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Managò F, Scheggia D, Pontillo M, Mereu M, Mastrogiacomo R, Udayan G, Valentini P, Tata MC, Weinberger DR, Weickert CS, Pompa PP, De Luca MA, Vicari S, Papaleo F. Dopaminergic signalling and behavioural alterations by Comt-Dtnbp1 genetic interaction and their clinical relevance. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2514-2531. [PMID: 37218669 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive and motor functions are modulated by dopaminergic signalling, which is shaped by several genetic factors. The biological effects of single genetic variants might differ depending on epistatic interactions that can be functionally multi-directional and non-linear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed behavioural and neurochemical assessments in genetically modified mice and behavioural assessments and genetic screening in human patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). KEY RESULTS Here, we confirm a genetic interaction between the Comt (catechol-O-methyltransferase, human orthologue: COMT) and Dtnbp1 (dystrobrevin binding protein 1, alias dysbindin, human orthologue: DTNBP1) genes that modulate cortical and striatal dopaminergic signalling in a manner not predictable by the effects of each single gene. In mice, Comt-by-Dtnbp1 concomitant reduction leads to a hypoactive mesocortical and a hyperactive mesostriatal dopamine pathway, associated with specific cognitive abnormalities. Like mice, in subjects with the 22q11.2DS (characterized by COMT hemideletion and dopamine alterations), COMT-by-DTNBP1 concomitant reduction was associated with analogous cognitive disturbances. We then developed an easy and inexpensive colourimetric kit for the genetic screening of common COMT and DTNBP1 functional genetic variants for clinical application. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings illustrate an epistatic interaction of two dopamine-related genes and their functional effects, supporting the need to address genetic interaction mechanisms at the base of complex behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Managò
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Diego Scheggia
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosa Mastrogiacomo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gayatri Udayan
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Valentini
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria A De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Bhattad S, Libre M, Choi JM, Mohite RS, Singh N, Markle JG. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with early onset inflammatory bowel disease due to loss of dysbindin expression. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104786. [PMID: 37172778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis, and variable presentation of immune deficiency and dysregulation. The pathogenesis of HPS involves mutations in genes responsible for biogenesis and trafficking of lysosome-related organelles, essential for the function of melanosomes, platelet granules, and immune cell granules. Eleven genes coding for proteins in the BLOC-1, BLOC-2, BLOC-3 and AP-3 complexes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HPS. To date, the rare subtype HPS-7 associated with bi-allelic mutations in DTNBP1 (dysbindin) has only been reported in 9 patients. We report a novel DTNBP1 splicing mutation in a 15-month-old patient with HPS-7 phenotype and severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This patient's leukocytes have undetectable dysbindin protein. We also identify dysregulated expression of several genes involved in activation of the adaptive immune response. This case underscores the emerging immunological consequences of dysbindin deficiency and suggests that DTNBP1 mutations may underlie some rare cases of very early onset IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bhattad
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Michael Libre
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph M Choi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachna Shanbhag Mohite
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Janet G Markle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Schoonover KE, Kennedy WM, Roberts RC. Cortical copper transporter expression in schizophrenia: interactions of risk gene dysbindin-1. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:701-709. [PMID: 33890175 PMCID: PMC11000637 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia susceptibility factor dysbindin-1 is associated with cognitive processes. Downregulated dysbindin-1 expression is associated with lower expression of copper transporters ATP7A and CTR1, required for copper transport to the central nervous system. We measured dysbindin-1 isoforms-1A and -1BC, CTR1, and ATP7A via Western blots of the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia subjects (n = 28) and matched controls (n = 14). In addition, we subdivided the schizophrenia group by treatment status and comorbidity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and assessed the relationships between proteins. Schizophrenia subjects exhibited similar protein levels to that of controls, with no effect of antipsychotic treatment. We observed a shift towards more dysbindin-1A expression in schizophrenia, as revealed by the ratio of dysbindin-1 isoforms. Dysbindin-1A expression was negatively correlated with ATP7A in schizophrenia, with no correlation present in controls. AUD subjects exhibited less dysbindin-1BC and CTR1 than those without AUD. Our results, taken together with previous data, suggest that alterations in dysbindin-1 and copper transporters are brain-region specific. For example, protein levels of ATP7A, dysbindin 1BC, and CTR1 are lower in the substantia nigra in schizophrenia subjects. AUD in the DLPFC was associated with lower protein levels of dysbindin-1 and CTR1. Changes in dysbindin-1 isoform ratio and relationships appear to be prevalent in the disease, potentially impacting symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Schoonover
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3811 O'Hara Street BST W1651, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - William M Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Pittsburgh, USA
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Hu H, Wang X, Li C, Li Y, Hao J, Zhou Y, Yang X, Chen P, Shen X, Zhang S. Loss of Dysbindin Implicates Synaptic Vesicle Replenishment Dysregulation as a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism in Schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2020; 452:138-152. [PMID: 33186610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The schizophrenia-susceptibility gene, dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), encodes the dysbindin protein and mediates neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in normal subjects. Functional studies show that DTNBP1 loss may cause deficient presynaptic vesicle transmission, which is related to multiple psychiatric disorders. However, the functional mechanism of dysbindin-mediated synaptic vesicle transmission has not been investigated systematically. In this study, we performed electrophysiological recordings in calyx of Held synapses. We found that excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and miniature EPSC (mEPSC) amplitudes were unchanged in dysbindin-deficient synapses, but readily releasable pool (RRP) size and calcium dependent vesicle replenishment were affected during high-frequency stimulation. Moreover, dysbindin loss accompanied slightly decreases in Munc18-1 and snapin expression levels, which are associated with vesicle priming and synaptic homeostasis under high-frequency stimulation. Together, we inferred that dysbindin directly interacts with Munc18-1 and snapin to mediate calcium dependent RRP replenishment. Dysbindin loss may lead to RRP replenishment dysregulation during high-frequency stimulation, potentially causing cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Borlepawar A, Schmiedel N, Eden M, Christen L, Rosskopf A, Frank D, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Frey N, Rangrez AY. Dysbindin deficiency Alters Cardiac BLOC-1 Complex and Myozap Levels in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112390. [PMID: 33142804 PMCID: PMC7692170 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbindin, a schizophrenia susceptibility marker and an essential constituent of BLOC-1 (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1), has recently been associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the activation of Myozap-RhoA-mediated SRF signaling. We employed sandy mice (Dtnbp1_KO), which completely lack Dysbindin protein because of a spontaneous deletion of introns 5-7 of the Dtnbp1 gene, for pathophysiological characterization of the heart. Unlike in vitro, the loss-of-function of Dysbindin did not attenuate cardiac hypertrophy, either in response to transverse aortic constriction stress or upon phenylephrine treatment. Interestingly, however, the levels of hypertrophy-inducing interaction partner Myozap as well as the BLOC-1 partners of Dysbindin like Muted and Pallidin were dramatically reduced in Dtnbp1_KO mouse hearts. Taken together, our data suggest that Dysbindin's role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is redundant in vivo, yet essential to maintain the stability of its direct interaction partners like Myozap, Pallidin and Muted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Borlepawar
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nesrin Schmiedel
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Eden
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lynn Christen
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
| | - Alexandra Rosskopf
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.); (N.S.); (M.E.); (L.C.); (A.R.); (D.F.); (N.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-500-22966; Fax: +49-431-500-22938
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Huang CCY, Muszynski KJ, Bolshakov VY, Balu DT. Deletion of Dtnbp1 in mice impairs threat memory consolidation and is associated with enhanced inhibitory drive in the amygdala. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:132. [PMID: 30967545 PMCID: PMC6456574 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and highly heritable disorder. Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), also known as dysbindin-1, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, dysbindin-1 mRNA and protein expression are decreased in the brains of subjects with this disorder. Mice lacking dysbinidn-1 also display behavioral phenotypes similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. However, it remains unknown whether deletion of dysbindin-1 impacts functions of the amygdala, a brain region that is critical for emotional processing, which is disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we show that dysbindin-1 is expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Deletion of dysbindin-1 in male mice (Dys-/-) impaired cued and context-dependent threat memory, without changes in measures of anxiety. The behavioral deficits observed in Dys-/- mice were associated with perturbations in the BLA, including the enhancement of GABAergic inhibition of pyramidal neurons, increased numbers of parvalbumin interneurons, and morphological abnormalities of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons. Our findings highlight an important role for dysbindin-1 in the regulation of amygdalar function and indicate that enhanced inhibition of BLA pyramidal neuron activity may contribute to the weakened threat memory expression observed in Dys-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy C Y Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin J Muszynski
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cellular Neurobiology laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Darrick T Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Chen Y, Bang S, McMullen MF, Kazi H, Talbot K, Ho MX, Carlson G, Arnold SE, Ong WY, Kim SF. Neuronal Activity-Induced Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (SREBP1) is Disrupted in Dysbindin-Null Mice-Potential Link to Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:1699-1709. [PMID: 26873854 PMCID: PMC4982840 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 1 % of the population. Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1 or dysbindin) is one of the Research Domain Constructs (RDoC) associated with cognition and is significantly reduced in the brain of schizophrenia patients. To further understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenesis of schizophrenia, we have performed microarray analyses of the hippocampi from dysbindin knockout mice, and found that genes involved in the lipogenic pathway are suppressed. Moreover, we discovered that maturation of a master transcriptional regulator for lipid synthesis, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) is induced by neuronal activity, and is required for induction of the immediate early gene ARC (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein), necessary for synaptic plasticity and memory. We found that nuclear SREBP1 is dramatically reduced in dysbindin-1 knockout mice and postmortem brain tissues from human patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, activity-dependent maturation of SREBP1 as well as ARC expression were attenuated in dysbindin-1 knockout mice, and these deficits were restored by an atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine. Together, results indicate an important role of dysbindin-1 in neuronal activity induced SREBP1 and ARC, which could be related to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sookhee Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mary F McMullen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hala Kazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mei-Xuan Ho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Greg Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - Sangwon F Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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