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Larkin H. Agent Slows Glioblastoma Tumors in Mice by Blocking Fat Metabolism. JAMA 2023; 329:531. [PMID: 36723985 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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2
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Singh N, Bhatt DL, Miller M, Steg PG, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Jiao L, Tardif JC, Mason RP, Ballantyne CM. Consistency of Benefit of Icosapent Ethyl by Background Statin Type in REDUCE-IT. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:220-222. [PMID: 35027114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Talasaz AH, Sadeghipour P, Aghakouchakzadeh M, Dreyfus I, Kakavand H, Ariannejad H, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Van Tassell BW, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Vaduganathan M, Fanikos J, Dixon DL, Piazza G, Parikh SA, Bhatt DL, Lip GYH, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Libby P, Goldhaber SZ, Bikdeli B. Investigating Lipid-Modulating Agents for Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1635-1654. [PMID: 34649702 PMCID: PMC8504484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with systemic inflammation, endothelial activation, and multiorgan manifestations. Lipid-modulating agents may be useful in treating patients with COVID-19. These agents may inhibit viral entry by lipid raft disruption or ameliorate the inflammatory response and endothelial activation. In addition, dyslipidemia with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels portend worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Upon a systematic search, 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with lipid-modulating agents were identified, including 17 statin trials, 14 omega-3 fatty acids RCTs, 3 fibrate RCTs, 5 niacin RCTs, and 1 dalcetrapib RCT for the management or prevention of COVID-19. From these 40 RCTs, only 2 have reported preliminary results, and most others are ongoing. This paper summarizes the ongoing or completed RCTs of lipid-modulating agents in COVID-19 and the implications of these trials for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita H Talasaz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcome Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Parham Sadeghipour
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aghakouchakzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Isaac Dreyfus
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hessam Kakavand
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ariannejad
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin W Van Tassell
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcome Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David Jimenez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (Instituto de Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials i Pujol, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Fanikos
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dave L Dixon
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcome Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sahil A Parikh
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gregg W Stone
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Behnood Bikdeli
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Tzolos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Richard Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Nguyen CA, Gilstrap LG, Chernew ME, McWilliams JM, Landon BE, Landrum MB. Using Consistently Low Performance to Identify Low-Quality Physician Groups. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2117954. [PMID: 34319356 PMCID: PMC8319756 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance There has been a growth in the use of performance-based payment models in the past decade, but inherently noisy and stochastic quality measures complicate the assessment of the quality of physician groups. Examining consistently low performance across multiple measures or multiple years could potentially identify a subset of low-quality physician groups. Objective To identify low-performing physician groups based on consistently low performance after adjusting for patient characteristics across multiple measures or multiple years for 10 commonly used quality measures for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used medical and pharmacy claims and laboratory data for enrollees ages 18 to 65 years with diabetes or CVD in an Aetna health insurance plan between 2016 and 2019. Each physician group's risk-adjusted performance for a given year was estimated using mixed-effects linear probability regression models. Performance was correlated across measures and time, and the proportion of physician groups that performed in the bottom quartile was examined across multiple measures or multiple years. Data analysis was conducted between September 2020 and May 2021. Exposures Primary care physician groups. Main Outcomes and Measures Performance scores of 6 quality measures for diabetes and 4 for CVD, including hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing, low-density lipoprotein testing, statin use, HbA1c control, low-density lipoprotein control, and hospital-based utilization. Results A total of 786 641 unique enrollees treated by 890 physician groups were included; 414 655 (52.7%) of the enrollees were men and the mean (SD) age was 53 (9.5) years. After adjusting for age, sex, and clinical and social risk variables, correlations among individual measures were weak (eg, performance-adjusted correlation between any statin use and LDL testing for patients with diabetes, r = -0.10) to moderate (correlation between LDL testing for diabetes and LDL testing for CVD, r = .43), but year-to-year correlations for all measures were moderate to strong. One percent or fewer of physician groups performed in the bottom quartile for all 6 diabetes measures or all 4 cardiovascular disease measures in any given year, while 14 (4.0%) to 39 groups (11.1%) were in the bottom quartile in all 4 years for any given measure other than hospital-based utilization for CVD (1.1%). Conclusions and Relevance A subset of physician groups that was consistently low performing could be identified by considering performance measures across multiple years. Considering the consistency of group performance could contribute a novel method to identify physician groups most likely to benefit from limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Nguyen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren G. Gilstrap
- Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Michael E. Chernew
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Michael McWilliams
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce E. Landon
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Beth Landrum
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Leggott K, Lyon C, Claus L, Prasad S. PURL: Consider this Rx for patients with high triglycerides? J Fam Pract 2020; 69:518-525. [PMID: 33348346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A daily dose of this prescription fish oil may be worth a trial in light of the cardiovascular benefits it affords statin-treated patients with high triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Leggott
- University of Colorado Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Corey Lyon
- University of Colorado Family Medicine Residency, Denver, USA
| | - Liz Claus
- University of Colorado Family Medicine Residency, Denver, USA
| | - Shailendra Prasad
- University of Minnesota North Memorial Family Medicine Residency Program, Minneapolis
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Wong ND, Fan W, Philip S, Granowitz C, Toth PP. REDUCE-IT Eligibility and Preventable Cardiovascular Events in the US Population (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]). Am J Cardiol 2020; 134:62-68. [PMID: 32933754 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of cardiovascular events with icosapent ethyl-intervention (REDUCE-IT) trial showed in persons with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes mellitus (DM) that icosapent ethyl (IPE) reduced CVD events by 25%. We projected the preventable initial and total CVD events if REDUCE-IT trial eligibility criteria were applied to US adults. We identified US adults with available REDUCE-IT inclusion criteria from NHANES Surveys 1999-2016 and estimated primary (CVD death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, or unstable angina) and secondary composite (CVD death, nonfatal MI or stroke) events using REDUCE-IT published event rates in the IPE and placebo groups, the difference being the number of preventable events. From 11,445 adults aged ≥45 years (representing 111.1 million [M]), a total of 319 persons (3.0 M) fit key REDUCE-IT eligibility criteria: triglycerides of 135 to 499 mg/dL, HbA1c <10%, blood pressure <200/100 mm Hg, and on a statin with LDL-C of 40 to 99 mg/dL. 63% had prior CVD and 37% had DM + ≥1 risk factor (primary prevention cohort). If these persons are given IPE for the REDUCE-IT median trial period of 4.9 years, we estimated preventing a total 349,817 (71,391/year) primary CVD outcomes of which 146,011 (29,798/year) were initial events. Most (24,151) preventable events were from the secondary prevention cohort. Using FDA eligibility criteria, an estimated 4.6 million persons would be eligible for IPE, with 60,544 preventable primary CVD outcomes annually from REDUCE-IT USA event rates. In conclusion, many CVD events in US adults with known CVD or DM and well-controlled LDL-C on statin therapy can be prevented with IPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, California.
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | | | - Peter P Toth
- Department of Cardiology,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gao L, Moodie M, Li SC. The cost-effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids - The Australian healthcare perspective. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 67:70-76. [PMID: 31285124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the cost-effectiveness of a triglyceride lowering medication-icosapent ethyl added on to statin from Australian healthcare system perspective. METHODS A Markov-model was developed using data from the pivotal trial of icosapent ethyl in a secondary prevention population. Probabilities of CVD events were derived and extrapolated from the published Kaplan-Meier curve using a valid algorithm. Management cost of CVD, health-related quality of life, and background non-CVD mortality were extracted from publicly available sources. Acquisition cost of icosapent ethyl from the United States was used in the current analysis. Australian patients with histories of CVD were modelled for a 25 year time horizon and costs and benefits were discounted. Sensitivity analyses (SA) were undertaken. Value of perfect information (VPI) was quantified. RESULTS Treatment with icosapent ethyl was associated with both higher costs and benefits (i.e. quality-adjusted life year [QALY] and life year [LY]), resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of AUD59,036/QALY or AUD54,358/LY. Using the often quoted willingness-to-pay (WTP)/QALY of AUD50,000/QALY, icosapent ethyl was not considered cost-effective. SA showed that time horizon, drug cost, and discount rate were the key drivers of the ICER. Total monetary VPI for icosapent ethyl was over AUD15 million over 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Patients with established CVD in whom level of triglycerides is high would benefit from the treatment using icosapent ethyl, however, it is not a cost-effective from an Australian healthcare system perspective. The government may consider subsidising this medication given the clinical need but at a discounted acquisition cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu-Chuen Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Lan NSR, Fegan PG, Yeap BB, Rankin JM, Watts GF. Icosapent ethyl for dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease: Act now to reduce it. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1734-1736. [PMID: 30834678 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) can be significantly reduced in patients with diabetes who are undergoing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-reducing therapies. However, the elevated triglyceride levels seen in diabetic dyslipidaemia can contribute to residual ASCVD risk. Icosapent ethyl (IPE) has recently been shown to substantially reduce major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with hypertriglyceridaemia who are undergoing statin therapy. In a real-world study of patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 17.1% were found to be eligible for treatment with IPE based on Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) criteria. A significant proportion of patients with diabetes and ACS merit receiving IPE therapy, with important implications for evolving clinical practice guidelines and best standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S R Lan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Gerry Fegan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James M Rankin
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiometabolic Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Patni N, Quittner C, Garg A. Orlistat Therapy for Children With Type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2403-2407. [PMID: 29659879 PMCID: PMC6456945 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia (T1HLP), a rare genetic disorder, have extreme chylomicronemia and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. Currently, the only therapeutic option is to consume an extremely low-fat diet because the triglyceride-lowering medications are not efficacious. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of orlistat, a gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor, in reducing serum triglyceride levels in patients with T1HLP. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a randomized, open-label, clinical trial with a four-period, two-sequence ("orlistat" and "off orlistat" for 3 months), crossover study design. PATIENTS Two unrelated young Asian Indian males (11 and 9 years old) with T1HLP due to homozygous large GPIHBP1 deletions were enrolled at the UT Southwestern Medical Center. The patients were randomized to receive 3 months of orlistat or no therapy (off), then crossed over to the other arm, and this sequence was then repeated. Fasting serum triglyceride levels, fat-soluble vitamins, and gastrointestinal side effects were assessed. RESULTS Compared with the two off periods, orlistat therapy reduced serum triglycerides by 53.3% and 53.0% in patient 1 and 45.8% and 62.2% in patient 2. There was no deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin levels, and their growth continued. There were no serious adverse effects of orlistat; patient 1 had a mild increase in passage of gas and bloating, and patient 2 had constipation with mild stool leakage. CONCLUSION Orlistat is safe and highly efficacious in lowering serum triglycerides in children with T1HLP and should be the first-line therapy in conjunction with an extremely low-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Patni
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Claudia Quittner
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Abhimanyu Garg, MD, Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. E-mail:
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Abstract
▼Evolocumab (Repatha-Amgen Ltd) and ▼alirocumab (Praluent-Sanofi) are the first in a novel class of lipid-regulating drugs, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, to be licensed in the UK. Both drugs have marketing authorisation for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidaemia and are administered by subcutaneous injection. Here we consider the evidence for evolocumab and alirocumab in the management of primary hypercholesterolaemia and dyslipidaemias.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current evidence concerning the role of HDL-C and HDL-associated parameters in the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Numerous population studies have shown that plasma levels of HDL-C are inversely associated with CVD risk; in patient care HDL-C levels are therefore widely implemented in risk estimation models. A number of antiatherogenic properties have been ascribed to the HDL particle, but the hypothesis that HDL is causally related to CVD has been seriously challenged by recent data obtained from both human genetic studies and clinical trials. The final word on HDL-C as a therapeutic target is pending, as a number of clinical endpoint trials specifically focusing on the effect(s) of HDL-C increasing agents are underway. Moreover, recent data show that HDL efflux capacity could hold independent predictive value for CVD events, which clearly highlights the potential need to focus on HDL functionality, rather than on HDL-C levels. SUMMARY The dogmatic concept that HDL-C levels predict future CVD events is undisputed, but the role of HDL-C as a causal factor in atherosclerosis has been challenged by a number of different types of studies. In recent years, a paradigm shift toward 'HDL functionality' is apparent. Whether or not optimizing these markers of HDL functionality actually does reduce CVD risk requires formal testing in prospective controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kees Hovingh
- aDepartment of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands bDepartment of Medicine and Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA cDepartment of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a complex and highly regulated metabolic pathway. In normal conditions DNL converts excess carbohydrate into fatty acids that are then esterified to storage triacylglycerols (TGs). These TGs could later provide energy via β-oxidation. In human body this pathway is primarily active in liver and adipose tissue. However, it is considered to be a minor contributor to the serum lipid homeostasis. Deregulations in the lipogenic pathway are associated with diverse pathological conditions. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present review focuses on our current understanding of the lipogenic pathway with special reference to the causes and consequences of aberrant DNL. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The deregulation of DNL in the major lipogenic tissues of the human body is often observed in various metabolic anomalies - including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. In addition to that de novo lipogenesis is reported to be exacerbated in cancer tissues, virus infected cells etc. These observations suggest that inhibitors of the DNL pathway might serve as therapeutically significant compounds. The effectiveness of these inhibitors in treatment of cancer and obesity has been suggested by previous works. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE De novo lipogenesis - which is an intricate and highly regulated pathway - can lead to adverse metabolic consequences when deregulated. Therapeutic targeting of this pathway may open a new window of opportunity for combating various lipogenesis-driven pathological conditions - including obesity, cancer and certain viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ameer
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Lisa Scandiuzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Nousheen Zaidi
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Accumulating data have shown that bile acids are important cell signaling molecules, which may activate several signaling pathways to regulate biological processes. Bile acids are endogenous ligands for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5, a G-protein coupled receptor. Gain- and loss-of-function studies have demonstrated that both FXR and TGR5 play important roles in regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses. Importantly, activation of FXR or TGR5 lowers hepatic triglyceride levels and inhibits inflammation. Such properties of FXR or TGR5 have indicated that these two bile acid receptors are ideal targets for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, one of the major health concerns worldwide. In this article, we will focus on recent advances on the role of both FXR and TGR5 in regulating hepatic triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory responses under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
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15
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Rodina AV, Severin SE. [The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and approach to therapy]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2013:15-26. [PMID: 23805709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this adiponectin-focused review, the pathophysiological role and the potential therapeutic benefits of adiponectin in metabolic syndrome (MetS) are analysed. MetS is recognized as clusters several metabolic abnormalities and the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor in the pathogenesis MetS. Adiponectin is the most abundant and adipose-specific adipokine. Adiponectin acts through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) pathways. The wide distribution of adiponectin receptors in various organs and tissues suggests that adiponectin has pleiotropic effects on numerous physiological processes. Its well-known insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties, accumulating evidence suggests that adiponectin may have cardioprotective properties. There is an evidence that adiponectin decreases systematic IR and generally predicts cardiovascular diseases. Recent therapeutic strategies have focused on the indirect upregulation of adiponectin through the administration of various therapeutic agents and/or lifestyle modifications. Weight loss, diet, lifestyle changes and/or medications including orlistat, sibutramine, rimonabant, increase level of adiponectin. Also insulin sensitizers, including thiazolidinediones, and lipid-lowering agents, including statins and fibrates, upregulate adiponectin and may improve IR. The wider use of new treatment approaches appears to signal of a new era in the management of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rodina
- NBIC Centre, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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Webb P. Thyroid hormone receptor and lipid regulation. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11:1135-1142. [PMID: 20872316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The concept of thyroid hormone (TH) analogs that retain the beneficial effects of TH excess on lipid lowering and fat metabolism, while avoiding any harmful effects on the heart, muscle, bone and other tissues, has interested scientists and physicians for several decades. While there have been many attempts to develop selective TH receptor (TR) modulators (STRMs) for safe lipid lowering, these approaches have failed consistently. This review details recent advances in the development of TRβ subtype- and liver-selective STRM analogs, and presents the results of preliminary clinical trials with one of these compounds, eprotirome (KB-2115; Karo Bio AB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Webb
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Center for Diabetes Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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