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Abdullaev A, Odilov A, Ershler M, Volkov A, Lipina T, Gasanova T, Lebedin Y, Babichenko I, Sudarikov A. Viral Load and Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Dissemination to the Lungs, Mediastinal Lymph Nodes, and Spleen of Patients with COVID-19 Associated Lymphopenia. Viruses 2021; 13:1410. [PMID: 34372615 PMCID: PMC8310371 DOI: 10.3390/v13071410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenia is a frequent hematological manifestation, associated with a severe course of COVID-19, with an insufficiently understood pathogenesis. We present molecular genetic immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic data on SARS-CoV-2 dissemination and viral load (VL) in lungs, mediastinum lymph nodes, and the spleen of 36 patients who died from COVID-19. Lymphopenia <1 × 109/L was observed in 23 of 36 (63.8%) patients. In 12 of 36 cases (33%) SARS-CoV-2 was found in lung tissues only with a median VL of 239 copies (range 18-1952) SARS-CoV-2 cDNA per 100 copies of ABL1. Histomorphological changes corresponding to bronchopneumonia and the proliferative phase of DAD were observed in these cases. SARS-CoV-2 dissemination into the lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen was detected in 23 of 36 patients (58.4%) and was associated with the exudative phase of DAD in most of these cases. The median VL in the lungs was 12,116 copies (range 810-250281), lymph nodes-832 copies (range 96-11586), and spleen-71.5 copies (range 0-2899). SARS-CoV-2 in all cases belonged to the 19A strain. A immunohistochemical study revealed SARS-CoV-2 proteins in pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and bronchiolar epithelial cells in lung tissue, sinus histiocytes of lymph nodes, as well as cells of the Billroth pulp cords and spleen capsule. SARS-CoV-2 particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The infection of lymphocytes with SARS-CoV-2 that we discovered for the first time may indicate a possible link between lymphopenia and SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhamjon Abdullaev
- National Research Center for Hematology, Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Novy Zykovski Lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Akmaljon Odilov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.O.); (A.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Maxim Ershler
- National Research Center for Hematology, Hematopoiesis Physiology Laboratory, Novy Zykovski Lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Volkov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.O.); (A.V.); (I.B.)
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Municipal Clinical Hospital Named after E.O. Mukhin, 17 Federativny Prospect, 111399 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lipina
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori, 1, 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gasanova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori, 1, 40, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yuri Lebedin
- XEMA Company Limited, 9th Parkovaya St., 48, 105043 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor Babichenko
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.O.); (A.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Andrey Sudarikov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Novy Zykovski Lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
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Ergin S, Turan N, Gode S, Yilmaz H, Saribas S, Dinc O, Cizmecigil U, Bakir I, Keskin M, Sirekbasan S, Atalik K, Yeniterzi M, Demirci M, Gurcan M, Erdogan S, Gareayaghi N, Kocazeybek BS. Evaluation of the possible involvement of Ad-36-induced adipogenesis and coronary artery disease development in mediastinal adipose tissue samples. Infez Med 2019; 27:290-298. [PMID: 31545773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mediastinal fat has been suggested to be associated with cardiovascular diseases such as carotid stiffness, atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification. We investigated the possible role of Ad-36-induced obesity in the pathogenesis of the coronary artery disease (CAD). Ad-36 DNA was investigated in the anterior mediastinal fat tissue samples of obese adults with CAD. Seventy-five obese adults with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease, 28 non-obese adults with valvular heart diseases, and 48 healthy individuals without cardiovascular problems were included as the obese patient group (OPG), non-obese patient group (NOG) and healthy control group (HCG), respectively. We also simultaneously investigated Ad-36 antibodies by serum neutralization test (SNA), and measured leptin and adinopectin levels. Ad-36 antibodies were detected only in 10 patients (13.3%) within the 75 OPG. A statistically significant difference was detected between OPG, NOG and HCG in terms of Ad-36 antibody positivity (p>0.05). Ad-36 DNA was not detected in mediastinal tissue samples of OPG and NOP without PCR inhibitors. We suggest that Ad-36 may not have an affinity for mediastinal adipose tissue in obese patients with left main CAD and valvular heart diseases. Ad-36 antibody positivity results are not sufficient to reach a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Ergin
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Gode
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Saribas
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oyku Dinc
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Cizmecigil
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Bakir
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Keskin
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Sirekbasan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kevser Atalik
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yeniterzi
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demirci
- Beykent University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Gurcan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sarper Erdogan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Public Health Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Gareayaghi
- Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Blood Center, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bekir S Kocazeybek
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Izumo T, Maekawa T, Ida M, Noguchi A, Kitagawa Y, Shibata H, Yasui H, Kiso Y. Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus pentosus S-PT84 on influenza virus infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1101-6. [PMID: 20601181 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 isolated from Kyoto pickles enhances splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity and exhibit anti-allergic effects by modulating the Th1/Th2 (T-helper1/T-helper2) balance. In the present study, we investigated whether the immune response could be activated by intranasal administration of S-PT84 in the respiratory immune system and protected against influenza virus infection in mice. When BALB/c mice received intranasal administration of S-PT84 once daily for 3 consecutive days, S-PT84 strongly induced interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cells. At intranasal infection with influenza virus PR8 (a mouse-adapted H1N1 strain) after S-PT84 treatment, the survival rates of mice improved in a dose-dependent manner, and the titer of influenza virus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) was significantly decreased by S-PT84 administration. Production of IL-12 and alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) in BALF were significantly higher in mice treated with S-PT84 compared to the control mice. Lung NK activity was also significantly augmented in S-PT84-treated mice. These results suggested that the L. pentosus strain S-PT84 showed inhibitory activity against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Izumo
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Limited, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan.
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Rochford R, Lutzke ML, Alfinito RS, Clavo A, Cardin RD. Kinetics of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 gene expression following infection of murine cells in culture and in mice. J Virol 2001; 75:4955-63. [PMID: 11333874 PMCID: PMC114898 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.11.4955-4963.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A model system to study the pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections is the infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68). To define the kinetics of infection, we developed an RNase protection assay to quantitate gene expression from lytic (K3, Rta, M8, DNA polymerase [DNA pol], and gB) and candidate latency (M2, M3, M9, M11, ORF73, and ORF74) genes. All candidate latency genes were expressed during lytic infection of 3T3 cells. Four kinetic classes of transcripts were observed following infection of 3T3 cells: immediate-early (K3, Rta, M8, and ORF73), early (DNA pol), early-late (M3, M11, and ORF74), and late (M2, M9, and gB). To assess the kinetics of viral gene expression in vivo, lungs, spleens, and mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) were harvested from MHV-68-infected mice. All transcripts were expressed between 3 and 6 days postinfection (dpi) in the lungs. In the spleen, K3, M3, M8, and M9 transcripts were expressed between 10 and 16 dpi when latency is established. The K3, M3, M8, M9, and M11 transcripts were detected in the MLN from 2 through 16 dpi. This is the first demonstration of MHV-68 gene expression in the MLN. Importantly, our data showed that MHV-68 has different kinetics of gene expression at different sites of infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that K3, a gene recently shown to encode a protein that downregulates major histocompatibility complex class I on the surface of cells, is expressed during latency, which argues for a role of K3 in immune evasion during latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rochford
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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