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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of high-dose-rate brachytherapy is currently a widespread practice worldwide. The most common isotope source is 192Ir, but 60Co is also becoming available for HDR. One of main advantages of 60Co compared to 192Ir is the economic and practical benefit because of its longer half-live, which is 5.27 years. Recently, Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG, Germany, introduced a new afterloading brachytherapy machine (MultiSource®); it has the option to use either the 60Co or 192Ir HDR source. The source for the Monte Carlo calculations is the new 60Co source (model Co0.A86), which is referred to as the new BEBIG 60Co HDR source and is a modified version of the 60Co source (model GK60M21), which is also from BEBIG. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The purpose of this work is to obtain the dosimetry parameters in accordance with the AAPM TG-43U1 formalism with Monte Carlo calculations regarding the BEBIG 60Co high-dose-rate brachytherapy to investigate the required treatment-planning parameters. The geometric design and material details of the source was provided by the manufacturer and was used to define the Monte Carlo geometry. To validate the source geometry, a few dosimetry parameters had to be calculated according to the AAPM TG-43U1 formalism. The dosimetry studies included the calculation of the air kerma strength Sk, collision kerma in water along the transverse axis with an unbounded phantom, dose rate constant and radial dose function. The Monte Carlo code system that was used was EGSnrc with a new cavity code, which is a part of EGS++ that allows calculating the radial dose function around the source. The spectrum to simulate 60Co was composed of two photon energies, 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. Only the gamma part of the spectrum was used; the contribution of the electrons to the dose is negligible because of the full absorption by the stainless-steel wall around the metallic 60Co. The XCOM photon cross-section library was used in subsequent simulations, and the photoelectric effect, pair production, Rayleigh scattering and bound Compton scattering were included in the simulation. Variance reduction techniques were used to speed up the calculation and to considerably reduce the computer time. The cut-off energy was 10 keV for electrons and photons. To obtain the dose rate distributions of the source in an unbounded liquid water phantom, the source was immersed at the center of a cube phantom of 100 cm3. The liquid water density was 0.998 g/cm3, and photon histories of up to 1010 were used to obtain the results with a standard deviation of less than 0.5% (k = 1). The obtained dose rate constant for the BEBIG 60Co source was 1.108±0.001 cGyh-1U-1, which is consistent with the values in the literature. The radial dose functions were compared with the values of the consensus data set in the literature, and they are consistent with the published data for this energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tourinho Campos
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas (LCR/DBB/ UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Maracanã, CEP: 205550, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Veloso de Almeida
- Laboratório de Ciências Radiológicas (LCR/DBB/ UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Maracanã, CEP: 205550, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Speight R, Wong A, Ellis P, Hyde T, Bishop PT, Smith ME. A (59)Co NMR study to observe the effects of ball milling on small ferromagnetic cobalt particles. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2009; 35:67-73. [PMID: 19150229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the potential of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for investigating detailed structural properties in ferromagnetic materials, three different particle sized cobalt (Co) powders have been ball milled for 24h are accurately characterised by internal-field (59)Co NMR. The (59)Co NMR spectra show distinct resonance bands corresponding to the different Co sites, face-centred-cubic (fcc), hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) and stacking faults (sfs), in Co metal powders. The hcp+fcc-->hcp phase transition encouraged by ball-milling was observed and quantitative values for each Co environment were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Speight
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Abstract
Practical contemporary radiotherapy dosimetry systems used for dose measurement and verification are ionization chambers (which typically have at least a 0.1 cm3 air cavity volume), thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and silicon diodes. However, during the last decade, there has been an increased interest in scintillation dosimetry using small water-equivalent plastic scintillators, due to their favourable characteristics when compared with other more commonly used detector systems. Although plastic scintillators have been shown to have many desirable dosimetric properties, as yet there is no successful commercial detector system of this type available for routine clinical use in radiation oncology. The objectives of this study are to identify the factors preventing this new technology from realizing its full potential in commercial applications. A definition of signal to noise ratio (S/N) will be proposed for this category of detectors. In doing so the S/N ratio for an early prototype design has been calculated and/or measured. Criteria to optimize the response and sensitivity of this category of detectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sam Beddar
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA.
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Momoshima N, Shiki A, Takashima Y, Maki T, Koriyama M, Shimozono S, Imamura H, Nakamata K. [Radioactive and stable cobalt concentrations in mussel in Kyushu islands, Japan]. Radioisotopes 1985; 34:257-61. [PMID: 4035009 DOI: 10.3769/radioisotopes.34.5_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of mussel, Septifer virgatus and Mytilus edulis, were collected from Kyushu island, Japan, in order to elucidate a background level of 60Co, which is one of the most significant radionuclide for environmental monitoring around a nuclear power plant. The mussels were collected from 7 locations in 1983 and classified 2 or 3 groups depending on their shell size at each location. Activities of 60Co were measured by a low-background beta counter after purified by means of chemical separation and electrodeposition. Stable cobalt concentrations were determined by colorimetric method. The concentrations of cobalt in Septifer virgatus are one order higher level than that in Mytilus edulis. There are not so large difference in cobalt content depending on shell size so long as comparing them at the same location. The radioactivities in mussels show the same trend as stable cobalt. It has become apparent that Septifer virgatus has a tendency to concentrate cobalt with growing but Mytilus edulis is opposite. The cobalt-60 introduced to sea from nuclear explosions seems to be relatively constant in coastal seawater since specific activities are distributed in a narrow range in spite of kind, shell size and location.
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Ikeda N, Takeda Y. A new possibility for simultaneous determination of radioactive and stable isotopes in environmental samples by the substoichiometric method. Radioisotopes 1985; 34:99-100. [PMID: 3991928 DOI: 10.3769/radioisotopes.34.2_99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Radiation data and reports. Environmental levels of radioactivity at Atomic Energy Commission installations. I. Argonne National Laboratory. January-December 1971. Radiat Data Rep 1973; 14:316-30. [PMID: 4711993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cooley JL. Effects of chronic environmental radiation on a natural population of the aquatic snail Physa heterostropha. Radiat Res 1973; 54:130-40. [PMID: 4699790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Miles ME, Sjoblom GL, Burke RD. Environmental monitoring and disposal of radioactive wastes from U.S. Naval nuclear-powered ships and their support facilities, 1971. Radiat Data Rep 1972; 13:469-78. [PMID: 5082345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Podolak EM. 134 Cs, 86 Rb, and 60 Co in 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator eluate. J Nucl Med 1972; 13:388-90. [PMID: 5024792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Cahill DF, Harvey HD, McCurry DC, Breakfield WD, Moghissi AA, Norwood DL, Childs NE, Regnier JE. Radiological surveys of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and environs, 1966-1968. Radiat Data Rep 1972; 13:323-34. [PMID: 5064980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Morgan A, Timbrell V. The use of neutron activation analysis to determine the composition of blended samples of asbestos. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1971; 22:745-51. [PMID: 5144126 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(71)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Miles ME, Mangeno JJ, Burke RD. Environmental monitoring and disposal of radioactive wastes from U.S. Naval nuclear-powered ships and their support facilities, 1970. Radiol Health Data Rep 1971; 12:235-44. [PMID: 5567302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Environmental levels of radioactivity at Atomic Energy Commission installations. Radiol Health Data Rep 1971; 12:285-98. [PMID: 5109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Starchman DE, Hoecker FE. Experimental determination of photon energy--angle distributions for cobalt-60 after penetration of thick concrete barriers. Health Phys 1971; 20:49-53. [PMID: 5559152 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-197101000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Environmental levels of radioactivity at Atomic Energy Commission installations. Radiol Health Data Rep 1971; 12:70-9. [PMID: 5108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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De Bortoli M, Gaglione P. Study of the dispersion of radioactive effluents into a lake. I. Contamination of the bottom sediments. Minerva Fisiconucl 1970; 14:190-6. [PMID: 5517690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lammers WT. The distribution of cobalt-60, ruthenium-106, and cesium-137 among suspended and dissolved particles in White Oak Lake. K-1758. K Rep 1968:1-20. [PMID: 5713363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Khripta FP, Vasil'ev VN. [Distribution in the organs and excretion from the organism of rats of vitamin B 12, labelled with Co58]. Med Radiol (Mosk) 1968; 13:42-3. [PMID: 5732258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Molla MA, Simpson JD. Application of a simple whole-body counter to radiation protection. Health Phys 1967; 13:861-867. [PMID: 6035605 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-196708000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Tamura T, Eastwood ER, Shalhevet J, Rogowski AS, Brinkley FS, Myers OH. Fate of radionuclides in terrestrial environment. ORNL-4168. ORNL 1967:3-11. [PMID: 5597989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fraley L, Ragsdale HL, Taylor FG, Witherspoon JP, Johnson DR. Responses of plants to ionizing radiation. ORNL-4168. ORNL 1967:72-8. [PMID: 5599596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Maxia V, Miloni S, Rollier MA, Valentini MT. Determination of trace amounts of cobalt in haemin by neutron activation analysis. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1967; 18:267-9. [PMID: 6033888 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(67)90092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hashizume T, Maruyama T, Shiragai A, Tanaka E, Izawa M, Kawamura S, Nagaoka S. Estimation of the air dose from the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Health Phys 1967; 13:149-161. [PMID: 6029426 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-196702000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Nishita H, Steen AJ, Wood RA. Gamma spectrometry of neutron activated soils. Health Phys 1966; 12:1299-1305. [PMID: 5970981 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-196609000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Fukai R, Huynh-Ngoc L, Vas D. Determination of trace amounts of cobalt in sea-water after enrichment with solid manganese dioxide. Nature 1966; 211:726-7. [PMID: 5962109 DOI: 10.1038/211726a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Williams A, Birdseye RA. Measurement of the decay scheme correction in the absolute standardization of cobalt-57. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1966; 17:366-7. [PMID: 5962672 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(66)90137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Palumbo RF, Seymour AH, Welander AD. Radionuclides in foods from the Central Pacific, 1962. Nature 1966; 209:1190-2. [PMID: 6006018 DOI: 10.1038/2091190a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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