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Suárez H, Andreu Z, Mazzeo C, Toribio V, Pérez‐Rivera AE, López‐Martín S, García‐Silva S, Hurtado B, Morato E, Peláez L, Arribas EA, Tolentino‐Cortez T, Barreda‐Gómez G, Marina AI, Peinado H, Yáñez‐Mó M. CD9 inhibition reveals a functional connection of extracellular vesicle secretion with mitophagy in melanoma cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12082. [PMID: 34012515 PMCID: PMC8114031 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are often used as Extracellular Vesicle (EV) detection markers because of their abundance on these secreted vesicles. However, data on their function on EV biogenesis are controversial and compensatory mechanisms often occur upon gene deletion. To overcome this handicap, we have compared the effects of tetraspanin CD9 gene deletion with those elicited by cytopermeable peptides with blocking properties against tetraspanin CD9. Both CD9 peptide or gene deletion reduced the number of early endosomes. CD9 peptide induced an increase in lysosome numbers, while CD9 deletion augmented the number of MVB and EV secretion, probably because of compensatory CD63 expression upregulation. In vivo, CD9 peptide delayed primary tumour cell growth and reduced metastasis size. These effects on cell proliferation were shown to be concomitant with an impairment in mitochondrial quality control. CD9 KO cells were able to compensate the mitochondrial malfunction by increasing total mitochondrial mass reducing mitophagy. Our data thus provide the first evidence for a functional connection of tetraspanin CD9 with mitophagy in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Suárez
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Zoraida Andreu
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Carla Mazzeo
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Víctor Toribio
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | | | - Soraya López‐Martín
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | | | - Begoña Hurtado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Héctor Peinado
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - María Yáñez‐Mó
- Departamento de Biología MolecularUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)MadridSpain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
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Xing C, Xu W, Shi Y, Zhou B, Wu D, Liang B, Zhou Y, Gao S, Feng J. CD9 knockdown suppresses cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion, while promoting apoptosis and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs and imatinib in Ph+ ALL SUP‑B15 cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2791-2800. [PMID: 32945456 PMCID: PMC7453647 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome‑positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is regarded as a prognostically unfavorable subgroup, as this ALL subgroup has an increased risk of relapse/refractory disease. CD9, which belongs to the tetraspanin membrane proteins, is implicated in several pathological processes, including tumor progression. However, the role of CD9 in the pathogenesis of Ph+ ALL and the potential benefit of applying CD9‑targeted RNA interference strategies for treatment of Ph+ ALL require further investigation. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of CD9 on leukemic cell progression and the efficacy of therapeutic agents in Ph+ ALL cells, in addition to assessing the in vitro anti‑leukemia activity of CD9‑targeted RNA interference in Ph+ ALL cells. In the present study, a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector targeting CD9 gene in Ph+ ALL SUP‑B15 cells was constructed. The present results demonstrated that treatment of SUP‑B15 cells with lentiviral‑mediated shRNA against CD9 decreased CD9 mRNA and protein expression compared with the shControl cells transduced with a blank vector. In addition, CD9 knockdown could suppress cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion, and promote apoptosis and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs (such as vincristine, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in SUP‑B15 cells. Furthermore, CD9 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in SUP‑B15 cells via a p53‑dependent pathway. These findings suggested that gene silencing of CD9 using a shRNA‑expressing lentivirus vector may provide a promising treatment for Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Xing
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wanling Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yifen Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Dijiong Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shenmeng Gao
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Abstract
There are 33 human tetraspanin proteins, emerging as key players in malignancy, the immune system, fertilization, cellular signaling, adhesion, morphology, motility, proliferation, and tumor invasion. CD9, a member of the tetraspanin family, associates with and influences a variety of cell-surface molecules. Through these interactions, CD9 modifies multiple cellular events, including adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. CD9 is therefore considered to play a role in several stages during cancer development. Reduced CD9 expression is generally related to venous vessel invasion and metastasis as well as poor prognosis. We found that treatment of mice bearing human gastric cancer cells with anti-CD9 antibody successfully inhibited tumor progression via antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects, strongly indicating that CD9 is a possible therapeutic target in patients with gastric cancer. Here, we describe the possibility of CD9 manipulation as a novel therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer, which still shows poor prognosis.
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Okamoto T, Iwata S, Yamazaki H, Hatano R, Komiya E, Dang NH, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C. CD9 negatively regulates CD26 expression and inhibits CD26-mediated enhancement of invasive potential of malignant mesothelioma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86671. [PMID: 24466195 PMCID: PMC3900581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a cell surface glycoprotein which consists of multiple functional domains beside its ectopeptidase site. A growing body of evidence indicates that elevated expression of CD26 correlates with disease aggressiveness and invasive potential of selected malignancies. To further explore the molecular mechanisms involved in this clinical behavior, our current work focused on the interaction between CD26 and CD9, which were recently identified as novel markers for cancer stem cells in malignant mesothelioma. We found that CD26 and CD9 co-modulated and co-precipitated with each other in the malignant mesothelioma cell lines ACC-MESO1 and MSTO-211H. SiRNA study revealed that depletion of CD26 led to increased CD9 expression, while depletion of CD9 resulted in increased CD26 expression. Consistent with these findings was the fact that gene transfer of CD26 into CD26-negative MSTO-211H cells reduced CD9 expression. Cell invasion assay showed that overexpression of CD26 or gene depletion of CD9 led to enhanced invasiveness, while CD26 gene depletion resulted in reduced invasive potential. Furthermore, our work suggested that this enhanced invasiveness may be partly mediated by α5β1 integrin, since co-precipitation studies demonstrated an association between CD26 and α5β1 integrin. Finally, gene depletion of CD9 resulted in elevated protein levels and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and Cas-L, which are downstream of β1 integrin, while depletion of CD26 led to a reduction in the levels of these molecules. Collectively, our findings suggest that CD26 potentiates tumor cell invasion through its interaction with α5β1 integrin, and CD9 negatively regulates tumor cell invasion by reducing the level of CD26-α5β1 integrin complex through an inverse correlation between CD9 and CD26 expression. Our results also suggest that CD26 and CD9 serve as potential biomarkers as well as promising molecular targets for novel therapeutic approaches in malignant mesothelioma and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Okamoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamazaki
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Komiya
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam H. Dang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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