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Cioffi I, Gambino R, Rosato R, Properzi B, Regaldo G, Ponzo V, Pellegrini M, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F, Ghigo E, Bo S. Acute assessment of subjective appetite and implicated hormones after a hypnosis-induced hallucinated meal: a randomized cross-over pilot trial. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:411-420. [PMID: 32418064 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of hypnosis can generate hallucinatory phenomena, which ranged from vivid/auditory imagery to fully developed "hallucinations" in selected people. The aim of this pilot trial was investigating the acute effects of a hypnosis-induced hallucinated breakfast (HB) compared to those of a real breakfast (RB) on subjective appetite and appetite-regulating hormones in highly hypnotizable individuals. Eight healthy post-menopausal women were recruited to consume two meals: the HB and the RB in a randomized crossover design. Participants underwent appetite sensations measurements (before meal and each 30-min until 270-min) and blood sample collection (at 0, 20, 60, 90, 180-min). A 3-day food-record was filled after each meal. The adjusted repeated measures ANCOVA did not show any meal×time interactions on subjective appetite postprandially. As expected, significantly higher glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), and lower free fatty acid (p < 0.001) concentrations were found after the RB, but not following HB. Furthermore, RB significantly increased postprandial levels of glucagon-like-peptide-1 and peptide-YY at 20, 60, 90 and 180-min, whereas acylated-ghrelin and leptin levels did not differ. Postprandial neuropeptide-Y and orexin-A values significantly increased at different time-points after RB, but not following HB, while α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels enhanced after HB only. Energy intakes were significantly lower after HB on the test-day only (HB = 1146.6 ± 343.8 vs RB = 1634.7 ± 274.2 kcal/d; p = 0.003). Appetite sensation might be modulated by fully developed meal "hallucination" induced by hypnosis, likely affecting brain-peptides implicated in the appetite regulation. However, further studies are needed to verify these results obtained in a highly selected group of individuals. NCT03934580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Cioffi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Rosato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Properzi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marianna Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Contaldo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pasanisi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Sabherwal S, Föcking M, English JA, Fitzsimons S, Hryniewiecka M, Wynne K, Scaife C, Healy C, Cannon M, Belton O, Zammit S, Cagney G, Cotter DR. ApoE elevation is associated with the persistence of psychotic experiences from age 12 to age 18: Evidence from the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:141-147. [PMID: 31080155 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, innate immunity and synaptic signalling, have been implicated in first episode psychosis and schizophrenia. This is the first study to investigate plasma apolipoprotein expression in children with psychotic experiences that persist into adulthood. Here, using semi-targeted proteomic analysis we compared plasma apolipoprotein expression levels in age 12 subjects who reported psychotic experiences at both age 12 and age 18 (n = 37) with age-matched subjects who only experienced psychotic experiences (PEs) at age 12 (n = 38). Participants were recruited from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at ages 12 and 18. We identified apoE, a protein with significant regulatory activity on cholesterol metabolism in the brain, to be significantly up regulated (p < 0.003) in those with persistent psychotic experiences. We confirmed this finding in these samples using ELISA. Our findings indicate elevated plasma apoE in age 12 children who experience PEs is associated with persistence psychotic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Hryniewiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Allen JR. The woman who heard music: high salicylate levels and tinnitus. Minn Med 2008; 91:44-45. [PMID: 19108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Sokol DK, O'Brien RS, Wagenknecht DR, Rao T, McIntyre JA. Antiphospholipid antibodies in blood and cerebrospinal fluids of patients with psychosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:151-6. [PMID: 17868908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been reported in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of neurology patients but no CSF studies with psychiatric patients exist. We tested serum from 100 hospitalized psychotic patients having hallucinations and/or delusions for aPL. Patients with positive serum aPL findings were asked to submit CSF for aPL testing. Five CSF samples had aPL specificities not found in the patient's serum suggesting the possibility of intrathecal synthesis. Specificity and isotype discordance between CSF and blood aPL in these psychiatric patients implicates a central nervous system independent autoimmune process that may have an underlying association with the pathophysiology of their diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Sokol
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology 575 West Drive-XE 40 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Dávila R, Zumárraga M, Basterreche N, Arrúe A, Anguiano JB. Plasma homovanillic acid levels in schizophrenic patients: correlation with negative symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2007; 151:163-8. [PMID: 17434602 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation between changes in the levels of plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) and clinical evolution during neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenic patients has not been satisfactorily characterized, as a number of conflicting findings have been reported. Significant correlations have generally been found using the assessment of positive symptoms as an index of clinical outcome. Nevertheless, attempts to correlate pHVA concentrations with negative symptoms have yielded contradictory results. With a view to evaluating if different responses in negative symptoms are associated with distinct pHVA profiles, we examined the levels of pHVA in 46 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients and in these patients after neuroleptic treatment. Negative and positive symptoms were also addressed before and after treatment. Our results reveal that at least two classes of negative symptoms exist; the clinical evolution of the first class of negative symptoms parallels that of positive symptoms, and clinical improvement correlates with reduced dopaminergic activity. In contrast, in the second class, reduced dopaminergic activity is associated with a further deterioration of negative symptoms. These findings corroborate the heterogeneity of negative symptoms and may contribute to a better definition of endophenotypes in the schizophrenic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dávila
- Departamento de Investigación Neuroquímica, Hospital Psiquiátrico de Zamudio, Servicio Vasco de Salud (Osakidetza), Arteaga Auzoa N degrees 45, E-48170 Zamudio, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Papapetropoulos S, Farrer MJ, Stone JT, Milkovic NM, Ross OA, Calvo L, McQuorquodale D, Mash DC. Phenotypic associations of tau and ApoE in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2007; 414:141-4. [PMID: 17204369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overlaps in clinical, pathological and molecular features of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementing and motor tauopathies have prompted association studies in search of common genetic risk factors that may predispose or modify this spectrum of disorders. To explore possible phenotypic implications, we studied common tau and ApoE gene polymorphisms, associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and PD, in a clinically and pathologically characterized cohort of PD patients and aged control subjects. Our results reveal a novel association between PD-related hallucinations and H1H1 genotype. We also report an association between PDD and the presence of the ApoE epsilon4 allele. Better determination of subsets of PD patients based upon the presence of specific phenotypic features may improve the accuracy of association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridon Papapetropoulos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Ponizovsky AM, Modai I, Nechamkin Y, Barshtein G, Ritsner MS, Yedgar S, Lecht S, Bergelson LD. Phospholipid patterns of erythrocytes in schizophrenia: relationships to symptomatology. Schizophr Res 2001; 52:121-6. [PMID: 11595399 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid composition of red blood cells (RBC) from 32 haloperidol-treated schizophrenic patients, classified according to the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) as showing either predominantly positive or predominantly negative symptoms, was determined and compared with that of normal controls. While the levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were similar in all three groups, sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were, respectively, increased and decreased in RBCs of schizophrenic patients. In both patient groups, the SM/PE ratios correlated directly with the PANSS negative symptom scale scores and inversely with the positive symptom scale scores. However, the inverse changes in the contents of SM and PE were much more expressed in the negative group. It is suggested that a main source of that difference is a higher activity of the polyunsaturated acid-selective phospholipase A(2) in the negative syndrome patients than in the positive syndrome and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ponizovsky
- Institute for Psychiatric Studies, Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel.
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Abstract
Serum prolactin (PRL) was correlated with clinical symptomatology in 17 drug-free patients suffering from non-affective psychoses. A clear-cut negative correlation was found between the Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) items assessing hallucinations and serum PRL levels (r=-6.14, P=0.009). No correlation was observed between clinical measures (total CPRS score, schizophrenia subscale score or depression and anxiety subscale score) and serum PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Appleberg
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Lapinlahdentie, 00180, Helsinki, Finland.
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Posener JA, DeBattista C, Williams GH, Chmura Kraemer H, Kalehzan BM, Schatzberg AF. 24-Hour monitoring of cortisol and corticotropin secretion in psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:755-60. [PMID: 10920463 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research has been devoted to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression, but relatively little attention has been given to intensive monitoring of hormone secretion over time. Such research is potentially important because the HPA axis has prominent circadian and ultradian periodicity. Comparison of depressed patients with and without psychotic features is also important because HPA axis abnormalities may be especially pronounced in psychotic depressed patients. METHODS Eleven patients with psychotic major depression (PMD patients), 38 patients with nonpsychotic major depression (NPMD patients), and 33 healthy control subjects, all drug free, were studied. Patients with PMD and NPMD were outpatients recruited primarily by advertisement. Subjects were admitted to a General Clinical Research Center and had blood drawn through an intravenous line for determination of cortisol and corticotropin (ACTH) levels every hour for 24 hours. RESULTS Among NPMD patients, the 24-hour cortisol amplitude was significantly (P =.02) reduced in comparison with control subjects, while ACTH indices did not differ between NPMD patients and the control group. Among PMD patients, the ACTH 24-hour mean was significantly (P =.03) increased compared with controls, while PMD patients and the control group did not differ significantly in cortisol indices. CONCLUSION In the population studied, PMD and NPMD patients have distinct profiles of HPA axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Posener
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
A 20-year-old Japanese man with a hypothalamic tumor (most likely germ-cell tumor) which caused secondary hypoadrenalism, hypogonadism and diabetes insipidus developed hypercalcemia and acute renal failure. The serum levels of intact PTH (iPTH), PTH-related protein (PTH-rP), 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25- (OH)2 D), ACTH, cortisol, gonadotropins and testosterone were decreased, but his serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were within the normal range at admission, with depressed TSH and slightly increased thyroglobulin. The hypercalcemia was refractory to extensive hydration and calcitonin, but was ameliorated by pamidronate. After irradiation of the hypothalamic tumor, panhypopituitarism gradually developed. The patient has been normocalcemic for the last 2 years and is doing well under replacement therapy with glucocorticoid, L-thyroxine, methyltestosterone and 1-desamino D arginine vasopressin (dDAVP). As to the mechanism of euthyroidism at admission, transient destructive thyroiditis associated with hypopituitarism or delayed development of hypothyroidism following the hypoadrenalism was suggested. This is the first reported case of hypercalcemia in secondary hypoadrenalism due to hypothalamic tumor. Hypercalcemia was most likely induced by increased bone resorption, which was probably elicited by the combined effects of deficient glucocorticoid and sufficient thyroid hormones in addition to hypovolemia and reduced renal calcium excretion. Furthermore, severe dehydration due to diabetes insipidus and disturbance of thirst sensation caused by the hypothalamic tumor aggravated the hypercalcemia, leading to acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hotta
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
The process triggering spontaneous recurrences of methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis (i.e. flashbacks) was studied in 41 flashbackers, along with 84 non-flashbackers with a history of MAP psychosis. Plasma monoamine metabolite levels were assayed in 25 of the 41 flashbackers, 16 of the 84 non-flashbackers, 9 subjects with persistent MAP psychosis and 28 control subjects. All flashbackers had experienced threatening events or frightening paranoid-hallucinatory states during previous MAP use. The dominant factor triggering flashbacks was a mild fear of other people. Plasma norepinephrine levels were elevated during flashbacks. The results suggest that a mild fear of other people may have elicited memories of MAP psychosis associated with threatening experiences through increased sensitivity to psychosocial stressors. As a result the flashbacks occurred, including an increase in peripheral noradrenergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yui
- Medical Care Section, Urawa Juvenile Classification Home, Ministry of Justice, Takasago, Japan
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12
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Lemke R, Bogusz MJ. [An unusual case of psychosis. Scopolamine poisoning with paranoid hallucinatory psychosis? Comment on the contribution by O. Rubner, P. W. Kummerhoff, H. Haase]. Nervenarzt 1998; 69:85. [PMID: 9522340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Soyka M, Bondy B, Peuker B, Ackenheil M. Spiperone binding capacity in lymphocytes of patients with alcohol- and drug-induced psychosis: preliminary results. J Stud Alcohol 1994; 55:503-7. [PMID: 7934059 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1994.55.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An increased spiperone binding capacity in lymphocytes has been proposed as a possible biological marker for schizophrenia while in previous studies patients with alcohol dependence were shown to have a normal binding capacity. In a pilot study the spiperone binding capacity was studied in 8 patients with alcohol hallucinosis, 11 patients with acute drug-induced psychosis and 12 patients with other organic psychosis. An increased binding capacity, defined as > 4 fmol/l E6 cells, was found in only 1 patient with alcohol hallucinosis, 3 patients with drug-induced psychosis and 2 patients with other organic psychosis. Possible implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soyka
- Psychiatische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
The administration of caffeine has been developed as a chemical model for the study of anxiety. However, previous researchers investigating caffeine-induced anxiety states in humans have administered oral caffeine. In this dose-response study, we investigated the effects of blindly administered intravenous caffeine (3, 5, and 7 mg/kg) versus placebo in normal control subjects. We report the first series of subjects experiencing olfactory hallucinations (10 of 10 subjects, 24 of 30 infusions) immediately following intravenous caffeine infusion. In addition, consistent with our previous work with oral caffeine, we found dose-related increases in ratings of anxiety and blood levels of cortisol and lactate. One subject experienced a DSM-III-R panic attack. Further questioning revealed that his mother suffers panic attacks. Our findings of olfactory hallucinations are discussed within the context of localized limbic system dysfunction, noting the phenomenologic and possible neuroanatomic overlap between panic disorder and complex partial seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nickell
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
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15
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Hypophosphataemia, hallucinations, and delirium tremens. Lancet 1991; 338:1467-8. [PMID: 1683459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Rogol AD, Bigelow LB, Klein ST, Gillin JC, Wyatt RJ. Plasma prolactin concentrations and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:655-7. [PMID: 6979991 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290060017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasma prolactin concentrations in 17 drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients correlated inversely with ratings of their psychopathology. An inverse relationship between psychotic symptoms and plasma prolactin concentrations was particularly clear in patients with normal cerebral ventricular size as determined by computed tomography. The psychosis-prolactin relationship did not hold for schizophrenic patients with large ventricular size. These data suggest that the degree of psychosis is related to dopaminergic activity insofar as this is reflected by plasma prolactin concentrations, especially in schizophrenic patients with normal ventricular size. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that ventricular size is a meaningful factor in subtyping chronic schizophrenic patients.
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Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels in plasma, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes have been compared in schizophrenics and controls using three substrates. No significant difference was found between MAO levels in controls and the schizophrenic group as a whole, but platelets and lymphocytes of the latter (tyramine or benzylamine substrate) showed greater variation and in some cases higher values than controls, irrespective of treatment. Schizophrenics who experienced auditory hallucinations had significantly lower MAO levels in lymphocytes and platelets than those who did not.
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Brooks SC, Linn JJ, Disney N. Serotonin, folic acid, and uric acid metabolism in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13:671-84. [PMID: 737255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic compensation appears possible within the serotonergic, folate, purine system and it seems possible that clinical illness may result when the system can no longer compensate. For example, elevated serotonin, induced by stress accumulation of tryptophan, could be compensated by a lowered folate ratio, normalizing the beta-carboline index and preventing hallucinations. Conversely, deficient serotonin, induced by a psychological loss or transport deficit, could be compensated by raising the folate ratio, which would normalize the beta-carboline index and prevent further depression. Increased purine turnover would seemingly lower the folate ratio, compensating perhaps for hallucinatory activity or mania. Several genetic defects of enzymes or transport proteins could seemingly preclude normal compensations within the system.
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Yaryura-Tobias JA, Chang A, Neziroglu F. A study of relationships of serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan to mental illness. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13:243-54. [PMID: 667230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore possible disturbances of cerebral monoamines linked to glucose metabolism, 18 schizophrenics, 21 neurotics, and 21 controls were given a 5-hr glucose tolerance test, and the effect of the glucose load on total and free tryptophan, insulin, and free fatty acids in serum was studied in medication-free patients. The data indicated intragroup differences (fasting to subsequent hours) in serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and free and total tryptophan values. Intergroup differences were noted in insulin values at the first hour, in free fatty acids at fasting with neurotics exhibiting the highest values, and in free tryptophan at fasting with schizophrenics having the lowest values. Schizophrenics with perceptual disturbances (e.g., hallucinations) exhibited lower free tryptophan values when compared with other schizophrenics. The results indicated a glucose-tryptophan interaction in schizophrenics.
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Dobrzański T, Pieschl D. [Plasma ACTH, STH and other hormone levels in various groups under chlormethiazole, haloperidol or reserpine load in alchohol delirium, alcoholic hallucinations, and chronic alcoholism]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1976; 28:26-32. [PMID: 181772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of 135 men with safely diagnosed alcohol delirium mostly revealed increased ACTH blood values when sober and increased T4 values in about 1/3 of these patients. There is a correlation between the psychiatric clinical picture of the alcohol delirium and the ACTH content of the plasma. Under load with chloromethiazole, halperidole or with reserpine, there is a significant drop in the increased ACTH and T4 values. In an acute alcoholic hallucinosis (n=16) similar endocrinological changes as in most cases of safely diagnosed alcohol delirium were observed. In a chronic alcoholic hallucinosis (n=11) and in chronic alcoholics (n=31) the endocrinological values were similar to those of patients after alcohol delirium.
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Blackstock EE, Gath DH, Gray BC, Higgins G. The role of thiamine deficiency in the aetiology of the hallucinatory states complicating alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 121:357-64. [PMID: 5077091 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.121.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption over a prolonged period of time may result in a variety of neuropsychiatric complications (Victor and Adams, 1953). The most frequent of these is alcoholic tremulousness which may be complicated in 25 per cent of cases by perceptual disturbances ranging from transitory misinterpretations of familiar objects to visual and auditory hallucinations (Victor and Adams, 1953). Closely related to this condition are delirium tremens (Victor and Adams, 1953; Lundquist, 1961; Nielsen, 1965), and acute or chronic auditory hallucinosis (Benedetti, 1952; Victor and Hope, 1958). In clinical practice intermediate or atypical forms of these syndromes are seen (Sabot, Gross and Halpert, 1968).
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