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Abstract
The growing numbers of individual and social problems associated with drug abuse necessitate new approaches in drug-testing systems. Equally, drug abusers may attempt to invalidate drug testing using different methods such as adulteration, dilution and substitution. This study aims to investigate tampering methods commonly used by Turkish substance-using probationers and evaluate their effects on toxicological drug-testing results. Initially, probationer urinary screening test results and laboratory substitution documents were evaluated to investigate the dilution and substitution attempt. Additionally, an experimental study was carried out by using readily available household products (bleach, vinegar, drain opener, eye drops) for adulteration. The effect of these agents was investigated for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It was determined that probationers preferred unbranded products (syringes, nylon bottles, etc.) for urine substitution. To detect dilution, screening test results were evaluated along with creatinine values. The variability of mean creatinine values can change the rate of the before-negative and after-positive ratio. For adulteration method, the high amounts of bleach provided false-negative results for THC-COOH and amphetamine, but spiking in any concentration of bleach affected MDMA results, causing a slight increase. Vinegar did not affect the THC-COOH and amphetamine results. However, false-negative results were observed for MDMA, with high amounts of vinegar-spiked urine samples. Drain opener was added in large quantities, and false-negative results were observed for all analytes. Visine eye drops did not have any effect on THC-COOH or amphetamine, but a high quantity of eye drops had a slight decreasing effect for MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Aydoğdu
- Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Turkey
| | - Serap Annette Akgür
- Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Turkey
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Kiwull-Schöne H, Kalhoff H, Manz F, Kiwull P. Food mineral composition and acid-base balance in rabbits. Eur J Nutr 2005; 44:499-508. [PMID: 15696401 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-005-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkali-rich diets are often recommended in human medicine to prevent the pathological consequences of nutritional acid load in conditions of impaired renal function. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken in rabbits as common laboratory animals for basic medical research to explore the impact of high versus low dietary alkali intake on systemic acid-base balance and renal control in a typical herbivore. METHODS Male rabbits (2.3-4.8 kg) were kept in a metabolism cage. The 24h urine and arterial blood samples were analysed for acid-base data. The metabolic CO2 production was measured to calculate alveolar ventilation. Three randomized groups of animals were fed ad libitum with rabbit chow providing sufficient energy but variable alkali load, assessed by the ashes' cation-anion difference. RESULTS The average daily nutritional alkali load (+/- SEM) was 67.1 +/- 2.2 mEq x kg(-1) (N = 58) in the group on high, 45.4 +/- 2.5 mEq x kg(-1) (N = 31) in the group on normal and 1.7 +/- 0.5 mEq x kg(-1) (N = 11) in the group on low alkali food. Respective mean arterial base excess values (BE) were 1.4 +/- 0.3 mM, 0.3 +/- 0.4 mM and 0.0 +/- 0.3 mM, being significantly higher on high alkali food (P < 0.05) than in the other groups. Arterial PCO2, alveolar ventilation and metabolic CO2 production were not significantly different between groups. On normal and high-alkali chow, an alkaline urine (pH(u) > 8.0) with 18-20 mmol x kg(-1) bicarbonate/carbonate was excreted daily, typically containing an insoluble precipitate of 35-60% carbonate. On low-alkali diet, the mean pH(u) decreased to 6.26 +/- 0.14, due to a strong reduction of daily excreted soluble bicarbonate and precipitated carbonate to 1.2 +/- 0.6 and 0.7 +/- 0.2 mmol x kg(-1), respectively. Thereby, nearly complete fractional base reabsorption of 97.8 +/- 0.7 % was reached. CONCLUSION Herbivore nutritional alkali-load elicited large rates of renal base excretion including precipitates, to which the urinary tract of the rabbits appeared to be adapted. Dietary base variations were more accurately reflected in the urine than by the blood acid-base status. A strongly base-deficient diet exerted maximum impact on renal base saving mechanisms, implying a critical precondition for growing susceptibility to metabolic acidosis also in the rabbit.
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Cytron S, Kravchick S, Sela BA, Shulzinger E, Vasserman I, Raichlin Y, Katzir A. Fiberoptic infrared spectroscopy: a novel tool for the analysis of urine and urinary salts in situ and in real time. Urology 2003; 61:231-5. [PMID: 12559314 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use infrared fiberoptic spectroscopy for the analysis of urinary salts in real time and with no sample processing; and to assess the practical role of this method for the quantitative measurement of the composition of urine and for the diagnosis of urolithiasis in patients. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from two groups of patients: 24 patients with stone formation after shock wave lithotripsy and 24 normal subjects of similar age. Infrared absorption measurements were performed in real time, using infrared transmitting silver halide fibers. The absorption data were compared with the infrared absorption spectra of aqueous solutions prepared in our laboratory, with known concentrations of known urinary salts. The results were used for the study of the chemical composition of these salts in the urine samples and for a quantitative analysis of the concentration of the salts. RESULTS We determined the composition of the stones in 20 of the 24 patients on the basis of the characteristic absorption peaks for the oxalates, carbonates, urates, and phosphates observed in their urinary samples. Using the method mentioned above, we found the concentration of different salts in urine with an average error of 20%. CONCLUSIONS Fiberoptic infrared spectroscopy could be used as a new diagnostic tool for detecting different urinary salts in urine, finding their chemical composition, and determining their concentrations, without any sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Cytron
- Department of Urology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
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Abstract
Inorganic capillary electrophoresis (ICE) is a new separations technology which melds the technique of classical electrophoresis with the separations approach of ion chromatography. Matrices which have been difficult to deal with using ion chromatography have proven amenable to analysis by ICE. The simultaneous analysis of weak acid anions, oxalate and citrate and inorganic anions, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate and carbonate in diluted urine was achieved using ICE. The determination of the oxyanions of arsenic (i.e. arsenite and arsenate) in urine was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Wildman
- Waters Chromatography Division of Millipore Corporation, Milford, MA 01757
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Lunn DP, McGuirk SM, Smith DF, MacWilliams PS. Renal net acid and electrolyte excretion in an experimental model of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51:1723-31. [PMID: 2240796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal electrolyte and net acid excretion were characterized during generation and maintenance of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in a ruminant model. Two phases of renal response with regard to sodium and net acid excretion were documented. An initial decrease in net acid excretion was attributable to increase in bicarbonate excretion with associated increase in sodium excretion. As the metabolic disturbance became more advanced, a second phase of renal excretion was observed in which sodium and bicarbonate excretion were markedly decreased, leading to increase in net acid excretion and development of aciduria. Throughout the metabolic disturbance, chloride excretion was markedly decreased; potassium excretion also decreased. These changes were accompanied by increase in plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations. There was apparent failure to concentrate the urine optimally during the course of the metabolic disturbance, despite increasing plasma concentration of antidiuretic hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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6
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Abstract
The effects of replacing dietary carbonate (0.3 meq/g diet) by sulfate (SO4) or chloride (Cl) on urinary calcium (Ca) excretion were investigated in the adult male rat. When anion substitutions were made by manipulating Ca and Mg salts, urinary Ca excretion was significantly higher in the SO4 and Cl groups, the Cl-induced calciuria being twice that of the SO4 group. Replacement of carbonate by chloride was associated with higher net acid excretion. Replacement by SO4 promoted an equivalent excretion of acid, if apparent absorption of anion is taken into account. When substitutions were made by manipulating magnesium, sodium and potassium but not Ca salts, urinary Ca excretion and net acid excretion were higher in both fixed anion groups. In this second study, absorption of anion in the Cl and SO4 groups was not different (54 and 59%, respectively). Feeding either Cl or SO4 raises urinary Ca to a similar extent when equivalent changes in acid-base balance are induced. The excessive calciuria, ascribed by others to the formation of CaSO4 complexes in the urine, is not manifest when net acid excretion is significantly increased.
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7
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Abstract
Prevention of the formation of struvite and carbonate-apatite calculi, which rapidly increase in size and tend to recur, is of prime importance. One of the urease inhibitors, hydroxycarbamide, was studied in vitro. The results are favourable and justify further studies aimed at the local application of the inhibitor.
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Vaziri ND, Byrne C, Ryan G, Wilson A. Preservation of urinary postprandial alkaline tide despite inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Am J Gastroenterol 1980; 74:328-31. [PMID: 6779625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of food leads to a rise in urinary pH. This phenomenon is commonly known as "postprandial alkaline tide" and is generally attributed to acid secretion in the stomach. To examine this hypothesis, we studied the changes of urinary pH, H+ concentration, PCO2, and bicarbonate in nine healthy volunteers with and without histamine H2 receptor blockade, using cimetidine and placebo medication. Postprandial alkaline tide persisted and was even exaggerated during treatment with cimetidine. Preservation of postprandial urinary alkaline tide, despite the expected inhibition of gastric acid secretion by cimetidine, tends to exclude a causal relation between alkaline tide and gastric acid secretion.
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Bianchi F. [Prevention of urinary calculi with covalitin and by general measures]. Helv Chir Acta 1978; 45:261-2. [PMID: 701061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prophylaxis of the urinary lithiasis by means of drugs (alkalinisants, Eisemberg's syrup, allopurinol, etc.) obtains a very good result against uric acid and urate stones. The prevention of stones of oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. is possible by trichlormethiazide (if hypercalciuria is present) and especially by a new drug, the Covalitin. Naturally diet and hydrotherapy. Decalogue for the stone's prophylaxis is done.
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Hagen CH. Self-induced hypersecretion of carbonate in urine. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 67:201-2. [PMID: 836629 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/67.2.201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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12
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Zaumseil J, Kersten L, Bräunlich H. [Age related effects of furosemide in the rat]. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1975; 218:167-76. [PMID: 2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide (6 mg/kg i.p.) increases the renal excretion of water, osmotic active substances, sodium and chloride in 5 to 33 day old rats more than in adults. The dose-response-relations are the same in rats of all age groups: 6 mg/kg of furosemide i.p. are very effective, an increase in dose to 30-60 mg/kg i.p. is not followed by a significantly higher efficacy. The increase in the renal excretion of potassium, hydrogen ions, ammonium and hydrogen carbonate by furosemide is also small in young rats.
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Consbruch U, Orth M, Degkwitz R. [Clinical administration of lithiumaspartate]. Arzneimittelforschung 1974; 24:1077-9. [PMID: 4479527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Rutigliano G, Chieppa M, Leonetti S. [Comparison of the excretion curves of 2 lithium salt preparations: carbonate slow-release sulfate (pharmacological and statistical study)]. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1974; 29:77-92. [PMID: 4828165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Shyam H, Saxena OC. Direct titrimetric determination of uric acid separately and in urine of patients containing stone. Ital J Biochem 1973; 22:65-73. [PMID: 4771416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Otsuji S, Koshiyama K, Shiba K. [Clinical biochemical study of organic acid metabolism. (3). I. Analysis of urinary organic acid by gas chromatography--urinoacidogram. 2]. Rinsho Byori 1971; 19:Suppl:393. [PMID: 5168079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Jean R, Bonnet H, Dumas R. [Determination of the threshold and Tm of bicarbonates during 2 varieties of renal-origin alkalosis: states of acute hypercalcemia and congenital chlorinated diarrhea]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1970; 27:668-9. [PMID: 5433054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Mollet E, Fontenaille C, Debry G, Boulangé M. [Changes of tubular functions in diabetic nephropathy. Study of renal elimination of H+ ions]. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 1970; 76:402-9. [PMID: 5421473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Noyes R. Lithium carbonate (a review). Dis Nerv Syst 1969; 30:318-21. [PMID: 4891795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Greenspan K, Green R, Durell J. Retention and distribution patterns of lithium, a pharmacological tool in studying the pathophysiology of manic-depressive psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1968; 125:512-9. [PMID: 4886105 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.125.4.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Matthews DL, O'Connor WJ. The effect on blood and urine of the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1968; 53:399-414. [PMID: 5188431 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tavill AS, Craigie A, Rosenoer WM. The measurement of the synthetic rate of albumin in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1968; 34:1-28. [PMID: 4171192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Goldberg G, Paul W, Gonick H. A titrimetric method for determining organic acids and bases in urine. Clin Chem 1966; 12:830-6. [PMID: 5926904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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