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Mao R, Li W, He Z, Bai Z, Xia P, Liang Z, Liu Y. Physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic alterations in spaceflight-subjected Senna obtusifolia. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 139:33-43. [PMID: 30878836 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Senna obtusifolia is a widely used medicinal herb in Asian countries. To select elite cultivars, S. obtusifolia seeds were carried by "ShenZhou Ⅷ" recoverable satellite to space. Three spaceflight-subjected lines (SP-lines), namely QC10, QC29, QC46, and their ground control line (GC-line) were cultivated on the ground. Previous studies demonstrated that biological traits and secondary metabolites are different between SP-lines and GC-line. Here, we combined physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic studies to compare the differences between SP-lines and GC-line. The results showed that activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) were dramatically increased in SP-lines as compared to that of GC-line. Transcript levels of SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and MDHAR were significantly up-regulated in SP-lines. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents decreased in SP-lines. Seed yields of QC29 and QC46 were considerably higher than that of GC-line. Besides, QC29 had significantly higher aurantio-obtusin content. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed positive relationships between POD and aurantio-obtusin, as well as APX and aurantio-obtusin. In conclusion, SP-lines have higher antioxidant gene expression level and antioxidant enzyme activity as compared to that of GC-line. With higher seed yield and aurantio-obtusin content, QC29 can be used to breed elite S. obtusifolia cultivars. This study provides a new insight in SP-lines and paves the way to breed elite S. obtusifolia cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenrui Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhigui He
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300400, China
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Mesquita-Neto JN, Costa BKP, Schlindwein C. Heteranthery as a solution to the demand for pollen as food and for pollination - Legitimate flower visitors reject flowers without feeding anthers. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:942-950. [PMID: 28762598 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heteranthery, the presence of feeding and pollinating anthers in the same flower, seems to mediate the evolutionary dilemma for plants to protect their gametes and yet provide food for pollinators. This study aims to elucidate the role of heteranthery in the buzz-pollinated Senna reniformis. The fecundity of pollen from long-, medium- and short-sized anthers was determined by hand cross-pollination experiments, and the quantity, size, ornamentation and viability of pollen of different anthers were compared. Rates of flower rejection by bees were measured in anther removal experiments to assess the preferences of flower visitors for feeding or pollinating anthers. Large bees, which were the effective pollinators of self-incompatible S. reniformis, avoided flowers without short feeding anthers, but not those without medium or long anthers. Illegitimate small and medium-sized bees were unresponsive to anther exclusion experiments. Long anthers deposited pollen on the back and short anthers on the venter of large bees. Pollen from long anthers had higher in vitro viability and higher fruit and seed set after cross-pollination than pollen from other sized anthers. Short anthers produce feeding pollen to effective pollinators and long anthers are related to pollination of S. reniformis. Bee behaviour and size was found to directly influence the role of anthers in the 'division of labour'. Only large bee pollinators that carry the pollinating pollen from long anthers in 'safe sites' associated short anthers with the presence of food. In the absence of these larger bee pollinators, the role of heteranthery in S. reniformis would be strongly compromised and its function would be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Mesquita-Neto
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - B K P Costa
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Amorim T, Marazzi B, Soares AA, Forni-Martins ER, Muniz CR, Westerkamp C. Ricochet pollination in Senna (Fabaceae) - petals deflect pollen jets and promote division of labour among flower structures. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:951-962. [PMID: 28749609 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Naturalists Fritz and Hermann Müller hypothesised that heteranthery often leads to a division of labour into 'feeding' and 'pollinating' stamens; the latter often being as long as the pistil so as to promote successful pollination on the bees' back. In many buzz-pollinated species of Senna, however, the so-called pollinating stamens are short and not level with the stigma, raising the question of how pollen is shed on the bees' back. Here we explore a mechanism called 'ricochet pollination'. We test whether division of labour is achieved through the interaction between short lower stamens and strongly concave 'deflector petals'. We studied the arrangement and morphology of the floral organs involved in the ricochet pollination, functioning of the flowers through artificial sonication and observed the interactions between bees and flowers in the field. The middle stamens are adapted to eject pollen downwards, which can be readily collected on the bee mid legs. Most of the pollen is ejected towards the deflector petal(s). Pollen from this set of stamens is more likely to contribute to pollination. The pollen grains seem to ricochet multiple times against the deflector petals to eventually reach the bee's back. The pollen ricochet mechanism promotes a division of labour by involving additional floral organs, such as petals, reinforcing the Müllers' division-of-labour hypothesis. However, alternative, non-multiexclusive hypotheses could be explored in genus Senna and other angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - B Marazzi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste - IBONE (UNNE - CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - A A Soares
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - E R Forni-Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - C R Muniz
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - C Westerkamp
- Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
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Koptur S, Jones IM, Peña JE. The Influence of Host Plant Extrafloral Nectaries on Multitrophic Interactions: An Experimental Investigation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138157. [PMID: 26394401 PMCID: PMC4578773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted with outplantings of the native perennial shrub Senna mexicana var. chapmanii in a semi-natural area adjacent to native pine rockland habitat in southern Florida. The presence of ants and the availability of extrafloral nectar were manipulated in a stratified random design. Insect communities were monitored and recorded over a period of six months with a view to addressing three main questions. Do ants provide biotic defense against key herbivores on S. chapmanii? Is the presence of ants on S. chapmanii mediated by EFN? Finally, are there ecological costs associated with the presence of ants on S. chapmanii, such as a reduction in alternative predator or parasitoid numbers? Herbivores on S. chapmanii included immature stages of three pierid butterflies, and adult weevils. Eight species of ants were associated with the plants, and other predators included spiders, ladybugs, wasps, and hemipterans. Parasitic, haemolymph-sucking midges (Ceratopogonidae) and parasitoid flies were also associated with the caterpillar herbivores, and possibly the extrafloral nectaries of the plants. The presence of ants did not appear to influence oviposition by butterflies, as numbers of lepidopterans of all developmental stages did not differ among treatments. Significantly more late instar caterpillars, however, were observed on plants with ants excluded, indicating that ants remove small caterpillars from plants. Substantially more alternative predators (spiders, ladybugs, and wasps) were observed on plants with ants excluded. Rates of parasitization did not differ among the treatments, but there were substantially fewer caterpillars succumbing to virus among those collected from control plants. We provide a rare look at facultative ant-plant mutualisms in the context of the many other interactions with which they overlap. We conclude that ants provide some biotic defense against herbivores on S. chapmanii, and plants benefit overall from the presence of ants, despite negative impacts on non-ant predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian M. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Peña
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, United States of America
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Jones IM, Koptur S. Dynamic extrafloral nectar production: the timing of leaf damage affects the defensive response in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae). Am J Bot 2015; 102:58-66. [PMID: 25587148 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food for protection mutualisms between plants and defensive insects. Understanding sources of variation in EFN production is important because such variations may affect the number and identity of visitors and the effectiveness of plant defense. We investigated the influence of plant developmental stage, time of day, leaf age, and leaf damage on EFN production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. The observed patterns of variation in EFN production were compared with those predicted by optimal defense theory.• METHODS Greenhouse experiments with potted plants were conducted to determine how plant age, time of day, and leaf damage affected EFN production. A subsequent field study was conducted to determine how leaf damage, and the resulting increase in EFN production, affected ant visitation in S. chapmanii.• KEY RESULTS More nectar was produced at night and by older plants. Leaf damage resulted in increased EFN production, and the magnitude of the response was greater in plants damaged in the morning than those damaged at night. Damage to young leaves elicited a stronger defensive response than damage to older leaves, in line with optimal defense theory. Damage to the leaves of S. chapmanii also resulted in significantly higher ant visitation in the field.• CONCLUSIONS Extrafloral nectar is an inducible defense in S. chapmanii. Developmental variations in its production support the growth differentiation balance hypothesis, while within-plant variations and damage responses support optimal defense theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
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Love A, Banerjee BD, Babu CR. Assessment of oxidative stress markers and concentrations of selected elements in the leaves of Cassia occidentalis growing wild on a coal fly ash basin. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:6553-6562. [PMID: 23307051 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of oxidative stress levels and tissue concentrations of elements in plants growing wild on fly ash basins is critical for realistic hazard identification of fly ash disposal areas. Hitherto, levels of oxidative stress markers in plants growing wild on fly ash basins have not been adequately investigated. We report here concentrations of selected metal and metalloid elements and levels of oxidative stress markers in leaves of Cassia occidentalis growing wild on a fly ash basin (Badarpur Thermal Power Station site) and a reference site (Garhi Mandu Van site). Plants growing on the fly ash basin had significantly high foliar concentration of As, Ni, Pb and Se and low foliar concentration of Mn and Fe compared to the plants growing on the reference site. The plants inhabiting the fly ash basin showed signs of oxidative stress and had elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage from cells and low levels of chlorophyll a and total carotenoids compared to plants growing at the reference site. The levels of both protein thiols and nonprotein thiols were elevated in plants growing on the fly ash basin compared to plants growing on the reference site. However, no differences were observed in the levels of cysteine, reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione in plants growing at both the sites. Our study suggests that: (1) fly ash triggers oxidative stress responses in plants growing wild on fly ash basin, and (2) elevated levels of protein thiols and nonprotein thiols may have a role in protecting the plants from environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Love
- Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Wolowski M, Freitas L. Reproduction, pollination and seed predation of Senna multijuga (Fabaceae) in two protected areas in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. REV BIOL TROP 2011; 59:1939-1948. [PMID: 22208104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
One important subject is to determine the effectiveness of conservation areas, where different management categories are being applied, to maintain effective sexual reproduction in plants and their interactions with animal groups. To evaluate this issue, we compared the phenology, reproductive success, pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation of the legume tree Senna multijuga in two differently managed protected areas in Southeastern Brazil: the Itatiaia National Park and the Environmental Protection Area of Serrinha do Alambari, from December 2007 to December 2008. Vegetative and reproductive phenodinamycs were registered monthly in 80 individuals; other evaluations included 104 observation hours for pollination (March-May 2008) in 51 inflorescences; besides, fruit counts, fecundity and seed predation. Sexual reproduction of S. multijuga depends on the transfer of pollen by large bees (Bombus, Centris, Epicharis and Xylocopa), as the species is self-incompatible. Bruchidae species of the genus Acanthoscelides and Sennius predate seeds. Vegetative and reproductive phenodynamics differed among sites. Our results indicated that ecological interactions were lower at the protected area, but the reproductive processes in S. multijuga were not ruptured or critically degraded. This reinforces the idea that landscape areas with intermediate levels of protection, such as environmental protection areas, are suitable as buffer zones, and thus, relevant to the conservation of ecological processes when associated with more strictly protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wolowski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, rua Pacheco Leão 2040, CEP 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Love A, Tandon R, Banerjee BD, Babu CR. Comparative study on elemental composition and DNA damage in leaves of a weedy plant species, Cassia occidentalis, growing wild on weathered fly ash and soil. Ecotoxicology 2009; 18:791-801. [PMID: 19484382 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Open dumping of fly ash in fly ash basins has significant adverse environmental impacts due to its elevated trace element content. In situ biomonitoring of genotoxicity is of practical value in realistic hazard identification of fly ash. Genotoxicity of openly disposed fly ash to natural plant populations inhabiting fly ash basins has not been investigated. DNA damage, and concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in the leaves of natural populations of Cassia occidentalis growing at two contrasting sites-one having weathered fly ash (fly ash basin) and the other having soil (reference site) as plant growth substrates-were assessed. The foliar concentrations of As, Ni and Cr were two to eight fold higher in plants growing on fly ash as compared to the plants growing on soil, whereas foliar concentrations of Cu and Co were similar. We report, for the first time, based upon comet assay results, higher levels of DNA damage in leaf tissues of Cassia occidentalis growing wild on fly ash basin compared to C. occidentalis growing on soil. Correlation analysis between foliar DNA damage and foliar concentrations of trace elements suggests that DNA damage may perhaps be associated with foliar concentrations of As and Ni. Our observations suggest that (1) fly ash triggers genotoxic responses in plants growing naturally on fly ash basins; and (2) plant comet assay is useful for in situ biomonitoring of genotoxicity of fly ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Love
- Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Abstract
Nyctinastic plants open and close leaves with a circadian rhythm. Here we discuss chemical aspects of the mechanism of nyctinastic leaf movement. Nyctinastic plants from five different genera are known to contain species-specific leaf-opening and leaf-closing factors. The relative concentrations of leaf-closing and leaf-opening factors of the nyctinastic plant Phyllanthus urinaria change circadianly, suggesting that nyctinastic movement is regulated by two classes of circadianly regulated factors with opposing functions. A closing and an opening factor of Albizzia, when linked to a fluorescent dye, both specifically labeled motor cells of pluvini. A membrane fraction of pluvini contains proteins of 210 and 180 kDa that bind to a leaf-opening factor of Cassia mimosoides. The molecular identification of these proteins is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aramakiaza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan.
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Kondoh S, Yahata H, Nakashizuka T, Kondoh M. Interspecific variation in vessel size, growth and drought tolerance of broad-leaved trees in semi-arid regions of Kenya. Tree Physiol 2006; 26:899-904. [PMID: 16585035 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/26.7.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In semi-arid regions, trees often wither during the dry season. Withering is sometimes manifest as die-back, whereby whithering results in shoot death, which progresses downward from the uppermost part of the crown. In this study, we measured the relationships between height growth and diameter at breast height, die-back frequency and severity, vessel size and specific hydraulic conductivity of four evergreen (Senna siamea (Lamk) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Azadirachta indica A.H.L. Juss and Acacia gerrardii Benth.) and one deciduous (Melia volkensii Gürke) plantation tree species in Kenya, which has a conspicuous dry season. Die-back occurred readily in some species, but not in others. Senna siamea showed the highest specific hydraulic conductivity and the highest growth rate among the five species and was quite susceptible to die-back. Among species, height growth and specific hydraulic conductivity were positively correlated with vessel size and negatively correlated with die-back frequency, suggesting a trade-off between growth rate and drought tolerance. This implies that an adaptation to rapid growth under humid conditions leads to low drought tolerance. However, the deciduous tree Melia volkensii showed high specific hydraulic conductivity and growth, with no symptoms of die-back, implying that a mechanism associated with the deciduous habit results in drought avoidance by reducing the requirement for water during the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kondoh
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Ropponmatsu, Chou-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8560, Japan.
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Laporta C. Floral biology and reproductive system of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae). REV BIOL TROP 2005; 53:49-61. [PMID: 17354419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Senna (K. Bahuin) Miller (Cassieae) is represented in Argentina by 35 species and several varieties distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions, and presents a high degree of endemism. Some taxa are used for medicine, animal foraging and ornamental purposes. Floral morphology, phases, rewards, attractants, visitors, pollen, reproductive system, P/O ratio. OCI and ISI indexes of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa were analyzed for morphological androecial differentiation and possible related functional differences between stamens groups. The study was carried out over three consecutive flowering seasons in March of 1999, 2000 and 2001, in two populations near the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The species has a buzz-pollination syndrome. The pollinators are Bombus atratus that vibrate the stamens, leading to nothotribic or stemotribic deposition of pollen. P/O ratio and pollen production were high thanks to the precise pollinating mechanism that needs a large delivery of pollen to ensure effective pollen deposition. P/O ratio also indicates that the species is xenogamous, although geitonogamy and autogamy (only induced, not spontaneous) were also recorded. The species is self-compatible. There were differences in hand-pollination treatments between long and medium stamens in fruit set, as well as in vitro differential fertility between their pollen grains. Hence, there are morphological and functional androecium differences: the medium stamens play a nutritional role while the long ones play a reproductive one. These differences are reflected in the breeding system. Moreover, differential fertility and enantiostyly may diminish the effects of self-compatibility by partially reducing the contribution of geitonogamy to selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Laporta
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Lab. Plantas Vasculares. Pab. 2. 4 piso. Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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