1
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DOE and HHS Certify Sufficient (99)Mo Supplies. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:26N. [PMID: 35101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
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2
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Abstract
The recent development of 225Ac-PSMA617 for therapy of prostate cancer has strikingly demonstrated the clinical potential of targeted alpha therapy. Further promising applications of the alpha emitters 225Actinium and its daughter nuclide 213Bismuth include the therapy of brain tumors, bladder cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, and leukemia. This paper will provide a brief overview on the current status of the clinical development of compounds labelled with 225Ac or 213Bi and describe the various production routes that are in place or are under development to meet the increasing demand for these radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christos Apostolidis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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NAS Report Warns of U.S. Radioisotope Shortages. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:19N. [PMID: 27803300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
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4
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Abstract
The Ministry of Health (MOH) in the state of Kuwait currently depends on importing the radioisotope molybdenum (Mo) in its isotopic form (Mo) to fulfill its demands. The present study was conducted on all nuclear medicine departments in the state of Kuwait. Daily, weekly, and monthly data were analyzed to statistically determine the current and future demands for the isotope Tc. This analysis was performed by collecting and analyzing data on MOH consumption of Tc for different diagnostic applications. The overall results indicate a partial decrease of 1.012% in the overall total demand for Tc up to the year 2018 for the state of Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Ali
- *Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
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Adam J, Kadeřávek J, Kužel F, Vašina J, Rehák Z. ["Technetium crisis" - causes, possible solutions and consequences for planar scintigraphy and SPECT diagnostics]. Klin Onkol 2014; 27 Suppl 1:S137-42. [PMID: 24945551 DOI: 10.14735/amko20141s137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine is an important field of nuclear medicine, especially thanks to its role in in vivo imaging of important processes in human organism. An overwhelming majority of nuclear medicine examinations comprises of planar scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography, for decades relying on the labeling by metastable technetium nuclide (99mTc), used with a great diversity of ligands for various applications. Nuclear medicine departments utilize commercially available molybdenum technetium generators, being able to elute the nuclide at any time and prepare the radiopharmaceutical. The mother nuclide, molybdenum-99 (99Mo), is produced in just a handful of places around the world. The production places are without exception research nuclear reactors working far past their life expectancy. A concurrent temporary shutdown of two of them in the year 2009 caused a critical worldwide shortage of 99mTc. An unavoidable permanent shutdown of part of these capacities in the second decade of the 21st century will cause the second, and this time rather permanent "technetium crisis". The article focuses on history, present, potential future and possible solutions in regard to SPECT diagnostics.
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Nau JY. [Nuclear medicine: the next world shortage of technetium 99m]. Rev Med Suisse 2014; 10:570-571. [PMID: 24701678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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NAKAI K, TAKAHASHI N, HATAZAWA J, SHINOHARA A, HAYASHI Y, IKEDA H, KANAI Y, WATABE T, FUKUDA M, HATANAKA K. Feasibility studies towards future self-sufficient supply of the (99)Mo-(99m)Tc isotopes with Japanese accelerators. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2014; 90:413-21. [PMID: 25504230 PMCID: PMC4335138 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish a self-sufficient supply of (99m)Tc, we studied feasibilities to produce its parent nucleus, (99)Mo, using Japanese accelerators. The daughter nucleus, (99m)Tc, is indispensable for medical diagnosis. (99)Mo has so far been imported from abroad, which is separated from fission products generated in nuclear reactors using enriched (235)U fuel. We investigated (99m)Tc production possibilities based on the following three scenarios: (1) (99)Mo production by the (n, 2n) reaction by spallation neutrons at the J-PARC injector, LINAC; (2) (99)Mo production by the (p, pn) reaction at Ep = 50-80 MeV proton at the RCNP cyclotron; (3) (99m)Tc direct production with a 20 MeV proton beam from the PET cyclotron. Among these three scenarios, scenario (1) is for a scheme on a global scale, scenario (2) works in a local area, and both cases take a long time for negotiations. Scenario (3) is attractive because we can use nearly 50 PET cyclotrons in Japan for (99m)Tc production. We here consider both the advantages and disadvantages among the three scenarios by taking account of the Japanese accelerator situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozi NAKAI
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jun HATAZAWA
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hayato IKEDA
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasukazu KANAI
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi WATABE
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro FUKUDA
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kichiji HATANAKA
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
There are two major medical applications of ion accelerators. One is a production of short-lived isotopes for radionuclide imaging with positron emission tomography and single photon emission computer tomography. Generally, a combination of a source for negative ions (usually H- and/or D-) and a cyclotron is used; this system is well established and distributed over the world. Other important medical application is charged-particle radiotherapy, where the accelerated ion beam itself is being used for patient treatment. Two distinctly different methods are being applied: either with protons or with heavy-ions (mostly carbon ions). Proton radiotherapy for deep-seated tumors has become widespread since the 1990s. The energy and intensity are typically over 200 MeV and several 10(10) pps, respectively. Cyclotrons as well as synchrotrons are utilized. The ion source for the cyclotron is generally similar to the type for production of radioisotopes. For a synchrotron, one applies a positive ion source in combination with an injector linac. Carbon ion radiotherapy awakens a worldwide interest. About 6000 cancer patients have already been treated with carbon beams from the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Japan. These clinical results have clearly verified the advantages of carbon ions. Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center and Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center have been successfully launched. Several new facilities are under commissioning or construction. The beam energy is adjusted to the depth of tumors. It is usually between 140 and 430 MeV∕u. Although the beam intensity depends on the irradiation method, it is typically several 10(8) or 10(9) pps. Synchrotrons are only utilized for carbon ion radiotherapy. An ECR ion source supplies multi-charged carbon ions for this requirement. Some other medical applications with ion beams attract developer's interests. For example, the several types of accelerators are under development for the boron neutron capture therapy. This treatment is conventionally demonstrated by a nuclear reactor, but it is strongly expected to replace the reactor by the accelerator. We report status of ion source for medical application and such scope for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muramatsu
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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9
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Pillai MRA, Knapp FFR. Overcoming the 99mTc shortage: are options being overlooked? J Nucl Med 2011; 52:15N-28N. [PMID: 21270452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
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10
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Lyra M, Charalambatou P, Roussou E, Fytros S, Baka I. Alternative production methods to face global molybdenum-99 supply shortage. Hell J Nucl Med 2011; 14:49-55. [PMID: 21512666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sleeping giant of molybdenum-99 ((99)Mo) production is grinding to a halt and the world is wondering how this happened. Fewer than 10 reactors in the world are capable of producing radio nuclides for medicine; approximately 50% of the world's supply of raw material comes from National Research Universal (NRU) reactor in Canada. Many of these reactors, like the NRU, are old and aging. No one of these reactors, and probably not even all of them in combination, can replace the production of NRU. As the healthcare industry faces an aging population and the demand for diagnostic services using (99m)Tc continues to rise, the need for a consistent, reliable supply of (99)Mo has become increasingly important, so alternative methods to produce (99)Mo or even directly (99m)Tc had to be considered to avoid a supply shortage in the coming years. This need guides to the production of (99)Mo by replacing the Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) target in a nuclear reactor with Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) and furthermore to the use of accelerators for manufacturing (99)Mo or for directly producing (99m)Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lyra
- A' Radiology Department, University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 76. Vas. Sophias Ave, 115 28 Athens, Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Thomas
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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12
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Rhea S. Not a glowing outlook. While vital isotopes needed for medical imaging are back in supply, another shortage could loom as the U.S. continues to lack adequate domestic sources. Mod Healthc 2010; 40:28-30. [PMID: 21249737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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13
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Tolmachev V, Carlsson J, Lundqvist H. A limiting factor for the progress of radionuclide-based cancer diagnostics and therapy--availability of suitable radionuclides. Acta Oncol 2009; 43:264-75. [PMID: 15244250 DOI: 10.1080/02841860410028943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in diagnostics and targeted radionuclide therapy of haematological and neuroendocrine tumours have raised hope for improved radionuclide therapy of other forms of disseminated tumours. New molecular target structures are characterized and this stimulates the efforts to develop new radiolabelled targeting agents. There is also improved understanding of factors of importance for choice of appropriate radionuclides. The choice is determined by physical, chemical, biological, and economic factors, such as a character of emitted radiation, physical half-life, labelling chemistry, chemical stability of the label, intracellular retention time, and fate of radiocatabolites and availability of the radionuclide. There is actually limited availability of suitable radionuclides and this is a limiting factor for further progress in the field and this is the focus in this article. The probably most promising therapeutic radionuclide, 211At, requires regional production and distribution centres with dedicated cyclotrons. Such centres are, with a few exceptions in the world, lacking today. They can be designed to also produce beta- and Augeremitters of therapeutic interest. Furthermore, emerging satellite PET scanners will in the near future demand long-lived positron emitters for diagnostics with macromolecular radiopharmaceuticals, and these can also be produced at such centres. To secure continued development and to meet the foreseen requirements for radionuclide availability from the medical community it is necessary to establish specialized cyclotron centres for radionuclide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Tolmachev
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Knight N. Return of the radionuclide shortage. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:13N-14N. [PMID: 19652219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
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Spurgeon D. Medical isotope company urges Canadian government to fulfil its promise to build plant. BMJ 2009; 338:b2346. [PMID: 19515713 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Radioimmunoimaging and therapy has been an area of interest for several decades. Steady progress has been made toward clinical translation of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Tremendous advances have been made in imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET). However, these advances have so far eluded routine translation into clinical radioimmunoimaging applications due to the mismatch between the short half-lives of routinely used positron-emitting radionuclides such as (18)F versus the pharmacokinetics of most intact monoclonal antibodies of interest. The lack of suitable positron-emitting radionuclides that match the pharmacokinetics of intact antibodies has generated interest in exploring the use of longer-lived positron emitters that are more suitable for radioimmunoimaging and dosimetry applications with intact monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we examine the opportunities and challenges of radioimmunoimaging with select longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides such as (124)I, (89)Zr, and (86)Y with respect to radionuclide production, ease of radiolabeling intact antibodies, imaging characteristics, radiation dosimetry, and clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K. Nayak
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892, USA
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892, USA
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17
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Atcher RW. Medical radioisotopes--what steps can we take to ensure a secure supply? J Nucl Med 2009; 50:17N-8N. [PMID: 19339669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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18
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International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA addresses global radioisotope shortage. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:15N. [PMID: 19139182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Kondro W. Contingency planning critical to ensuring medical isotope supply. CMAJ 2008; 179:764. [PMID: 18838450 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.081413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Cannon H. Isotope availability task group releases draft report. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:38N. [PMID: 18672470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
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23
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24
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Sudden radioisotope shortage threatens patient care. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:17N-8N. [PMID: 18165689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
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25
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McDonald JC. Shortened lifetime for reference radiations? Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2008; 131:157-158. [PMID: 19010938 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncn286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Williams B, Ruff TA. Proliferation dangers associated with nuclear medicine: getting weapons-grade uranium out of radiopharmaceutical production. Med Confl Surviv 2007; 23:267-281. [PMID: 17987979 DOI: 10.1080/13623690701596692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Abolishing the threat of nuclear war requires the outlawing of nuclear weapons and dismantling current nuclear weapon stockpiles, but also depends on eliminating access to fissile material (nuclear weapon fuel). The near-universal use of weapons-grade, highly enriched uranium (HEU) to produce radiopharmaceuticals is a significant proliferation hazard. Health professionals have a strategic opportunity and obligation to progress the elimination of medically-related commerce in HEU, closing one of the most vulnerable pathways to the much-feared 'terrorist bomb'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Williams
- International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons and Medical Association for Prevention of War, Australia
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27
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Levett J. Radiological terrorism scenarios. Prehosp Disaster Med 2007; 22:346. [PMID: 18019104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Rivard MJ, Bobek LM, Butler RA, Garland MA, Hill DJ, Krieger JK, Muckerheide JB, Patton BD, Silberstein EB. The US national isotope program: Current status and strategy for future success. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 63:157-78. [PMID: 15935681 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction in the 1940s, peaceful use of stable isotopes and radioisotopes in the United States has expanded continuously. Today, new isotopes for diagnostic and therapeutic uses are not being developed, critical isotopes for national security are in short supply, and demand for isotopes critical to homeland security exceeds supply. While commercial suppliers, both domestic and foreign, can only meet specific needs, the nation needs a consistent, reliable supply of radioactive and stable isotopes for research, medical, security, and space power applications. The national isotope infrastructure, defined as both facilities and trained staff at national laboratories and universities, is in danger of being lost due to chronic underfunding. With the specific recommendations given herein, the US Department of Energy may realign and refocus its Isotope Program to provide a framework for a successful National Isotope Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Rivard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Lawson RS, Davies G, Hesslewood SR, Hinton PJ, Maxwell A. Delivery and collection of radioactive packages to and from UK hospital nuclear medicine departments. Nucl Med Commun 2005; 25:1161-7. [PMID: 15640773 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200412000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under radiation protection legislation in the UK, employers have a duty to maintain appropriate records to account for radioactive materials in their possession and to ensure security of these materials. This applies to radioactive packages, containing items such as technetium generators, which are regularly delivered to hospital nuclear medicine departments. It also applies to the collection of packages, such as those containing used generators for return to the supplier. This article has been written by the professional bodies representing nuclear medicine in the UK in order to provide guidance to hospitals on appropriate procedures that will comply with the legislation. General principles, which should be met by any acceptable protocol, are stated, and practical guidance on how these may be implemented is given. Some example scenarios are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Lawson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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31
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186Re and high-specific-activity 177Lu available in North America. J Nucl Med 2004; 45:22N. [PMID: 15073239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
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Lundqvist H, Carlsson J, Gedda L, Tolmachev V, Garske U, Kairemo K. [Radionuclide therapy--a possible way toward an improved treatment of cancer. The obstacle is the shortage of commercially available radionuclides for clinical use]. Lakartidningen 2004; 101:1000-2, 1005-6. [PMID: 15055121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
About one third of all cancer develops into a spread disease that is difficult to treat. Radioimmunotherapy has during the last years proven to be of help when other therapy modalities fail in e.g. lymphomas. The development in this area is fast mainly due to substantial improvements in molecular biology and in our increasing understanding of specific receptor expressions in cancer cells. However, radionuclides used today, 131I and 90Y, are not optimal in that sense that they emit radiation mainly suitable to treat the bulk tumor and not the single cell and micrometastases present in spread disease. The article stresses the importance that radionuclides with more suitable emission of particles like 177Lu and 211At are made available for clinical research and routine.
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Silberstein EB. Radiopharmaceutical issues. J Nucl Med 2002; 43:19N-20N. [PMID: 11820208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Silberstein
- SNM Commission on Radiopharmaceuticals, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, OH, USA
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Kaiser J. Toxicology. Arsenic researchers face isotope shortage. Science 2000; 290:1276-7. [PMID: 11185395 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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36
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Silberstein EB, Saenger EL, Saenger SR. Availability of radioisotopes produced in North America. J Nucl Med 2000; 41:10N, 13N. [PMID: 10994716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Kotz D. Government officials urge nuclear physicians to be more active in political process. J Nucl Med 1999; 40:13N, 15N, 31N. [PMID: 10319737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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38
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Kotz D. Understanding patient needs: congressmen aid nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:16N, 21N-22N, 30N. [PMID: 9829563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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39
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Lash TR. The Department of Energy's role in isotope availability for nuclear medicine research. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:22N, 25N. [PMID: 9591567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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40
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Spicer KM, Baron S, Frey GD. Accelerator production of tritium as a future source of medical radionuclides. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:20N, 28N. [PMID: 9544655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kotz D. New isotope production company gearing up for nuclear medicine industry. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:17N-18N, 27N. [PMID: 9544653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Zeyher A. DOE to consider FFTF for tritium, medical isotope production. J Nucl Med 1998; 39:21N, 29N. [PMID: 9443724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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43
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Ketchum LE, Green MA, Jurisson SS. Research radionuclide availability in North America: part 2. J Nucl Med 1997; 38:21N-22N, 28N, 47N-48N. [PMID: 9289492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Ketchum LE, Green MA, Jurisson SS. Research radionuclide availability in North America. J Nucl Med 1997; 38:15N-16N, 19N. [PMID: 9225778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Rojas-Burke J. The future supply of molybdenum-99. J Nucl Med 1995; 36:15N, 22N, 35N. [PMID: 7472576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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O'Leary HR. The DOE's role in isotope production. J Nucl Med 1995; 36:30N, 33N. [PMID: 7769443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Cox PH, Meyer GJ. Radiopharmaceuticals 1994. Nil desperandum. European Association of Nuclear Medicine Committees on Radiopharmaceuticals and Positron Emission Tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 1995; 22:563-70. [PMID: 7556305 DOI: 10.1007/bf00817284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the discussions at a symposium held in Düsseldorf and attended by representatives of various interested bodies, European legislation as it affects radiopharmaceuticals is reviewed. Due consideration is given to the new, centralised and decentralised, registration procedures, effective since 1 January 1995. The dossier required to support an application for marketing authorisation is discussed, separate consideration being given to single-photon emitters, therapeutic radio-nuclides and positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. The role of the European Pharmacopoiea is also considered. It is concluded that the new, modified procedures for the registration of medicinal products in the European Union may actually inhibit free availability of radio-pharmaceuticals within the Community, and that there is a strong case for modification of the European Directives so that radiopharmaceuticals are placed in a separate category to therapeutic drugs, with less stringent registration requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Cox
- Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cerqueira MD. The need for global thinking in the field of nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med 1995; 22:389-91. [PMID: 7607272 DOI: 10.1007/bf00941858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Cerqueira
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Division of Cardiology (PHC-5), Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
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Rojas-Burke J. Institute of Medicine urges construction of new accelerator. J Nucl Med 1995; 36:20N, 22N, 26N. [PMID: 7830113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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