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Marshall W. Governance: a Pugwash council for the digital age. Nature 2023; 621:691. [PMID: 37752260 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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2
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Paxton B. 2017 saw 122 countries - but none of the nuclear-weapons states - support the treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons. Why is nuclear disarmament so difficult and what should be the next steps for those aiming for prohibition? Med Confl Surviv 2019; 35:336-343. [PMID: 31996032 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2020.1719580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Paxton
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Prevention Of Nuclear War IPFT. IPPNW statement on the killing of General Suleimani. Med Confl Surviv 2019; 35:292-293. [PMID: 31996040 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2020.1717722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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4
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van Bergen L. Urgent appeal for a nuclear-weapons-free world! Connecting the medical-humanitarian and political perspective. Peace Palace, The Hague. Med Confl Surviv 2019; 35:344-345. [PMID: 31996039 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2019.1722396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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5
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Burnett JL, Miley HS, Bowyer TW, Cameron IM. The 2014 Integrated Field Exercise of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty revisited: The case for data fusion. J Environ Radioact 2018; 189:175-181. [PMID: 29679818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The International Monitoring System of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) uses a global network of radionuclide monitoring stations to detect evidence of a nuclear explosion. The two radionuclide technologies employed-particulate and noble gas (radioxenon) detection-have applications for data fusion to improve detection of a nuclear explosion. Using the hypothetical 0.5 kT nuclear explosive test scenario of the CTBTO 2014 Integrated Field Exercise, the intrinsic relationship between particulate and noble gas signatures has been examined. This study shows that, depending upon the time of the radioxenon release, the particulate progeny can produce the more detectable signature. Thus, as both particulate and noble gas signatures are inherently coupled, the authors recommend that the sample categorization schemes should be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry S Miley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Theodore W Bowyer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ian M Cameron
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, USA
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Hoffman I, Lewis B, Chan P. Circulation of cosmogenic 22Na using the global monitoring network of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). J Environ Radioact 2018; 187:8-15. [PMID: 29459255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a recently published global data set of 22Na and 7Be from the global monitoring network of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), atmospheric circulation and stratosphere-troposphere interactions are examined. Cosmogenic 22Na has a half-life well-suited to environmental processes with durations from several months to a decade. Combined with corresponding 7Be observations, these two cosmogenic isotopes form a useful environmental tracer and new radiochronometer to study physical interactions of air masses in the stratosphere and troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hoffman
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - B Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, PO Box 17000, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, PO Box 17000, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Forrow
- From the Ethics Programs and the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (L.F.); the Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia (T.R.); and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Geneva (S.T.). Dr. Ruff is founding chair of ICAN, and Ms. Thurlow was a corecipient of the Nobel Peace Prize on ICAN's behalf; Dr. Forrow is the former chief executive officer, and Dr. Ruff the copresident, of IPPNW
| | - Tilman Ruff
- From the Ethics Programs and the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (L.F.); the Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia (T.R.); and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Geneva (S.T.). Dr. Ruff is founding chair of ICAN, and Ms. Thurlow was a corecipient of the Nobel Peace Prize on ICAN's behalf; Dr. Forrow is the former chief executive officer, and Dr. Ruff the copresident, of IPPNW
| | - Setsuko Thurlow
- From the Ethics Programs and the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (L.F.); the Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia (T.R.); and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Geneva (S.T.). Dr. Ruff is founding chair of ICAN, and Ms. Thurlow was a corecipient of the Nobel Peace Prize on ICAN's behalf; Dr. Forrow is the former chief executive officer, and Dr. Ruff the copresident, of IPPNW
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8
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Davies R. Sophie Neuburg: building a movement of health professionals. Lancet 2018; 391:2315. [PMID: 29900864 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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10
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De Meutter P, Camps J, Delcloo A, Deconninck B, Termonia P. Time resolution requirements for civilian radioxenon emission data for the CTBT verification regime. J Environ Radioact 2018; 182:117-127. [PMID: 29223860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The capability of the noble gas component of the International Monitoring System as a verification tool for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty is deteriorated by a background of radioxenon emitted by civilian sources. One of the possible approaches to deal with this issue, is to simulate the daily radioxenon concentrations from these civilian sources at noble gas stations by using atmospheric transport models. In order to accurately quantify the contribution from these civilian sources, knowledge on the releases is required. However, such data are often not available and furthermore it is not clear what temporal resolution such data should have. In this paper, we assess which temporal resolution is required to best model the 133Xe contribution from civilian sources at noble gas stations in an operational context. We consider different sampling times of the noble gas stations and discriminate between nearby and distant sources. We find that for atmospheric transport and dispersion problems on a scale of 1000 km or more, emission data with subdaily temporal resolution is generally not necessary. However, when the source-receptor distance decreases, time-resolved emission data become more important. The required temporal resolution of emission data thus depends on the transport scale of the problem. In the context of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, where forty noble gas stations will monitor the whole globe, daily emission data are generally sufficient, but for certain meteorological conditions, better temporally resolved emission data are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Meutter
- Belgian Nuclear Research Institute, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Johan Camps
- Belgian Nuclear Research Institute, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Andy Delcloo
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Deconninck
- Institute for RadioElements, Avenue de l'Espérance 1, 6220 Fleurus, Belgium
| | - Piet Termonia
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Bozorgmehr K, Schwienhorst-Stich EM. Treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons and Germany's global health responsibility. Lancet 2018; 391:119-120. [PMID: 29353613 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Mozafari M. Saving the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: full of hope or just hopeless? Lancet 2018; 391:119. [PMID: 29353614 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mozafari
- Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Centre, PO Box 14155-4777, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, and Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Loretz J. Medact/IPPNW Health Through Peace York University conference statement: an introduction. Med Confl Surviv 2017; 33:235-237. [PMID: 28994301 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2017.1383582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Zarocostas J. The UN adopts treaty to ban the use of nuclear weapons. Lancet 2017; 390:349. [PMID: 28712535 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Birch M. A thank you to Mary Holdstock from the Editorial Board and the readers of Medicine, Conflict and Survival. Med Confl Surviv 2016; 32:89-92. [PMID: 27605014 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2016.1229835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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17
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Dyer C. Claims by servicemen who took part in nuclear tests are dealt a serious blow. BMJ 2010; 341:c6722. [PMID: 21106632 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Palafox NA. Health consequences of the Pacific U.S. Nuclear Weapons Testing Program in the Marshall Islands: inequity in protection, health care access, policy, regulation. Rev Environ Health 2010; 25:81-85. [PMID: 20429164 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2010.25.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Palafox
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 95-390 Kuahelani Avenue, Mililani, HI 96789, USA
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Kim DW. Imaginary Savior: the image of the nuclear bomb in Korea, 1945-1960. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:105-118. [PMID: 20518158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 brought the unexpected liberation of Korea from the 35-year Japanese occupation. Koreans therefore had a very favorable and positive image of the nuclear bomb and nuclear energy from the beginning. The image of the nuclear bomb as "savior" was strengthened during the Korean War when the United States openly mentioned the possible use of the nuclear bomb against North Korean and Chinese military. After the end of the Korean War in July 1953 South Koreans strongly supported the development of the nuclear bomb in order to deter another North Korean invasion. When the US government provided South Korea with a research nuclear reactor in the late 1950s, most South Koreans hailed it as the first step to developing their own nuclear bomb. This paper will analyze how and why the savior image of the nuclear bomb originated and spread in Korea during the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Kim
- School of Humanities & Social Sciences, KAIST, Korea
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20
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Yamazaki M. Nuclear energy in postwar Japan and anti-nuclear movements in the 1950s. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:132-145. [PMID: 20521422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 revealed the most destructive power to-date of man-made weapons. Their impact was so great that Japanese scientists thought that a bigger disaster could be prevented only if war was abolished. Thus they welcomed the international control of atomic energy. It was, however, only after the occupation that the Japanese general public began to learn about the horror of these atomic disasters due to the censorship imposed by the occupational forces. The hydrogen bomb test by the US in the Bikini atoll on March 1, 1954 renewed fears of nuclear weapons. The crew of a Japanese fishing vessel, the "Daigo Fukuryu Maru" (Lucky Dragon No. 5) suffered from exposure to radiation from the test. Even after the incident the US did not stop nuclear tests which continued to radioactively contaminate fish and rains in Japan. As a result, the petition movement for the ban of nuclear trials suddenly spread all over the country. By the summer of 1955 the number of the signatures grew to more than one third of Japan's population at the time. Under the strong influence of anti-nuclear Japanese public opinion the Science Council of Japan announced the so-called three principles of atomic energy: "openness," "democracy," and "independence" to ensure atomic energy was used for peaceful uses only. These principles were included in the Atomic Energy Basic Law established in December 1955. With this law, military uses of nuclear energy were strictly forbidden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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Takahashi H. One minute after the detonation of the atomic bomb: the erased effects of residual radiation. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:146-159. [PMID: 20521423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Government's official narrative denies the effects of residual radiation which appeared one minute after the atomic bomb detonations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This paper explores declassified documents from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the Atomic Bomb Casualties Commission, and others and shows that these documents actually suggested the existence of serious effects from residual radiation.
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Sasamoto Y. Korean atomic bomb victims. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:160-169. [PMID: 20521424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After colonizing Korea, Japan invaded China, and subsequently initiated the Pacific War against the United States, Britain, and their allies. Towards the end of the war, U.S. warplanes dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which resulted in a large number of Koreans who lived in Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffering from the effects of the bombs. The objective of this paper is to examine the history of Korea atomic bomb victims who were caught in between the U.S., Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
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Bidwai P. The medical profession must stand up against the India-US nuclear deal. Indian J Med Ethics 2008; 5:162-163. [PMID: 18988374 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2008.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
All the nuclear-weapon states are working to develop new nuclear-weapon systems and upgrade their existing ones. Although the US Congress has recently blocked further development of small nuclear weapons and earth-penetrating nuclear weapons, the United States is planning a range of new warheads under the Reliable Replacement Warhead programme, and renewing its nuclear weapons infrastructure. The United Kingdom is spending 1 billion pounds sterling on updating the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, and about 20 billion pounds sterling on replacing its Vanguard submarines and maintaining its Trident warhead stockpile. The US has withdrawn from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and plans to install missile defence systems in Poland and the Czech Republic; Russia threatens to upgrade its nuclear countermeasures. The nuclear-weapon states should comply with their obligations under Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, as summarised in the 13-point plan agreed at the 2000 NPT Review Conference, and they should negotiate a Nuclear Weapons Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Sidel
- Montefiore Medical Centre and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Abstract
Climate change and nuclear war are currently the most dangerous challenges to human civilisation and survival. The effects of climate change are now sufficient to persuade many governments to take effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Today there are about 27,000 nuclear warheads, many at least ten times more powerful than the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, and a meaningful medical response to a nuclear attack is impossible. Nevertheless, the threat of nuclear war does not raise public concern, and indeed the nuclear-weapon states are upgrading their capability. The only effective preventive measure is the abolition of nuclear weapons. Steps towards this include: a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, for the nuclear weapon states to observe their obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to enter into force. The ultimate need is for a Nuclear Weapons Convention; International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War have launched an International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear weapons (ICAN) to promote a NWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald McCoy
- Malaysian Physicians for Peace and Social Responsibility, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
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Williams B, Ruff TA. Proliferation dangers associated with nuclear medicine: getting weapons-grade uranium out of radiopharmaceutical production. Med Confl Surviv 2007; 23:267-281. [PMID: 17987979 DOI: 10.1080/13623690701596692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Abolishing the threat of nuclear war requires the outlawing of nuclear weapons and dismantling current nuclear weapon stockpiles, but also depends on eliminating access to fissile material (nuclear weapon fuel). The near-universal use of weapons-grade, highly enriched uranium (HEU) to produce radiopharmaceuticals is a significant proliferation hazard. Health professionals have a strategic opportunity and obligation to progress the elimination of medically-related commerce in HEU, closing one of the most vulnerable pathways to the much-feared 'terrorist bomb'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Williams
- International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons and Medical Association for Prevention of War, Australia
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Todeschini M. Illegitimate sufferers: a-bomb victims, medical science, and the government. Daedalus 1999; 128:67-100. [PMID: 20135853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bitterlich J. [Overlooked victims: Korean survivors of the atomic bombs]. Periplus 1999; 9:127-139. [PMID: 22053404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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