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Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are related enzymes found across the animal kingdom. The critical role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission has been known for almost a century, but a physiological role for butyrylcholinesterase is just now emerging. The cholinesterases have been deliberately targeted for both therapy and toxicity, with cholinesterase inhibitors being used in the clinic for a variety of disorders and conversely for their toxic potential as pesticides and chemical weapons. Non-catalytic functions of the cholinesterases (ChEs) participate in both neurodevelopment and disease. Manipulating either the catalytic activities or the structure of these enzymes can potentially shift the balance between beneficial and adverse effect in a wide number of physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey N Pope
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Dopeso-Reyes IG, Sucunza D, Rico AJ, Pignataro D, Marín-Ramos D, Roda E, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-García JL, Lanciego JL. Glucocerebrosidase expression patterns in the non-human primate brain. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:343-355. [PMID: 28835999 PMCID: PMC5772150 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a lysosomal enzyme encoded by the GBA1 gene. Mutations in GBA1 gene lead to Gaucher’s disease, the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder. GBA1 mutations reduce GCase activity, therefore promoting the aggregation of alpha-synuclein, a common neuropathological finding underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, it is also worth noting that a direct link between GBA1 mutations and alpha-synuclein aggregation indicating cause and effect is still lacking, with limited experimental evidence to date. Bearing in mind that a number of strategies increasing GCase expression for the treatment of PD are currently under development, here we sought to analyze the baseline expression of GCase in the brain of Macaca fascicularis, which has often been considered as the gold-standard animal model of PD. Although as with other lysosomal enzymes, GCase is expected to be ubiquitously expressed, here a number of regional variations have been consistently found, together with several specific neurochemical phenotypes expressing very high levels of GCase. In this regard, the most enriched expression of GCase was constantly found in cholinergic neurons from the nucleus basalis of Meynert, dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, serotoninergic neurons from the raphe nuclei, as well as in noradrenergic neurons located in the locus ceruleus. Moreover, it is also worth noting that moderate levels of expression were also found in a number of areas within the paleocortex and archicortex, such as the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sucunza
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto J Rico
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Pignataro
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Marín-Ramos
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Roda
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L Labandeira-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L Lanciego
- Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pio XII Avenue 55, Edificio CIMA, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Takayanagi-Kiya S, Zhou K, Jin Y. Release-dependent feedback inhibition by a presynaptically localized ligand-gated anion channel. eLife 2016; 5:e21734. [PMID: 27782882 PMCID: PMC5102579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) have long been proposed to affect neurotransmitter release and to tune the neural circuit activity. However, the understanding of their in vivo physiological action remains limited, partly due to the complexity in channel types and scarcity of genetic models. Here we report that C. elegans LGC-46, a member of the Cys-loop acetylcholine (ACh)-gated chloride (ACC) channel family, localizes to presynaptic terminals of cholinergic motor neurons and regulates synaptic vesicle (SV) release kinetics upon evoked release of acetylcholine. Loss of lgc-46 prolongs evoked release, without altering spontaneous activity. Conversely, a gain-of-function mutation of lgc-46 shortens evoked release to reduce synaptic transmission. This inhibition of presynaptic release requires the anion selectivity of LGC-46, and can ameliorate cholinergic over-excitation in a C. elegans model of excitation-inhibition imbalance. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of presynaptic negative feedback in which an anion-selective LGIC acts as an auto-receptor to inhibit SV release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seika Takayanagi-Kiya
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Keming Zhou
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Kolos YA, Korzhevskiy DE. [THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINERGIC AND NITROXIDERGIC NEURONS IN THE SPINAL CORD OF NEWBORN AND ADULT RATS]. Morfologiia 2015; 147:32-37. [PMID: 26234037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of cholinergic and nitroxidergic neurons in the spinal cord (SC) of adult and newborn rats. Using immunohistochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cervical portions of SC were studied in newborn (n=5) and adult (n=5) Wistar rats. It was found that ChAT-positive neurons were localized in the anterior horns of the SC, while individual cells were located in of SC posterior horns, in the central gray matter and at the boundary of VI-VII Rexed laminae. Nitroxidergic neurons were located in the superficial layers of SC posterior horns of grey matter, in the central gray matter and in the area of VI-VII Rexed laminae. It is found that SC of newborn and adult rats contained cholinergic neurons expressing NOS. Detection of cells containing both enzymes already at postnatal Day 1, suggests that they were formed in rat SC during prenatal ontogenesis
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Tsymbaliuk VI, Vasyl'ieva IH, Oleksenko NP, Chopyk NH, Tsiubko OI, Halanta OS. [Stimulation of cholinogenesis in the human fetal nerve cells culture]. Tsitol Genet 2013; 47:54-59. [PMID: 23821955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to establish cultured population of nerve cells reached by cholinergic neurons and their determinative precursors. The most effective combination of neuroinductors which stimulated cholinergic cells differentiation from the nerve stem cells was retinoic acid and acetylcholine. During the period of culturing the amount of ChAT+ cells reliably increased from 5.3 +/- 2.9% to 21.1 +/- 6.2%. At the same time in the control samples their concentration was 9.1 +/- 4.8% of total cell count. Enrichment of cell population by cholinergic neurons and their determinative precursors correlated with increasing of AChE-activity level. So, addition of retinoic acid and acetylcholine stimulate both neurogenesis and cholinogenesis in the culture of human fetal nerve cells.
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Korzhevskiĭ DE, Grigor'ev IP, Kirik OV, Zelenkova NM, Sukhorukova EG. [Method of immunocytochemical demonstration of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of laboratory animals]. Morfologiia 2013; 144:69-72. [PMID: 24707744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A protocol of immunocytochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a key enzyme of acetylcholine synthesis, in paraffin sections of the brain of some laboratory animals, is presented. The method is simple, gives fairly reproducible results and allows for demonstration of ChAT in neurons, nerve fibers, and terminals in preparations of at least three species of laboratory animals including rat, rabbit, and cat. Different kinds of fixation (10% formalin, 4% paraformaldehyde, or zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde) were found suitable for immunocytochemical visualization of ChAT, however, optimal results were obtained with the application of zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde
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Bychkov E, Zurkovsky L, Garret MB, Ahmed MR, Gurevich EV. Distinct cellular and subcellular distributions of G protein-coupled receptor kinase and arrestin isoforms in the striatum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48912. [PMID: 23139825 PMCID: PMC3490921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins mediate desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Arrestins also mediate G protein-independent signaling via GPCRs. Since GRK and arrestins demonstrate no strict receptor specificity, their functions in the brain may depend on their cellular complement, expression level, and subcellular targeting. However, cellular expression and subcellular distribution of GRKs and arrestins in the brain is largely unknown. We show that GRK isoforms GRK2 and GRK5 are similarly expressed in direct and indirect pathway neurons in the rat striatum. Arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 are also expressed in neurons of both pathways. Cholinergic interneurons are enriched in GRK2, arrestin-3, and GRK5. Parvalbumin-positive interneurons express more of GRK2 and less of arrestin-2 than medium spiny neurons. The GRK5 subcellular distribution in the human striatal neurons is altered by its phosphorylation: unphosphorylated enzyme preferentially localizes to synaptic membranes, whereas phosphorylated GRK5 is found in plasma membrane and cytosolic fractions. Both GRK isoforms are abundant in the nucleus of human striatal neurons, whereas the proportion of both arrestins in the nucleus was equally low. However, overall higher expression of arrestin-2 yields high enough concentration in the nucleus to mediate nuclear functions. These data suggest cell type- and subcellular compartment-dependent differences in GRK/arrestin-mediated desensitization and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eugenia V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shen XM, Crawford TO, Brengman J, Acsadi G, Iannaconne S, Karaca E, Khoury C, Mah JK, Edvardson S, Bajzer Z, Rodgers D, Engel AG. Functional consequences and structural interpretation of mutations of human choline acetyltransferase. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1259-67. [PMID: 21786365 PMCID: PMC3196808 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) and choline in cholinergic neurons. Mutations in CHAT cause potentially lethal congenital myasthenic syndromes associated with episodic apnea (ChAT-CMS). Here, we analyze the functional consequences of 12 missense and one nonsense mutations of CHAT in 11 patients. Nine of the mutations are novel. We examine expression of the recombinant missense mutants in Bosc 23 cells, determine their kinetic properties and thermal stability, and interpret the functional effects of 11 mutations in the context of the atomic structural model of human ChAT. Five mutations (p.Trp421Ser, p.Ser498Pro, p.Thr553Asn, p.Ala557Thr, and p.Ser572Trp) reduce enzyme expression to less than 50% of wild-type. Mutations with severe kinetic effects are located in the active-site tunnel (p.Met202Arg, p.Thr553Asn, and p.Ala557Thr) or adjacent to the substrate binding site (p.Ser572Trp), or exert their effect allosterically (p.Trp421Ser and p.Ile689Ser). Two mutations with milder kinetic effects (p.Val136Met and p.Ala235Thr) are also predicted to act allosterically. One mutation (p.Thr608Asn) below the nucleotide binding site of CoA enhances dissociation of AcCoA from the enzyme-substrate complex. Two mutations introducing a proline residue into an α-helix (p.Ser498Pro and p.Ser704Pro) impair the thermal stability of ChAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Shen
- Department of Neurology and Muscle Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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