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Erbertseder K, Reichold J, Flemisch B, Jenny P, Helmig R. A coupled discrete/continuum model for describing cancer-therapeutic transport in the lung. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31966. [PMID: 22438873 PMCID: PMC3305605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a computational simulation framework for describing cancer-therapeutic transport in the lung. A discrete vascular graph model (VGM) is coupled to a double-continuum model (DCM) to determine the amount of administered therapeutic agent that will reach the cancer cells. An alveolar cell carcinoma is considered. The processes in the bigger blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, venules and veins) are described by the VGM. The processes in the alveolar capillaries and the surrounding tissue are represented by a continuum approach for porous media. The system of equations of the coupled discrete/continuum model contains terms that account for degradation processes of the therapeutic agent, the reduction of the number of drug molecules by the lymphatic system and the interaction of the drug with the tissue cells. The functionality of the coupled discrete/continuum model is demonstrated in example simulations using simplified pulmonary vascular networks, which are designed to show-off the capabilities of the model rather than being physiologically accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Erbertseder
- Department of Hydromechanics and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jarzynka MJ, Guo P, Bar-Joseph I, Hu B, Cheng SY. Estradiol and nicotine exposure enhances A549 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma xenograft growth in mice through the stimulation of angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2006; 28:337-44. [PMID: 16391787 PMCID: PMC2866195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for lung cancer growth, which is mediated by various growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Increases in VEGF and angiogenesis have been correlated with poor prognosis and survival in patients with lung cancer. In addition, recent reports show that estradiol and nicotine play important roles in lung tumor initiation and progression. In this report, we demonstrate that estradiol and nicotine exposure enhances the growth of A549 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma xenografts in mice through the stimulation of cell proliferation, VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. We detect a four-fold increase in microvascular density in tumors from mice exposed to estradiol and nicotine compared to control tumors resulting in an increase in tumor growth. Intriguingly, the effects on angiogenesis and tumor growth by the combination of agents were additive when compared to either agent alone. Furthermore, estradiol promotes VEGF secretion from various non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells and this effect is augmented by nicotine in a tumor xenograft model. These results indicate that aside from their roles in promoting cell proliferation, estradiol and nicotine appear to have additive effects on the induction of angiogenesis through the stimulation of VEGF secretion during NSCLC progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Jarzynka
- Cancer Institute, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Pathology, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Cancer Institute, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Pathology, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- North China Coal Medical College, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Ifat Bar-Joseph
- Cancer Institute, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Pathology, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Cancer Institute, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Medicine, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Cancer Institute, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
- Department of Pathology, Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
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Abstract
The three-dimensional architecture of blood vessels within lung adenocarcinomas has not been well studied. In 19 cases with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with central fibrosis, we three-dimensionally examined blood vessel architecture in 150 microm thick sections stained with elastin staining and anti-CD34 antibody. We examined four regions: normal alveoli and three regions within the tumor including an area adjacent to the normal alveoli (external area), an area in which tumor cells were replacing epithelial cells (replacement area), and a central fibrotic area (fibrotic area). Elastin staining showed that elastic fibers formed the framework of the alveoli, and the alveolar structure shrank more strongly to the center of the tumor due to folding of alveolar walls invaded by adenocarcinoma cells. We also measured three vessel parameters in these four regions. The vessel diameters were 4.08+/-1.10 microm, 3.95+/-1.02 microm, 5.04+/-1.56 microm, and 6.11+/-2.23 microm, the circumferences of those vessels seen as complete circles were 43.11+/-12.78 microm, 43.71+/-12.87 microm, 95.21+/-39.32 microm, and 126.77+/-54.65 microm; the lengths between vessel bifurcations were 13.28+/-3.08 microm, 13.47+/-4.58 microm, 24.91+/-9.66 microm, and 41.82+/-28.08 microm in the normal alveoli, and the external, replacement, and fibrotic areas, respectively. Blood vessel architecture changed such that the vessels became larger and coarser towards the center of the tumor. Our three-dimensional analysis suggests continuous remodeling of alveolar capillaries rather than angiogenesis within bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan
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Guedj N, Couvelard A, Arcangeli G, Dubois S, Thabut G, Lesèche G, Fournier M, Degott C, Groussard O. Angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling in bronchioloalveolar carcinomas: distinctive patterns in mucinous and non-mucinous tumours. Histopathology 2004; 44:251-6. [PMID: 14987229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BACs) are rare primitive lung adenocarcinomas growing along the alveolar septum without stromal, vascular or pleural invasion. We report an immunohistochemical study of their vascular microenvironment. METHODS AND RESULTS In three mucinous BACs (M-BAC) and three non-mucinous BACs (NM-BAC) we examined the following parameters in comparison with the normal lung: (i) constituents of the alveolar extracellular matrix; (ii) qualitative and quantitative changes of alveolar capillaries; and (iii) expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by tumour cells. In M-BAC, the alveolar matrix was unchanged compared with the normal parenchyma. Capillaries expressed normal alveolar endothelial markers and their average surface was calculated, as in normal lung, as 8%. VEGF was negative in tumour cells. In NM-BAC, the alveolar wall was thickened by deposits of fibronectin and type III collagen containing myofibroblasts and the basement membrane was disrupted. Capillaries did not retain alveolar endothelial markers and their surface was calculated as 19%. Tumour cells expressed high levels of VEGF. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to NM-BAC, M-BAC do not modify the alveolar structure and seem to exploit the normal alveolar vascular bed to grow, without inducing neoangiogenesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms of growth of lung cancers may have implications for future anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guedj
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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Barlesi F, Doddoli C, Thomas P, Kleisbauer JP, Giudicelli R, Fuentes P. Bilateral bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma: is there a place for palliative pneumonectomy? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20:1113-6. [PMID: 11717013 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma (BAC) is characterized by bronchial and lymphatic dissemination explaining multifocal and bilateral spreading. Bilateral BAC is usually considered as a contraindication to surgery. Regarding poor efficacy of symptomatic and oncological treatments, we hypothesized that surgery might play a role to palliate hypoxemia associated with serious intrapulmonary shunting, as well as continuous bronchorrhea. METHODS We retrospectively studied here four consecutive patients, who underwent palliative pneumonectomy. RESULTS The shunt was confirmed again at the time of the surgery by a pulmonary artery occlusion demonstrating immediate improvement in arterial oxygen saturation from 89% at baseline to 98% after occlusion. Lung resections consisted of a left pneumonectomy in three cases and a right pneumonectomy in one. PaO(2) levels under 5l/min oxygen therapy improved dramatically when comparing preoperative data (mean 50.5 mmHg) to post-operative results (mean 150 mmHg). One patient died postoperatively. Three patients, who experienced an uneventful immediate post-operative course, received chemotherapy after surgery. Improvement of quality of life is testified by the absence of both symptoms and any need for oxygen therapy for few months. Disabling symptoms reappeared at 1, 8 and 10 months. Survival of these patients was 3, 12 and 18 months. CONCLUSIONS These results support the interest of consideration of a surgical resection for highly selected patients presenting with bilateral BAC and severe intrapulmonary shunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barlesi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.
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Sharma S, Stolina M, Zhu L, Lin Y, Batra R, Huang M, Strieter R, Dubinett SM. Secondary lymphoid organ chemokine reduces pulmonary tumor burden in spontaneous murine bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6406-12. [PMID: 11522634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor efficiency of secondary lymphoid organ chemokine (SLC), a CC chemokine that chemoattracts both dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes,was evaluated in SV40 large T-antigen transgenic mice that develop bilateral multifocal pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Injection of recombinant SLC in the axillary lymph node region led to a marked reduction in tumor burden with extensive lymphocytic and DC infiltration of the tumors and enhanced survival. SLC injection led to significant increases in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes as well as DC at the tumor sites, lymph nodes, and spleen. The cellular infiltrates were accompanied by the enhanced elaboration of Type 1 cytokines and the antiangiogenic chemokines IFN-gamma inducible protein 10, and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG). In contrast, lymph node and tumor site production of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta was decreased in response to SLC treatment. In vitro, after stimulation with irradiated autologous tumor, splenocytes from SLC-treated mice secreted significantly more IFN-gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but reduced levels of interleukin 10. Significant reduction in tumor burden in a model in which tumors develop in an organ-specific manner provides a strong rationale for additional evaluation of SLC in regulation of tumor immunity and its use in lung cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/immunology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/metabolism
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Wadsworth Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 90073, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Maldonado
- Department of Radiology, St. Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown, OH 44501, USA
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Vanoyan AA, Conroy R, Dick C. Demonstration of pathologic shunting during pulmonary angiography in a case of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9:523-4. [PMID: 9618120 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(98)70316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Chetty KG, Dick C, McGovern J, Conroy RM, Mahutte CK. Refractory hypoxemia due to intrapulmonary shunting associated with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Chest 1997; 111:1120-1. [PMID: 9106598 DOI: 10.1378/chest.111.4.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma caused severe refractory hypoxemia due to intrapulmonary shunting in a patient. Preoperative evaluation by occlusion of the pulmonary lobar artery supplying the tumor showed normalization of the arterial oxygen saturation. Resection of the involved lobe corrected the intrapulmonary shunting, and the patient required no further supplemental oxygen. However, with recurrence of the tumor over the next 6 months the patient became progressively more hypoxemic and died.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Chetty
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, Calif, USA
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Abstract
The authors reviewed computed tomographic (CT) scans of 12 patients with lobar bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Seven patients had consolidation of the entire lobe, and five patients had segmental consolidation. After contrast material was administered intravenously, the consolidated lung typically appeared on the scan as an area of homogeneous low attenuation, within which were enhanced branching pulmonary vessels (the CT angiogram sign). To evaluate the specificity of this sign in the discrimination of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, CT scans of 26 patients who had lobar consolidation from other diseases were randomly mixed with the CT scans of 11 patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Two independent observers who were unfamiliar with the cases classified 10 and nine of the 11 patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, respectively, as positive for bronchioloalveolar carcinoma by applying the CT angiogram sign, and classified as negative 25 and 23 of the 26 patients without bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, respectively, for an overall specificity of 92.3%. The angiogram sign appeared on the CT scan because of the low-attenuating consolidation, which was caused by the production of mucin or other fluid and the intact bronchovascular framework within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Im
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
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Abstract
A patient with bronchiolo-alveolar cell carcinoma presented with a veno-arterial shunt localized to the area of tumor involvement by differential position shunt testing. Perfusion lung scan revealed increased radionucleotide uptake in the area of the tumor, confirmed by pulmonary angiography, and suggested that the primary blood supply to the tumor was originating from the pulmonary circulation. Surgical resection of the tumor resulted in marked reduction of the intrapulmonary shunt.
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