Cananga oil inhibits Salmonella infection by mediating the homeostasis of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Cananga oil (CO) is derived from the flowers of the traditional medicinal plant, the ylang-ylang tree. As a traditional antidepressant, CO is commonly utilized in the treatment of various mental disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. It is also recognized as an efficient antibacterial insecticide, and has been traditionally utilized to combat malaria and acute inflammatory responses resulting from bacterial infections both in vitro and in vivo.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the anti-Salmonella activity and mechanism of CO both in vitro and in vivo, with the expectation of providing feasible strategies for exploring new antimicrobial strategies and developing novel drugs.

METHODS

The in vitro antibacterial activity of CO was comprehensively analyzed by measuring MIC, MBC, growth curve, time-killing curve, surface motility, biofilm, and Live/dead bacterial staining. The analysis of the chemistry and active ingredients of CO was conducted using GC-MS. To examine the influence of CO on the membrane homeostasis of Salmonella, we conducted utilizing diverse techniques, including ANS, PI, NPN, ONPG, BCECF-AM, DiSC3(5), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism of CO was analyzed and validated through metabolomics analysis. Finally, a mouse infection model of Salmonella typhimurium was established to evaluate the toxic side effects and therapeutic effects of CO.

RESULTS

The antibacterial effect of CO is the result of the combined action of the main chemical components within its six (palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, benzyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, and myristic acid). Furthermore, CO disrupts the balance of purine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Salmonella, interfering with redox processes. This leads to energy metabolic disorders and oxidative stress damage within the bacteria, resulting in bacterial shock, enhanced membrane damage, and ultimately bacterial death. It is worth emphasizing that CO exerts an effective protective influence on Salmonella infection in vivo within a non-toxic concentration range.

CONCLUSION

The outcomes indicate that CO displays remarkable anti-Salmonella activity both in vitro and in vivo. It triggers bacterial death by disrupting the balance of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle, interfering with the redox process, making it a promising anti-Salmonella medication.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cananga odorata essential oil and its antibacterial efficacy in vitro and in vivo

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure exhibits antimicrobial properties, which have prompted more research on their bactericidal effect against foodborne pathogens. The present work focused on the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Cananga odorata essential oil. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, SEM, and FT-IR analysis. The bactericidal activity of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The in vitro results indicate that ZnO NPs have excellent antibacterial activity and that the bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms are based on ROS production and depend on its penetration and interaction with bacterial cells. Moreover, ZnO NPs were found to be non-toxic to Caenorhabditis elegans, an in vivo animal model, up to 1 g/L and exert antibacterial activity by reducing the growth and colonization of pathogens. By reducing pathogen virulence, ZnO NPs significantly improved worms' physiological functions such as pharyngeal pumping, body length, reproduction, and movement. The competitive effect of ZnO NPs against pathogenic bacteria increased the gut-barrier integrity of C. elegans. The most interesting observation was noted that ZnO treatment increased the mean survival rate of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infected C. elegans by 56.6 % and 62.4 %, respectively. As an outcome, our study proved that green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit remarkable biological properties and can be used as an efficient bactericidal agent against foodborne pathogens.

Profiling of Aroma-Active Compounds in Ylang-Ylang Essential Oils by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) and Chemometric Methods

The aroma-active compounds in the extra, first, and third grades of ylang-ylang essential oils (YYEO) from Comoros and Madagascar were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with olfactometry (GC-MS/O) using an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) technique. In the previous study, the authors investigated differences in volatile compound profiles between YYEO of different grades and regions using GC coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID) and GC-MS. This study follows up with identification of the aroma-active compounds present in YYEO of various grades from both origins and to profile the aroma of those oils. For the first time, principal component analysis (PCA) on AEDA logarithmic flavor dilution (LFD) data was performed, in comparison with the corresponding PCA on GC-FID-MS data. Based on AEDA data, 21 aroma-active compounds were found across all samples and grades of YYEO, with 8 common ones previously identified by GC-FID. Linalool had the highest odor activity and is the major component of YYEO, followed by geraniol, although the latter only appeared as a much smaller peak in the chromatogram. Other trace compounds such as eugenol and vanillin were also found to be significant to the aroma of YYEO. Using PCA on resulting LFD data, YYEO from Comoros were found to have spicier odor qualities as compared to those from Madagascar. The main contributors that determine the difference in a spicy aroma profile of Comoros and Madagascar oils are vanillin, methyl eugenol, and trans-cinnamyl acetate.

Supportive effect of body contact care with ylang ylang aromatherapy and mobile intervention team for suicide prevention: A pilot study

OBJECTIVES

To assess understudied, alternative suicide prevention modalities in a mental health care setting.

METHODS

This was a prospective study of patients (n = 140, 68 cases and 72 controls) who were admitted to hospital or who contacted an SOS suicide crisis line for suicidal ideation or attempts. Psychiatric diagnoses (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) and intensity of anxiety/depression/suicidality (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation) were assessed. All intervention group subjects received a crisis card with a crisis line number, interviews with psychologists or volunteers and a telephone call on days 10 to 21, then 6 months later. These subjects also had a choice between two further 4-month interventions: body contact care or mobile intervention team visits.

RESULTS

The interventions significantly reduced the number of suicide attempts and suicide (3%) at 6 months compared with the control condition (12%). There were fewer losses to follow-up in the intervention group (7.35%) than in the control group (9.72%).

CONCLUSIONS

The results favour the implementation of integrated care and maintaining contact in suicide prevention.

Cananga odorata essential oil reverses the anxiety induced by 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine through regulating the MAPK pathway and serotonin system in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cananga odorata essential oil, known as ylang-ylang essential oil (YYO), was commonly used in the aromatherapy for relaxation and mood adjusting use. In our previous study, YYO played anxiolytic effects on the mice in several behavioral tests that based on the instinctive responses to novel environments.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of YYO reversing the anxiety induced by 5-HT2C receptor agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (m-CPP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

m-CPP was administrated to the male ICR mice to develop an anxiety model. The anxiolytic effect of YYO (0.1%, 1% and 10%, v/v) was evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test after odor exposure. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the expression of c-Fos in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after the EPM test. Serotonin and its metabolite change in the brain were detected by liquid chromatogram with an electrochemical detector. The effect of YYO on the plasma corticosterone level was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after the odor exposure.

RESULTS

The behavior analysis showed that m-CPP (2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg) could induce anxiety behaviors in the mice while diazepam (2 mg/kg) reversed the anxiety behavior induced by m-CPP. YYO dose-dependently increased the time and number of entries in the open arms (p < 0.05) compared to the Tween 80 group. YYO reduced the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 (p < 0.05) in both PFC and hippocampus. Down-regulations of phosphor-CREB (p < 0.05) and c-Fos (p < 0.05) were only observed in the hippocampus. YYO also affected the brain serotonin metabolism and reduced the blood plasma corticosterone level of the m-CPP treated mice.

CONCLUSION

YYO odor exposure could reverse the anxiety behaviors generated by m-CPP. The anxiolytic effect of YYO was associated with the ERK1/2/CREB pathway in the hippocampus and relevant to the serotonin system.

The story of insulin discovery

Many researchers had tried to isolate insulin from animal pancreas, but Frederick Banting, a young surgeon, and Charles Best, a medical student, were the ones that succeeded. They both worked hard in very difficult conditions in the late 1921 and early 1922 until final success. They encountered problems with the impurities of their extract that was causing inflammations, but J. Collip, their late biochemist collaborator, worked many hours and was soon able to prepare cleaner insulin, free from impurities. This extract was administered successfully to L. Thomson, a ketotic young diabetic patient, on 23 January 1922. Following this, Eli Lilly & Co of USA started the commercial production of insulin, soon followed by the Danish factories Nordisc and NOVO as well as the British Wellcome. Nicolae Paulescu who was professor of Physiology in Bucharest, was also quite close to the discovery of insulin but the researchers in Toronto were faster and more efficient. Banting and Macleod won the Nobel price, which Banting shared with Best and Macleod with J. Collip. The contribution of Paulescu in insulin discovery was recognized after his death.

odorata and Breynia officinalis

From a 1-BuOH-soluble fraction of a MeOH extract of Cananga odorata var. odorata, collected at the Botanical Garden of Chiang Mai University, a new megastigmane glucoside, named canangaionoside, and an irregular monoterpene were isolated. A known compound, breyniaionoside A, which has been obtained from the leaves of Breynia officinalis, was also isolated, and its absolute structure was substantiated for the first time in this study. On this occasion, the absolute stereochemistries of structurally related megastigmane glucosides, breyniaionosides B and C, isolated from B. officinalis were examined.

[The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension]

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aromatherapy on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension.

METHOD

There were fifty-two subjects divided into an essential oil group, placebo group, and control group by random assignment. The application of aromatherapy was the inhalation method of blending oils with lavender, ylangylang, and bergamot once daily for 4 weeks. To evaluate the effects of aromatherapy, blood pressure and pulse were measured two times a week and serum cortisol levels, catecholamine levels, subjective stress, and state anxiety were measured before and after treatment in the three groups. Data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and chi(2)-test using the SPSS 10.0 program.

RESULTS

The blood pressure, pulse, subjective stress, state anxiety, and serum cortisol levels among the three groups were significantly statistically different. The differences of catecholamine among the three groups were not significant statistically.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the inhalation method using essential oils can be considered an effective nursing intervention that reduces psychological stress responses and serum cortisol levels, as well as the blood pressure of clients with essential hypertension.