, Peng HS, Yu F, Shi SM. [Optimization of method for determination of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:2128-2131. [PMID: 26552168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To optimize the method in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for determining Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. METHOD Tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B were selected as the index in optimization of the sample preparation method of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the extraction process of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and concentration of contents were detected by high performance liquid chromatography method. A detection of using methanol-water (85: 15) at wavelength of 270 nm was employed for tanshinone II(A) and a detection of using methanol-acetonitrile-formic acid-water (30:10:1: 59) at wavelength of 286 nm was employed for salvianolic acid B. RESULT The optimized extraction process of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B was: extracted by 90% methanol and reflux twice (0.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, extracted by 70% methanol and reflux twice (1.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, respectively. CONCLUSION Optimized extraction and determination methods could be used to reflect the content of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma more accurately and efficiently.
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Lu J, Song HP, Li P, Zhou P, Dong X, Chen J. Screening of direct thrombin inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae by a peak fractionation approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:85-90. [PMID: 25819728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin plays a significant role in thromboembolic disease. In this work, a peak fractionation approach combined with an activity assay method was used to screen direct thrombin inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), a famous herbal remedy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. A total of 91 fractions were collected from the RSM extract, and 19 fractions out of them showed thrombin inhibitory effects with dose-effect relationship. Among them, three compounds were unambiguously identified as 15, 16-dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA with IC50 values of 29.39, 81.11 and 66.60μM, respectively. The three compounds were reported with direct thrombin inhibition activities for the first time and their ligand-thrombin interactions were explored by a molecular docking research. These results may contribute to explain the medical benefit of RSM for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Borrás-Linares I, Stojanović Z, Quirantes-Piné R, Arráez-Román D, Švarc-Gajić J, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Rosmarinus officinalis leaves as a natural source of bioactive compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20585-606. [PMID: 25391044 PMCID: PMC4264185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In an extensive search for bioactive compounds from plant sources, the composition of different extracts of rosemary leaves collected from different geographical zones of Serbia was studied. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of 20 rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) samples, obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The high mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern in both MS and MS/MS spectra provided by the QTOF-MS analyzer enabled the characterization of a wide range of phenolic compounds in the extracts, including flavonoids, phenolic diterpenes and abietan-type triterpenoids, among others. According to the data compiled, rosemary samples from Sokobanja presented the highest levels in flavonoids and other compounds such as carnosol, rosmaridiphenol, rosmadial, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid. On the other hand, higher contents in triterpenes were found in the extracts of rosemary from Gložan (Vojvodina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Zorica Stojanović
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Rosa Quirantes-Piné
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - David Arráez-Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jaroslava Švarc-Gajić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Cao W, Hu SS, Ye LH, Cao J. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction using mesoporous hybrid materials for simultaneous determination of semivolatile compounds from plant tea by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:9683-9689. [PMID: 25231266 DOI: 10.1021/jf5029625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This report described the use of mesoporous hybrid materials (MHM) in a dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction procedure to extract semivolatile compounds from plant tea that were then analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA were selected as the model compounds, and the extraction parameters, including mesoporous concentration, extraction time, sample agitation and desorption solvents, were optimized. The interaction with the analytes and the large surface area of the MHM facilitated the adsorption of analytes. The method showed good linearity, with correlation coefficients >0.9980 in the range 0.25-100 ng/mL, and low limits of detection (0.012-0.046 pg). Finally, the recovery values were 91-103% for Danshen tea, 89-102% for Danshen, and 88-96% for tanshinone capsules. The results showed that the proposed method was suitable for the extraction and determination of tanshinones in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , 16, Xuelin Street, Xiasha High Education Zone, Hangzhou 310036, China
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Li XE, Zhang XY. [Influence of plant growth regulater on yield and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1992-1994. [PMID: 25272828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study is aimed to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality of the Salvia miltiorrhiza. The plant growth regulators was spraying on Salvia plants in July or August in field experiment, then the yield, ingredient content and the antioxidant activity were determined. The results showed that plant growth regulator 'Zhuanggenling' could increase the yield of Salvia with root-planting by 38.45%. Plant growth regulator 'Duoxiaozuo' could increase the yield of Salvia with seedling planting by 14.19%. Both plant growth regulator significantly reduced the antioxidant activity of Salvia in vitro, but they had no significant effect on active ingredient contents.
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Chu ZY, Wu LH, Tian L. [Determination of five components in rongxin pills by HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1016-1019. [PMID: 24956842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To establish a method for determination contents of schizandrin, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone II (A) and schizandrin B in rongxin pills. The HPLC method was performed on an Agilent C18. The mobile phase was composed of methnol and water wish gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength wash 240 nm. The linear of schizandrin, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, Tanshinone II (A) and schizandrin B were 3.000-48.00 (r = 1.000), 3.985-63.76 (r = 0.999 9), 6.370-101.9 (r = 1.000), 8.690-139.0 (r = 0.999 9), 1.700-27.20 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.999 9), respectively. The average recoveries were 98.44%, 100.3%, 99.29%, 99.07%, 98.42%, and RSDs were 0.61%, 1.1%, 0.52%, 0.72%, 0.97%. The method is convenient, accurate and has good precision. It can be used for determination of the preparation.
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Murugan R, Mallavarapu GR, Sudha V, Brindha P. Pogostemon hirsutus oil, rich in abietane diterpenes. Nat Prod Commun 2013; 8:1771-1772. [PMID: 24555296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile oil extracted from the leaves of Pogostemon hirsutus Benth., a rare species from Anamalai hills of the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Fifty-four compounds amounting to 90.8% of the oil were identified. The oil was rich in monoterpenes and diterpenes. The major components of the oil were alpha-pinene (11.5%), sabinene (8.5%), beta-pinene (5.2%), abietatriene (16.3%), dehydroabietal (3.5%) and dehydroabietol (21.0%). Abietane diterpenes are reported for the first time in the genus Pogostemon of Lamiaceae with six abietanes representing 42.6% of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Murugan
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | | | - Veerappan Sudha
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Pemaiah Brindha
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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35
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Wang YF, Wei XY. [Determination of dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid in aqueous alkali extract of Liquidambaris Resina by HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:57-59. [PMID: 23596877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an HPLC method for content determination of dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid in aqueous alkali extract of Liquidambaris Resina. METHOD The determination was carried out on a DIONEX C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% acetic acid. The flow rate was 1 mL x min(-1), and the detected wavelength was set at 210, 240 nm. RESULT The peak areas and the sample quantity of the two components had good linear relationship in the range of 0.4-3.4 microg for dehydroabietic acid, and 0.6-4.8 microg for abietic acid. The average recoveries were 99.53%, 101.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION The method was proved to be simple, accurate and used for the quality evaluation of Liquidambaris Resina.
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Zhou X, Chan SW, Tseng HL, Deng Y, Hoi PM, Choi PS, Or PMY, Yang JM, Lam FFY, Lee SMY, Leung GPH, Kong SK, Ho HP, Kwan YW, Yeung JHK. Danshensu is the major marker for the antioxidant and vasorelaxation effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) water-extracts produced by different heat water-extractions. Phytomedicine 2012; 19:1263-9. [PMID: 23026310 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the major components of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a widely used Chinese herbal medicine rich in phenolic acids, are thermosensitive and may degrade to other phenolic acids during extractions with heating. The chemical profiles of Danshen water-extract may vary with different heat water extraction at different temperatures, affecting the composition and bioactivity of the extracts. In this study, six water-extracts of Danshen obtained from heat reflux water extraction and microwave-assisted extraction with water (MAE-W) at different temperatures were tested for their composition and pharmacological effects. Among these extracts, the third-round MAE-W (100°C) extract had the highest phenolic acids and tanshinones contents, with the strongest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. This extract also showed the strongest inhibitory effects on 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane (AAPH)-induced hemolysis in human red blood cells, hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat heart H9c2 cells and the highest relaxation effects on rat basilar artery. The antioxidant effects of Danshen water-extracts linearly correlated to their relaxation effects (r=0.895-0.977). Through multiple linear regression analysis, danshensu was found to be the most significant marker in the antioxidant and vasodilation effects of Danshen water-extract, while tanshinone IIA as the marker on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat heart H9c2 cells. Danshensu is, therefore, a useful marker for the quality control of Danshen water-extracts in antioxidant and vasodilation, while tanshinone IIA for anti-apoptotic potential of different extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Liang JP, Liu ZZ, Peng W, Su WW. [HPLC fingerprint of compound xueshuantong capsule]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:1854-1858. [PMID: 23627102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Compound Xueshuantong Capsule. METHODS Dionex Acclaim 120 C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 3 microm) was used with acetonitrile (A) and 0.05% phosphoric acid (B) in gradient elution mode. The elution profile was:0-50 min (15%-->34% A), 50-95 min (34%-->75% A); The detective wavelength was 203 nm and 270 nm. The column temperature was set at 25 degrees C and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. RESULTS In the established fingerprint,42 common peaks covering 4 medicinal materials were detected, and 23 chemical compounds were identified by RRLC/MS/MS and DAD spetra. CONCLUSION The method can be used for quality control of Compound Xueshuantong Capsule with great precision, accuracy and good reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Jordán MJ, Lax V, Rota MC, Lorán S, Sotomayor JA. Relevance of carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid concentrations in the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) methanolic extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:9603-8. [PMID: 22957812 DOI: 10.1021/jf302881t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the diterpenic and rosmarinic acid content in the biological activities of rosemary extracts has been studied previously, but how the relationship between the concentration of these components affects their antioxidant and antibacterial activities has received little attention. Accordingly, from a total of 150 plants, 27 methanolic extracts were selected, for their similar diterpene contents but different ratios between carnosic acid and carnosol concentrations. In extracts with similar rosmarinic acid contents but differing proportions between carnosic acid and carnosol, the two diterpenes were seen to equally affect the in vitro antioxidant activity; however, and related with the antibacterial efficiency, this biological activity improved when carnosol was the major diterpene component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Jordán
- Department of Natural Resources, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA) , c/Mayor s/n, 30150 La Alberca (Murcia), Spain.
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Wu S, Wu D, Liang J, Berthod A. Modeling gradient elution in countercurrent chromatography: efficient separation of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:964-76. [PMID: 22589157 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a support-free liquid-liquid chromatography using centrifugal fields to hold the liquid stationary phase. CCC has been widely applied in the separation of various natural and synthetic components using a variety of biphasic liquid systems. The related hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water biphasic liquid systems demonstrated their significance in CCC. Gradient is difficult in CCC since any composition change in one phase induces a composition change of the other phase to maintain phase equilibrium. This work provides a new insight into linear gradient elution in CCC that is feasible with some biphasic liquid systems such as selected compositions of the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water systems. The equations modeling solute motion inside the CCC column are proposed. Particular compositions of the liquid system, namely the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water 8:2:E:W compositions with E + W = 10, were studied from W = 1 to 9. They showed moderate changes in the upper organic phase compositions. The model is tested with the separation of tanshinones from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Different linear solvent gradient profiles were experimentally performed between 8:2:5:5 and 8:2:3:7 compositions and the results were evaluated using the proposed model. Five tanshinones including dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, 1,2-dihydrotanshinquinone, and tanshinone IIA have been successfully separated (>95% purities) using a gradient profile optimized by the developed model. The gradient model can be used only with biphasic liquid systems in which one phase shows minimum composition changes when the other phase composition changes notably. This case is not the general case for biphasic liquid systems but can be applied with specific compositions of the quaternary hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water most useful CCC liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Xiao C, Rao WW, Zhong MC. [Study on determination methods for abietic acid in fake Myrrha]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:1237-1241. [PMID: 23320354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the qualitative and quantitative method for abietic acid in fake Myrrha. METHODS The abietic acid was identified by TLC, HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MS. RESULTS Abietic acid was detected in 18 batches, which content was 1.16 to 73.99 (mg/g). CONCLUSION The method can meet the requirements of identification and determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xiao
- Guangxi Guilin Institute of Food and Drug Control, Guilin 541002, China.
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Tsai CC, Huang SC, Liu JK, Wang HC, Tsai TR, Tsai PJ, Liu CW, Chang LC. Salvia miltiorrhiza causes tonic contraction in rat ileum through Ca²⁺-calmodulin pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 142:694-699. [PMID: 22683910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen, root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of heart, abdomen, gurgling in the intestines, and relieving fullness. However, the effects of SM on intestine have rarely been done to date. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the contraction effect of SM on isolated rat ileum and its mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isometric contractions of ileum segments were investigated in organ baths for spontaneous activity and response to ethanolic extracts of SM. To determine the contraction mechanism caused by SM extracts, atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist), tetrodotoxin (TTX, a sodium channel blocker), nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker), Ca(2+) free Krebs solution with EGTA, or trifluoperazine (TFP, a calmodulin blocker) was administered and its response to cumulative dosages of SM extracts were examined. The effect of SM extracts on Ca(2+) signaling in the intestinal epithelial cell-6 (IEC-6) was examined using fura-2 as a Ca(2+) indicator. RESULTS SM extracts caused dose-dependent tonic contraction on rat ileum in ex vivo organ bath studies. The contraction induced by SM extracts was not inhibited by atropine, TTX, nifedipine, or in Ca(2+) free solution. However, the ileal contractions induced by SM extracts were significantly inhibited by TFP in a dose-dependent manner. In IEC-6 cells, the SM extracts induced extracellular Ca(2+) entry and massive intracellular Ca(2+) release in Ca(2+)-contained medium, and induced intracellular Ca(2+) release in Ca(2+)-free medium. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that SM extracts cause ileal contraction through the Ca(2+)-calmodulin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, No.1, Yida Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Achour S, Khelifi E, Attia Y, Ferjani E, Noureddine Hellal A. Concentration of antioxidant polyphenols from Thymus capitatus extracts by membrane process technology. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C703-9. [PMID: 22612548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymus capitatus is a Mediterranean plant characterized by its antioxidant polyphenols of which the most known are the carnosic and rosmarinic acids. In this way, this study aims to concentrate these acids by membrane processes. The thyme essential oil composition was established by capillary GC-MS and 27 components were identified representing 98.93%± 1.97% of total oils. The antioxidant test for permeate and retentate of methanolic and aqueous extract were determined using 3 types of membranes. The results showed that the synthetic NF membrane is able to trap and concentrate phenolic compounds in the retentate much better than the NF commercial and UF synthetic membrane. The results of the total phenolic content (TPC) showed a significant value of the polyphenol content present in the aqueous extract with 175.53 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of extract. The spectrum of the aqueous extract of Thymus capitatus showed the presence of 3 visible peaks, the 1st one at 217 nm corresponding to the carnosic acid, the 2nd one at 277 nm for essential oils, and the last one at 326 nm attributed to the rosmarinic acid. The commercial membrane NF-DK succeeded to concentrate rosmarinic acid and can be considered as a stage towards the concentration of this product with a high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Achour
- Unité de recherche Génome Humain, Diagnostic Immunitaire et Valorisation 03/UR/09-01, Inst Supérieur de Biotechnologie, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie.
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Li Q, Liu W, Luo Z, Yang M. [Simultaneous determination of four tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza by QAMS]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37:824-828. [PMID: 22715731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a new method and validate its feasibilities for quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza. METHOD Four main effective components, dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone II(A), were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality of S. miltiorrhiza. The relative correction factors (RCF) of tanshinone II(A) to the other three tanshinones were calculated. The method was evaluated by comparison of the quantitative results between external standard method and QAMS method. RESULT No significant differences were found in the quantitative results of four tanshinones by external standard method and QAMS method. CONCLUSION It is a convenient and accurate method to determine multi-components when some authentic standard substances were unavailable. It can be used to control the quality of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Lu L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Analysis of Danshen and twelve related Salvia species. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7:59-60. [PMID: 22428246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Danshen is a commonly used traditional Chinese herb, but over twenty Salvia species are used as Danshen by local herbalists. In this study, twelve Salvia species from the plateau of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces were collected, analyzed and compared with Danshen by HPLC. The results showed that most of the Salvia species were good sources of rosmarinic acid and tanshinones. The highest amount of both rosmarinic acid and tanshinone IIA were found in S. przewalskii Maxim. These results pave the way for a better therapeutic exploitation of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Lu
- Ethnic Pharmaceutical Institute of Southwest University for Nationalities, No. 16, South 4th Section 1st Ring Road, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Tounekti T, Hernández I, Müller M, Khemira H, Munné-Bosch S. Kinetin applications alleviate salt stress and improve the antioxidant composition of leaf extracts in Salvia officinalis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:1165-1176. [PMID: 21856165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A pot experiment was carried out under glasshouse conditions with common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) to investigate the interactive effects of salt stress and kinetin on growth attributes and the abundance of pigments, ions, phenolic diterpenes and α-tocopherol in leaf extracts of this species. The plants were subjected to the following four treatments: (i) control (nutrient solution), (ii) control + 10 μM kinetin, (iii) salt stress (nutrient solution + 100 mM NaCl), and (iv) salt stress + 10 μM kinetin. Kinetin was applied as a foliar fertilizer. Salt stress reduced water contents, photosynthetic activity and pigment contents of sage leaves. In addition, it increased Na(+) contents, and reduced those of Ca(2+) and K(+) in leaves. Salt stress reduced carnosic acid and 12-O-methyl carnosic acid contents in leaves, while it did not affect carnosol and α-tocopherol contents. Foliar applications of kinetin seemed to counterbalance or alleviate the stress symptoms induced by salinity, improving ion and pigment contents, while leaf phenolic diterpene (mainly carnosol) and α-tocopherol contents also increased in both control and NaCl-treated plants; still this effect was much more obvious in salt-treated plants. A similar effect was also obtained when plants were sprayed with KNO(3) or Ca(NO(3))(2), thus suggesting that kinetin effects were at least partly due to an improvement of ion homeostasis. Kinetin applications resulted in increased transcript levels of the isoprenoid and tocopherol biosynthetic genes, DXPRI and VTE2 and VTE4 in control plants, but not in NaCl-treated plants. We conclude that kinetin can alleviate the negative impact of salt on sage plants cultivated under arid environments with salinity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taïeb Tounekti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Cité Erriadh, Zrig 6072 Gabès, Tunisia.
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Liu D, Guo L, Huang L, Jin H, Wu L, Zeng Y, Zhang J, Yang Y. [Effects of soil water content on seedlings growth and active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011; 36:321-325. [PMID: 21585035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to provide a scientific water management for the standardized cultivation, the effects of soil water content on the seedlings growth and active ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza were studied. METHOD A water stress experiment with pot culture was applied to study the effects of different soil water content on the seedlings growth, biomass and the accumulation of tanshinone, salvianolic acid B and mineral nutrition of S. miltiorrhiza. RESULT Soil water content had serious influence on the growth, yield, outer appearance and inner quality of S. miltiorrhiza when the soil was under severe drought or with too much water. But the shoot and root biomass of S. miltiorrhiza was increased significantly under mild drought. As well as the content and cumulant of dihydrotanshinone I , cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I , tanshinone IIA and salvianolic acid B in root of mild drought were increased. It also enhanced the P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe contents of S. miltiorrhiza under mild drought. CONCLUSION The overall results from the experiment suggest that the appropriate soil water content is 55% to 60% in seedling stage of S. miltiorrhiza. And it will be strongly recommended that the ridge culture and suitable soil moisture management must be carry out in production of S. miltiorrhiza in order to improve the yield and quality of medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Liu
- Institute of Chinese Material Medica, China Academy of ChineSe Material Science, Beijing 10070, China
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Chen XD, Lan J, Li XE, Feng ZS. [The quality of Salvia miltforthiza from Beijing suburbs with different growing modes]. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34:8-11. [PMID: 21818962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Study the yield and quality of Salvia miltforthiza in the poplars and apple trees intercropping system. METHODS Assay the yield, heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides and active components of Salvia miltforthiza in different intercropping systems are different. RESULTS The contents of Cd exceeds the allowed figure seriously though other heavy metals such as Pb, As, Hg, Cu fell in the standard range. The contents of organochlorine pesticides of different Salvia miltforthiza fell in the standard range. The active components of biennial Salvia miltforthiza intercropping with apple trees, including Tanshinone II A and Salvianolic acid B complied with the quality standards of Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION Soil fertility, heavy metals of intercropping system and planting years should be considered in order to ensure the quality and stability of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-dong Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China
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Ibarra A, Cases J, Bily A, He K, Bai N, Roller M, Coussaert A, Ripoll C. Importance of extract standardization and in vitro/ex vivo assay selection for the evaluation of antioxidant activity of botanicals: a case study on three Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts. J Med Food 2010; 13:1167-75. [PMID: 20626255 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of free radicals and oxygen reactive species is suspected to be implicated in a wide range of metabolic reactions that can have pernicious consequences in the development of a variety of human diseases. Botanical extracts are sources of antioxidants that counteract both free radicals and oxygen reactive species. The processing conditions used in the botanical extraction may influence the antioxidant composition; therefore, different extracts from the same plant may have different antioxidant properties. To illustrate this fact, we conducted a study using three commercial rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaf extracts. The three extracts were standardized to contain, respectively, 20% carnosic acid, 40% ursolic acid, or 20% rosmarinic acid. They were evaluated for their total (hydrophilic + lipophilic) antioxidant effects on oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), their ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and their capacity to inhibit Cu(2+)-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation ex vivo. The ursolic acid extract showed the lowest antioxidant capacity on all models. The rosmarinic acid extract had an antioxidant capacity 1.5 times higher on ORAC and four times higher on FRAP than the carnosic acid extract. However, the carnosic acid extract was better than the rosmarinic acid extract in inhibiting the oxidation of LDL ex vivo. These results encourage conducting further studies to evaluate the carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid extracts in vivo. Our study offers an example of the importance of the extraction procedures, on which depends the nature of the antioxidant composition, and highlights interest to proceed with in vitro/ex vivo assay selection for the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of botanical extracts.
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Siegel PD, Law BF, Fowler JF, Fowler LM. Disproportionated rosin dehydroabietic acid in neoprene surgical gloves. Dermatitis 2010; 21:157-159. [PMID: 20487659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a well-recognized immune-mediated disease often associated with the use of vulcanization accelerator-containing latex and nitrile gloves. Potential contact allergens in neoprene (polychloroisoprene, polychloroprene) gloves have not been reported. OBJECTIVE The objective was to analyze extracts of neoprene surgical and examination gloves for potential contact allergens. METHODS Four different brands of neoprene-type gloves were purchased, and dichloromethane extracts were derivatized and assayed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. A latex surgical glove was used as a negative control. RESULTS Chemical species consistent with the composition of disproportionated rosin (dehydroabietic acid [DHA], didehydroabietic acid, and other pimaric or isopimaric species) were identified in dichloromethane extracts of neoprene gloves. Levels of DHA, a type IV prohapten that can be air oxidized to an active allergen, ranged from 7 to 31 mg/g of glove. A leaching study of DHA was conducted, and small amounts of DHA leached from the glove materials into artificial sweat. DHA oxidation products were not observed in any of the gloves assayed. CONCLUSION DHA exposure may occur from neoprene-type glove use, although a potential association with glove ACD has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Siegel
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
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Soler-Rivas C, Marín FR, Santoyo S, García-Risco MR, Señoráns FJ, Reglero G. Testing and enhancing the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts with a high level of antioxidant abietanes. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:1144-1152. [PMID: 20038145 DOI: 10.1021/jf902087q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An antioxidant-enriched extract (RE) was obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by supercritical fluid extraction to be used as an ingredient to design functional foods. The optimized mixture (42 mg RE g(-1) sunflower oil) was submitted to in vitro digestion and absorption tests (using Caco2 cells) to investigate the effect of these processes on its DPPH scavenging activity and also whether its major abietanes (tricyclic diterpenes) might be bioaccessible and bioavailable. Results indicated that supplementation of the rosemary extract with sunflower oil and lecithin (37 mg g(-1)) enhanced abietanes micellation (almost 2-fold). In vitro digestion of the mixture including RE, sunflower oil, and lecithin reduced 50% the bioaccesibility in terms of antioxidant activity. Bioavailability was 31%. It was evidenced that this activity was not due to the original levels of carnosol, carnosic acid, and methyl carnosate (which only 47% remained after digestion) but due to their derivatives and digestion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Sección Departamental Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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