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Zhou W, Kong X, Paterson GA, Sun Y, Wu Y, Ao H, Xian F, Du Y, Tang L, Zhou J, Shi Z, Jull AJT, Zhao G, An Z. Eccentricity-paced geomagnetic field and monsoon rainfall variations over the last 870 kyr. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211495120. [PMID: 37068228 PMCID: PMC10151570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211495120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether there are links between geomagnetic field and Earth's orbital parameters remains unclear. Synchronous reconstructions of parallel long-term quantitative geomagnetic field and climate change records are rare. Here, we present 10Be-derived changes of both geomagnetic field and Asian monsoon (AM) rainfall over the last 870 kyr from the Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. The 10BeGM flux (a proxy for geomagnetic field-induced 10Be production rate) reveals 13 consecutive geomagnetic excursions in the Brunhes chron, which are synchronized with the global records, providing key time markers for Chinese loess-paleosol sequences. The 10Be-derived rainfall exhibits distinct ~100 kyr glacial-interglacial cycles, and superimposed precessional (~23 kyr) cycles that match with those in Chinese speleothem δ18O record. We find that changes in the geomagnetic field and AM rainfall share a common ~100 kyr cyclicity, implying a likely eccentricity modulation of both the geomagnetic field and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Greig A. Paterson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, Geomagnetism Laboratory, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 3GP, UK
| | - Youbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - Yubin Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Hong Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Feng Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Yajuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Zhengguo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
| | - A. J. Timothy Jull
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, DebrecenH-4026, Hungary
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Application, Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Center, Xi’an710061, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an710061, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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2
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Li Y, Li B, Hsu W, Jull AJT, Liao S, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Wu Y, Li S, Tang C. A unique stone skipping-like trajectory of asteroid Aletai. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm8890. [PMID: 35749504 PMCID: PMC9232108 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meteoroids/asteroids could deposit energy to Earth during their entries, which arouses great concerns. Strewn field, as a product of meteoroids/asteroids breakup, comprehensively reflects the trajectory, dynamics, and physical properties of meteoroids/asteroids. It typically has a length of several to a dozen kilometers. Nevertheless, the recently found massive Aletai irons in the northwest China comprise the longest known strewn field of ~430 kilometers. This implies that the dynamics of Aletai could be unique. Petrographic and trace elemental studies suggest that all the Aletai masses exhibit unique compositions (IIIE anomalous), indicating that they were from the same fall event. Numerical modeling suggests that the stone skipping-like trajectory associated with a shallow entry angle (e.g., ~6.5° to 7.3°) is responsible for Aletai's exceptionally long strewn field if a single-body entry scenario is considered. The stone skipping-like trajectory would not result in the deposition of large impact energy on the ground but may lead to the dissipation of energy during its extremely long-distance flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Weibiao Hsu
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - A. J. Timothy Jull
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 86721, USA
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Shiyong Liao
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chipui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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Sajtos Z, Varga T, Gajdos Z, Burik P, Csontos M, Lisztes-Szabó Z, Jull AJT, Molnár M, Baranyai E. Rape, sunflower and forest honeys for long-term environmental monitoring: Presence of indicator elements and non-photosynthetic carbon in old Hungarian samples. Sci Total Environ 2022; 808:152044. [PMID: 34856271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the time-dependent elemental composition and AMS radiocarbon dating results of 36 rape, sunflower and forest honey samples, collected between 1985 and 2018 in geographically close locations. Based on the elemental information, we conclude that bee products regardless the type provide useful environmental information of the previous decades, such as the decreasing trend of airborne Pb emission can be traced. However, radiocarbon results agree less with the atmospheric bomb peak. Random offsets were observed in the specific radiocarbon activity of the honey samples indicating that rape, sunflower and forest honey samples are not as reliable materials for radiocarbon dating as acacia honeys. The radiocarbon results show that the rape, sunflower and forest honey samples can contain non-photosynthetic carbon, presumably derived from the soil. Thus, the complex application of honey samples for environmental reconstruction requires the species-separated investigation of bee products to reveal their adaptability for assessment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófi Sajtos
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Varga
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Physics, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zita Gajdos
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Burik
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté Csontos
- University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
| | - A J Timothy Jull
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; University of Arizona, AMS Laboratory, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mihály Molnár
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
| | - Edina Baranyai
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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4
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Varga T, Major I, Gergely V, Lencsés A, Bujtás T, Jull AJT, Veres M, Molnár M. Radiocarbon in the atmospheric gases and PM 10 aerosol around the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary. J Environ Radioact 2021; 237:106670. [PMID: 34144248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Our study shows a one-year-long, monthly integrated continuous monitoring campaign of gaseous radiocarbon emission and ambient air compared with 4 event-like, weekly (168 h) atmospheric aerosol radiocarbon data in every season of 2019, at 4 locations (n = 16 aerosol sample) around the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary. The study shows the first aerosol radiocarbon results around a nuclear power plant measured by accelerator mass spectrometry in Hungary. There was no dominant contribution detected in the atmospheric CO2 gas fraction, but we could detect excess radiocarbon in the total gaseous carbon fraction at almost every sampling point around the Paks Nuclear Power Plant. The highest Δ14C value in the total gaseous carbon form was 157.9 ± 4.6‰ in November and the highest Δ 14C value in the CO2 fraction was 86.1 ± 4.0‰ in December during 2019. Observed 14C activity excess is not higher than previously published values around the Paks Nuclear Power plant at the same sampling points (Molnár et al., 2007; Varga et al., 2020). Our aerosol radiocarbon measurements show that there is no significant contribution from the nuclear power plant to the atmospheric PM10 fraction. We could not detect a Δ 14C value higher than 0‰ in any season. The results show that the simple aerosol sampling, without pre-treatment of the filters, is appropriate for the measurement of excess radiocarbon at the vicinity of nuclear power plants. The applied preparation and measurement method can be applicable for detection of hot (14C) particles and early identification of radiocarbon emission from nuclear power plants in the PM10 fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Varga
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary; Doctoral School of Physics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary; Isotoptech Ltd, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary.
| | - István Major
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary; Isotoptech Ltd, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - Virág Gergely
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4028, Hungary
| | | | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mihály Veres
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- International Radiocarbon AMS Competence and Training (INTERACT) Center, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary
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5
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Varga T, Sajtos Z, Gajdos Z, Jull AJT, Molnár M, Baranyai E. Honey as an indicator of long-term environmental changes: MP-AES analysis coupled with 14C-based age determination of Hungarian honey samples. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139686. [PMID: 32474272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several studies show that the elemental content of honey entirely depends on the botanical and geographical origin, but the information is incomplete regarding its time-dependent composition changes. Twenty-six acacia and three honey samples with unknown botanical origin were collected between 1958 and 2018 and analysed for elemental composition by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES). The elemental analysis was coupled with independent dating method by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) to confirm the calendar age of the honey samples and test the possibility of radiocarbon based dating of bee products, which has not been applied before. According to the analytical measurements and statistical analysis, we can conclude that the elemental composition shows change with time in the acacia honey during the last five decades. We have proven that honey preserves carbon isotopic and elemental information of its production time and thus can be applied as an environmental indicator (e.g. trace urban pollutants, precipitation, local industrial or agricultural emission) in reconstruction studies by analysing the non-degradable mineral content. Our results further show that acacia honey is a suitable material for radiocarbon dating, proved by the results compared to the atmospheric radiocarbon bomb-peak. The new approach presented for investigation of honey by radiocarbon-based age determination coupled with elemental analysis can be used in biological, dietary, archaeological or other multidisciplinary studies as well. Some samples show slightly depleted radiocarbon content. This could be an indication of local fossil CO2 emission. Based on these depleted 14C results, honey could be used for atmospheric monitoring of fossil CO2 urban or industrial hot-spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Varga
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Physics, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsófi Sajtos
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Gajdos
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A J Timothy Jull
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mihály Molnár
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
| | - Edina Baranyai
- Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Varga T, Orsovszki G, Major I, Veres M, Bujtás T, Végh G, Manga L, Jull AJT, Palcsu L, Molnár M. Advanced atmospheric 14C monitoring around the Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary. J Environ Radioact 2020; 213:106138. [PMID: 31983447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric air samples were collected at 9 monitoring stations (A1 to A9) less than 2 km from the Paks Nuclear Power Plant (Paks NPP) and a background station (B24). The monthly integrated CO2 and total carbon (CO2+hydrocarbons (CnHm)) samples were collected to determine the excess 14C activity at the vicinity of the NPP. The measurements providing the 14C/12C ratio of the monthly integrated samples were carried out on a MICADAS type AMS at HEKAL. Due to the relatively low 14CO2 emission of PWR type Paks reactors and the local Suess effect, there was negligible excess 14C activity at the investigated stations in the pure CO2 fraction during the investigated 2 years period (2015-2016). On the contrary, there was a detectable (although minor) excess at every station in the CnHm fraction. In case of CO2, the average Δ14C excess was 3.8‰ and the highest measured value was 91.2‰ at the A3 station in February 2015. In case of CnHm, the average excess was 31.1‰ and the highest measured value was 319.1‰ at the A4 station in February 2016. We applied PC-CREAM 08 modelling to investigate the observed excess 14C activity at the environmental sampling stations, which depends on the distance from the NPP and the meteorological conditions, such as wind direction and wind speed. Meteorology data was collected at the operating area of the Paks NPP in a meteorology tower. The direct C-14 emission through the 120 m high stacks was measured in the NPP by liquid scintillation counting. These emission data and our model calculations explain the excess activity in the CnHm fraction at the A4 station, which is located only 915 m far from the NPP's stacks in the prevailing wind direction. The excess activity at A3 station (the farthest unit) probably came from the nearby NPP wastewater discharge point. The recently observed average excess and highest excess data is similar to the published data in former studies (Molnár et al., 2007; Veres et al., 1995) on Paks NPP, the highest 14CO2 and 14CnHm excess are just a little higher than it was in the earlier studies, but in these former studies, the A3 station was not equipped with a radiocarbon monitoring unit and the level of radiocarbon emission was almost invisible from the wastewater discharge point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Varga
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atomki), Debrecen, H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Physics, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | | | - István Major
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atomki), Debrecen, H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atomki), Debrecen, H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - László Palcsu
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atomki), Debrecen, H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Atomki), Debrecen, H-4001, P.O Box 51, Hungary
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7
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Chang CC, Burr GS, Jull AJT, Russell J, Priyadarshi A, Lin M, Thiemens M, Biddulph D. Measurements of 129I in the Pacific Ocean at Scripps Pier and Pacific Northwest sites: A search for effects from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and Hanford. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:1023-1029. [PMID: 31280148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant were released directly into the ocean as a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. This material became entrained in surface ocean currents and subsequently transported for great distances. In June 2011, a few months after the disaster, we began a surface ocean 129I monitoring program, with samples from Scripps Pier, La Jolla, California, USA, with the expectation that surface currents originating off the east coast of Japan would eventually carry radionuclides to the La Jolla site. After 7 years of ocean transport, a distinct signal has not yet arrived at Scripps Pier. We have however, recorded an interesting systematic seasonal 129I time series record that stems from surface circulation variations along the California coast. To provide a more comprehensive picture of the 129I budget in coastal surface waters off the west coast of the U.S., we also include 129I data from the Columbia River, and offshore sites along the coast of Washington State. Anthropogenic nuclides are carried by the Columbia River into the Pacific Ocean from the vicinity of the decommissioned Hanford nuclear facility. We find highly elevated 129I/127I values in the Columbia River, downstream from the Hanford site, but this anthropogenic 129I becomes significantly diluted once it reaches the Pacific Ocean. Nonetheless, its imprint persists in surface seawater off the west coast of the U.S. that has significantly higher 129I/127I levels than other surface sites in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Chang
- University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - George S Burr
- University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University Research Center for Future Earth, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A J Timothy Jull
- University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Joellen Russell
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Antra Priyadarshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dana Biddulph
- University of Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Büntgen U, Wacker L, Galván JD, Arnold S, Arseneault D, Baillie M, Beer J, Bernabei M, Bleicher N, Boswijk G, Bräuning A, Carrer M, Ljungqvist FC, Cherubini P, Christl M, Christie DA, Clark PW, Cook ER, D'Arrigo R, Davi N, Eggertsson Ó, Esper J, Fowler AM, Gedalof Z, Gennaretti F, Grießinger J, Grissino-Mayer H, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Hantemirov R, Herzig F, Hessl A, Heussner KU, Jull AJT, Kukarskih V, Kirdyanov A, Kolář T, Krusic PJ, Kyncl T, Lara A, LeQuesne C, Linderholm HW, Loader NJ, Luckman B, Miyake F, Myglan VS, Nicolussi K, Oppenheimer C, Palmer J, Panyushkina I, Pederson N, Rybníček M, Schweingruber FH, Seim A, Sigl M, Churakova Sidorova O, Speer JH, Synal HA, Tegel W, Treydte K, Villalba R, Wiles G, Wilson R, Winship LJ, Wunder J, Yang B, Young GHF. Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3605. [PMID: 30190505 PMCID: PMC6127282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the 14C content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770–780 and 990–1000 CE. Distinct 14C excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved 14C measurements are needed. Despite their extensive use, the absolute dating of tree-ring chronologies has not hitherto been independently validated at the global scale. Here, the identification of distinct 14C excursions in 484 individual tree rings, enable the authors to confirm the dating of 44 dendrochronologies from five continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Diego Galván
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Arnold
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, University of Québec in Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Baillie
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jürg Beer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Bernabei
- CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Niels Bleicher
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gretel Boswijk
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of History, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Duncan A Christie
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter W Clark
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Edward R Cook
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Rosanne D'Arrigo
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Nicole Davi
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | | | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anthony M Fowler
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- AgroParisTech, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henri Grissino-Mayer
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0925, USA
| | - Håkan Grudd
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Gunnarson
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rashit Hantemirov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, WV, 26505-6300, USA
| | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Research, H-4001, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Kukarskih
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Alexander Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Navarino Environmental Observatory, GR-24001, Messinia, Greece
| | - Tomáš Kyncl
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos LeQuesne
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans W Linderholm
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neil J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Luckman
- Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Fusa Miyake
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea Seim
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Churakova Sidorova
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James H Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Archaeological Service Kanton Thurgau (AATG), 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, IANIGLA - CONICET, Mendoza, CP 330, 5500, Argentina
| | - Greg Wiles
- Department of of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Rob Wilson
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jan Wunder
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Giles H F Young
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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9
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Pearson CL, Brewer PW, Brown D, Heaton TJ, Hodgins GWL, Jull AJT, Lange T, Salzer MW. Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar8241. [PMID: 30116779 PMCID: PMC6093623 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar8241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mid-second millennium BCE eruption of Thera (Santorini) offers a critically important marker horizon to synchronize archaeological chronologies of the Aegean, Egypt, and the Near East and to anchor paleoenvironmental records from ice cores, speleothems, and lake sediments. Precise and accurate dating for the event has been the subject of many decades of research. Using calendar-dated tree rings, we created an annual resolution radiocarbon time series 1700-1500 BCE to validate, improve, or more clearly define the limitations for radiocarbon calibration of materials from key eruption contexts. Results show an offset from the international radiocarbon calibration curve, which indicates a shift in the calibrated age range for Thera toward the 16th century BCE. This finding sheds new light on the long-running debate focused on a discrepancy between radiocarbon (late 17th-early 16th century BCE) and archaeological (mid 16th-early 15th century BCE) dating evidence for Thera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Pearson
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Peter W. Brewer
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Brown
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Timothy J. Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gregory W. L. Hodgins
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A. J. Timothy Jull
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Isotope Climatology Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Todd Lange
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Matthew W. Salzer
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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10
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Lapen TJ, Righter M, Andreasen R, Irving AJ, Satkoski AM, Beard BL, Nishiizumi K, Jull AJT, Caffee MW. Two billion years of magmatism recorded from a single Mars meteorite ejection site. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600922. [PMID: 28164153 PMCID: PMC5287701 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The timing and nature of igneous activity recorded at a single Mars ejection site can be determined from the isotope analyses of Martian meteorites. Northwest Africa (NWA) 7635 has an Sm-Nd crystallization age of 2.403 ± 0.140 billion years, and isotope data indicate that it is derived from an incompatible trace element-depleted mantle source similar to that which produced a geochemically distinct group of 327- to 574-million-year-old "depleted" shergottites. Cosmogenic nuclide data demonstrate that NWA 7635 was ejected from Mars 1.1 million years ago (Ma), as were at least 10 other depleted shergottites. The shared ejection age is consistent with a common ejection site for these meteorites. The spatial association of 327- to 2403-Ma depleted shergottites indicates >2 billion years of magmatism from a long-lived and geochemically distinct volcanic center near the ejection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Lapen
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
| | - Minako Righter
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
| | - Rasmus Andreasen
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J. Irving
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1310, USA
| | - Aaron M. Satkoski
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706–1692, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian L. Beard
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706–1692, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kunihiko Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Marc W. Caffee
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2051, USA
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11
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Chang CC, Burr GS, Jull AJT, Russell JL, Biddulph D, White L, Prouty NG, Chen YG, Shen CC, Zhou W, Lam DD. Reconstructing surface ocean circulation with 129I time series records from corals. J Environ Radioact 2016; 165:144-150. [PMID: 27721136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-lived radionuclide 129I (half-life: 15.7 × 106 yr) is well-known as a useful environmental tracer. At present, the global 129I in surface water is about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than pre-1960 levels. Since the 1990s, anthropogenic 129I produced from industrial nuclear fuels reprocessing plants has been the primary source of 129I in marine surface waters of the Atlantic and around the globe. Here we present four coral 129I time series records from: 1) Con Dao and 2) Xisha Islands, the South China Sea, 3) Rabaul, Papua New Guinea and 4) Guam. The Con Dao coral 129I record features a sudden increase in 129I in 1959. The Xisha coral shows similar peak values for 129I as the Con Dao coral, punctuated by distinct low values, likely due to the upwelling in the central South China Sea. The Rabaul coral features much more gradual 129I increases in the 1970s, similar to a published record from the Solomon Islands. The Guam coral 129I record contains the largest measured values for any site, with two large peaks, in 1955 and 1959. Nuclear weapons testing was the primary 129I source in the Western Pacific in the latter part of the 20th Century, notably from testing in the Marshall Islands. The Guam 1955 peak and Con Dao 1959 increases are likely from the 1954 Castle Bravo test, and the Operation Hardtack I test is the most likely source of the 1959 peak observed at Guam. Radiogenic iodine found in coral was carried primarily through surface ocean currents. The coral 129I time series data provide a broad picture of the surface distribution and depth penetration of 129I in the Pacific Ocean over the past 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Chang
- NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - George S Burr
- NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - A J Timothy Jull
- NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joellen L Russell
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Dana Biddulph
- NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lara White
- NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nancy G Prouty
- US Geological Survey Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Yue-Gau Chen
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chou Shen
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710043, China
| | - Doan Dinh Lam
- Institute of Geology, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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12
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Janovics R, Kelemen DI, Kern Z, Kapitány S, Veres M, Jull AJT, Molnár M. Radiocarbon signal of a low and intermediate level radioactive waste disposal facility in nearby trees. J Environ Radioact 2016; 153:10-14. [PMID: 26704325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree ring series were collected from the vicinity of a Hungarian radioactive waste treatment and disposal facility and from a distant control background site, which is not influenced by the radiocarbon discharge of the disposal facility but it represents the natural regional (14)C level. The (14)C concentration of the cellulose content of tree rings was measured by AMS. Data of the tree ring series from the disposal facility was compared to the control site for each year. The results were also compared to the (14)C data of the atmospheric (14)C monitoring stations at the disposal facility and to international background measurements. On the basis of the results, the excess radiocarbon of the disposal facility can unambiguously be detected in the tree from the repository site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Janovics
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c, Hungary.
| | | | - Z Kern
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Kapitány
- Public Limited Company for Radiactive Waste Management, Hungary
| | | | - A J T Jull
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c, Hungary; Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - M Molnár
- Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/c, Hungary
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13
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An Z, Colman SM, Zhou W, Li X, Brown ET, Jull AJT, Cai Y, Huang Y, Lu X, Chang H, Song Y, Sun Y, Xu H, Liu W, Jin Z, Liu X, Cheng P, Liu Y, Ai L, Li X, Liu X, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang X, Wu F, Qiang X, Dong J, Lu F, Xu X. Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka. Sci Rep 2012. [PMID: 22943005 DOI: 10.1038/srep00619.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two atmospheric circulation systems, the mid-latitude Westerlies and the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), play key roles in northern-hemisphere climatic changes. However, the variability of the Westerlies in Asia and their relationship to the ASM remain unclear. Here, we present the longest and highest-resolution drill core from Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), which uniquely records the variability of both the Westerlies and the ASM since 32 ka, reflecting the interplay of these two systems. These records document the anti-phase relationship of the Westerlies and the ASM for both glacial-interglacial and glacial millennial timescales. During the last glaciation, the influence of the Westerlies dominated; prominent dust-rich intervals, correlated with Heinrich events, reflect intensified Westerlies linked to northern high-latitude climate. During the Holocene, the dominant ASM circulation, punctuated by weak events, indicates linkages of the ASM to orbital forcing, North Atlantic abrupt events, and perhaps solar activity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710075, China.
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14
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An Z, Colman SM, Zhou W, Li X, Brown ET, Jull AJT, Cai Y, Huang Y, Lu X, Chang H, Song Y, Sun Y, Xu H, Liu W, Jin Z, Liu X, Cheng P, Liu Y, Ai L, Li X, Liu X, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang X, Wu F, Qiang X, Dong J, Lu F, Xu X. Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka. Sci Rep 2012; 2:619. [PMID: 22943005 PMCID: PMC3431539 DOI: 10.1038/srep00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two atmospheric circulation systems, the mid-latitude Westerlies and the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), play key roles in northern-hemisphere climatic changes. However, the variability of the Westerlies in Asia and their relationship to the ASM remain unclear. Here, we present the longest and highest-resolution drill core from Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), which uniquely records the variability of both the Westerlies and the ASM since 32 ka, reflecting the interplay of these two systems. These records document the anti-phase relationship of the Westerlies and the ASM for both glacial-interglacial and glacial millennial timescales. During the last glaciation, the influence of the Westerlies dominated; prominent dust-rich intervals, correlated with Heinrich events, reflect intensified Westerlies linked to northern high-latitude climate. During the Holocene, the dominant ASM circulation, punctuated by weak events, indicates linkages of the ASM to orbital forcing, North Atlantic abrupt events, and perhaps solar activity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710075, China.
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15
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Steadman DW, Martin PS, MacPhee RDE, Jull AJT, McDonald HG, Woods CA, Iturralde-Vinent M, Hodgins GWL. Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11763-8. [PMID: 16085711 PMCID: PMC1187974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502777102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whatever the cause, it is extraordinary that dozens of genera of large mammals became extinct during the late Quaternary throughout the Western Hemisphere, including 90% of the genera of the xenarthran suborder Phyllophaga (sloths). Radiocarbon dates directly on dung, bones, or other tissue of extinct sloths place their "last appearance" datum at approximately 11,000 radiocarbon years before present (yr BP) or slightly less in North America, approximately 10,500 yr BP in South America, and approximately 4,400 yr BP on West Indian islands. This asynchronous situation is not compatible with glacial-interglacial climate change forcing these extinctions, especially given the great elevational, latitudinal, and longitudinal variation of the sloth-bearing continental sites. Instead, the chronology of last appearance of extinct sloths, whether on continents or islands, more closely tracks the first arrival of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Steadman
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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16
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Pierce JL, Meyer GA, Jull AJT. Fire-induced erosion and millennial-scale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests. Nature 2004; 432:87-90. [PMID: 15525985 DOI: 10.1038/nature03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Western US ponderosa pine forests have recently suffered extensive stand-replacing fires followed by hillslope erosion and sedimentation. These fires are usually attributed to increased stand density as a result of fire suppression, grazing and other land use, and are often considered uncharacteristic or unprecedented. Tree-ring records from the past 500 years indicate that before Euro-American settlement, frequent, low-severity fires maintained open stands. However, the pre-settlement period between about ad 1500 and ad 1900 was also generally colder than present, raising the possibility that rapid twentieth-century warming promoted recent catastrophic fires. Here we date fire-related sediment deposits in alluvial fans in central Idaho to reconstruct Holocene fire history in xeric ponderosa pine forests and examine links to climate. We find that colder periods experienced frequent low-severity fires, probably fuelled by increased understory growth. Warmer periods experienced severe droughts, stand-replacing fires and large debris-flow events that comprise a large component of long-term erosion and coincide with similar events in sub-alpine forests of Yellowstone National Park. Our results suggest that given the powerful influence of climate, restoration of processes typical of pre-settlement times may be difficult in a warmer future that promotes severe fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pierce
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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17
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Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJT. A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. J Hum Evol 2004; 47:25-63. [PMID: 15288523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A database has been assembled with 278 age determinations for Madagascar. Materials 14C dated include pretreated sediments and plant macrofossils from cores and excavations throughout the island, and bones, teeth, or eggshells of most of the extinct megafaunal taxa, including the giant lemurs, hippopotami, and ratites. Additional measurements come from uranium-series dates on speleothems and thermoluminescence dating of pottery. Changes documented include late Pleistocene climatic events and, in the late Holocene, the apparently human-caused transformation of the environment. Multiple lines of evidence point to the earliest human presence at ca. 2300 14C yr BP (350 cal yr BC). A decline in megafauna, inferred from a drastic decrease in spores of the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella spp. in sediments at 1720+/-40 14C yr BP (230-410 cal yr AD), is followed by large increases in charcoal particles in sediment cores, beginning in the SW part of the island, and spreading to other coasts and the interior over the next millennium. The record of human occupation is initially sparse, but shows large human populations throughout the island by the beginning of the Second Millennium AD. Dating of the "subfossil" megafauna, including pygmy hippos, elephant birds, giant tortoises, and large lemurs, demonstrates that most if not all the extinct taxa were still present on the island when humans arrived. Many taxa overlapped chronologically with humans for a millennium or more. The extinct lemurs Hadropithecus stenognathus, Pachylemur insignis, Mesopropithecus pithecoides, and Daubentonia robusta, and the elephant birds Aepyornis spp. and Mullerornis spp., were still present near the end of the First Millennium AD. Palaeopropithecus ingens, Megaladapis edwardsi, and Archaeolemur sp. (cf. edwardsi) may have survived until the middle of the Second Millennium A.D. One specimen of Hippopotamus of unknown provenance dates to the period of European colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Burney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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Gnos E, Hofmann BA, Al-Kathiri A, Lorenzetti S, Eugster O, Whitehouse MJ, Villa IM, Jull AJT, Eikenberg J, Spettel B, Krähenbühl U, Franchi IA, Greenwood RC. Pinpointing the Source of a Lunar Meteorite: Implications for the Evolution of the Moon. Science 2004; 305:657-9. [PMID: 15286369 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The lunar meteorite Sayh al Uhaymir 169 consists of an impact melt breccia extremely enriched with potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus [thorium, 32.7 parts per million (ppm); uranium, 8.6 ppm; potassium oxide, 0.54 weight percent], and adherent regolith. The isotope systematics of the meteorite record four lunar impact events at 3909 +/- 13 million years ago (Ma), approximately 2800 Ma, approximately 200 Ma, and <0.34 Ma, and collision with Earth sometime after 9.7 +/- 1.3 thousand years ago. With these data, we can link the impact-melt breccia to Imbrium and pinpoint the source region of the meteorite to the Lalande impact crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Gnos
- Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Jull AJT, Burr GS, Beck JW, Donahue DJ, Biddulph D, Hatheway AL, Lange TE, McHargue LR. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Arizona: geochronology of the climate record and connections with the ocean. J Environ Radioact 2003; 69:3-19. [PMID: 12860086 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(03)00083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There are many diverse uses of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Carbon-14 studies at our laboratory include much research related to paleoclimate, both with 14C as a tracer of past changes in environmental conditions as observed in corals, marine sediments and many terrestrial records. Terrestrial records such as forest fires can also show the influence of oceanic oscillations, whether they are short-term such as ENSO, or on the millennial time scale. In tracer applications, we have developed the use of 129I as well as 14C as tracers for nuclear pollution studies around radioactive waste dump sites, in collaboration with IAEA. We discuss some applications carried out in Tucson for several of these fields and hope to give some idea of the breadth of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J T Jull
- NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1118 East Fourth St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Jull AJT, Burr GS, Beck JW, Donahue DJ, Biddulph D, Hatheway AL, Lange TE, McHargue LR. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Arizona: geochronology of the climatic record and connections with the ocean. ScientificWorldJournal 2002; 2:1579-93. [PMID: 12806143 PMCID: PMC6009492 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2002.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many diverse uses of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 14C studies at our laboratory include much research related to paleoclimate, with 14C as a tracer of past changes in environmental conditions as observed in corals, marine sediments, and many terrestrial records. Terrestrial records can also show the influence of oceanic oscillations, whether they are short term, such as ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), or on the millennial time scale. In tracer applications, we have developed the use of 129I as well as 14C as tracers for nuclear pollution studies around radioactive waste dump sites, in collaboration with IAEA. We discuss some applications carried out in Tucson, AZ, for several of these fields and hope to give some idea of the breadth of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J T Jull
- NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1118 E. Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Bland PA, de Souza Filho CR, Jull AJT, Kelley SP, Hough RM, Artemieva NA, Pierazzo E, Coniglio J, Pinotti L, Evers V, Kearsley AT. A possible tektite strewn field in the Argentinian Pampa. Science 2002; 296:1109-11. [PMID: 12004127 DOI: 10.1126/science.1068345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Impact glass associated with 11 elongate depressions in the Pampean Plain of Argentina, north of the city of Rio Cuarto, was suggested to be proximal ejecta related to a highly oblique impact event. We have identified about 400 additional elongate features in the area that indicate an aeolian, rather than an impact, origin. We have also dated fragments of glass found at the Rio Cuarto depressions; the age is similar to that of glass recovered 800 kilometers to the southeast. This material may be tektite glass from an impact event around 0.48 million years ago, representing a new tektite strewn field.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bland
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
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