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Lapidus S, Liu F, Casanovas-Massana A, Dai Y, Huck JD, Lucas C, Klein J, Filler RB, Strine MS, Sy M, Deme AB, Badiane AS, Dieye B, Ndiaye IM, Diedhiou Y, Mbaye AM, Diagne CT, Vigan-Womas I, Mbengue A, Sadio BD, Diagne MM, Moore AJ, Mangou K, Diallo F, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Faye R, Diouf B, Nery N, Costa F, Reis MG, Muenker MC, Hodson DZ, Mbarga Y, Katz BZ, Andrews JR, Campbell M, Srivathsan A, Kamath K, Baum-Jones E, Faye O, Sall AA, Vélez JCQ, Cappello M, Wilson M, Ben-Mamoun C, Tedder R, McClure M, Cherepanov P, Somé FA, Dabiré RK, Moukoko CEE, Ouédraogo JB, Boum Y, Shon J, Ndiaye D, Wisnewski A, Parikh S, Iwasaki A, Wilen CB, Ko AI, Ring AM, Bei AK. Plasmodium infection is associated with cross-reactive antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22175. [PMID: 36550362 PMCID: PMC9778468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sero-surveillance can monitor and project disease burden and risk. However, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results can produce false positive results, limiting their efficacy as a sero-surveillance tool. False positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody results are associated with malaria exposure, and understanding this association is essential to interpret sero-surveillance results from malaria-endemic countries. Here, pre-pandemic samples from eight malaria endemic and non-endemic countries and four continents were tested by ELISA to measure SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 subunit reactivity. Individuals with acute malaria infection generated substantial SARS-CoV-2 reactivity. Cross-reactivity was not associated with reactivity to other human coronaviruses or other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as measured by peptide and protein arrays. ELISAs with deglycosylated and desialated Spike S1 subunits revealed that cross-reactive antibodies target sialic acid on N-linked glycans of the Spike protein. The functional activity of cross-reactive antibodies measured by neutralization assays showed that cross-reactive antibodies did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Since routine use of glycosylated or sialated assays could result in false positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody results in malaria endemic regions, which could overestimate exposure and population-level immunity, we explored methods to increase specificity by reducing cross-reactivity. Overestimating population-level exposure to SARS-CoV-2 could lead to underestimates of risk of continued COVID-19 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John D Huck
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Renata B Filler
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Madison S Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa B Deme
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida S Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Baba Dieye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Mbaye Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Younous Diedhiou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Moctar Mbaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- DiaTROPIX Rapid Diagnostic Tests Facility, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Inés Vigan-Womas
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bacary D Sadio
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Mangou
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou D Sene
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama N Pouye
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Faye
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Z Hodson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Ben Z Katz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ariktha Srivathsan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Juan Carlos Quintero Vélez
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Michael Cappello
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Choukri Ben-Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- South London Specialist Virology Centre, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Myra McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Crick COVID19 Consortium, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fabrice A Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, 2701, BP, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Center Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yap Boum
- Médecins Sans Frontières, University of Yaoundé and Epicentre, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adam Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches and Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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2
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Mangou K, Moore AJ, Thiam LG, Ba A, Orfanó A, Desamours I, Ndegwa DN, Goodwin J, Guo Y, Sheng Z, Patel SD, Diallo F, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Faye AT, Thiam A, Nunez V, Diagne CT, Sadio BD, Shapiro L, Faye O, Mbengue A, Bei AK. Structure-guided insights into potential function of novel genetic variants in the malaria vaccine candidate PfRh5. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19403. [PMID: 36371450 PMCID: PMC9653458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent stall in the global reduction of malaria deaths has made the development of a highly effective vaccine essential. A major challenge to developing an efficacious vaccine is the extensive diversity of Plasmodium falciparum antigens. While genetic diversity plays a major role in immune evasion and is a barrier to the development of both natural and vaccine-induced protective immunity, it has been under-prioritized in the evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates. This study uses genomic approaches to evaluate genetic diversity in next generation malaria vaccine candidate PfRh5. We used targeted deep amplicon sequencing to identify non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in PfRh5 (Reticulocyte-Binding Protein Homologue 5) in 189 P. falciparum positive samples from Southern Senegal and identified 74 novel SNPs. We evaluated the population prevalence of these SNPs as well as the frequency in individual samples and found that only a single SNP, C203Y, was present at every site. Many SNPs were unique to the individual sampled, with over 90% of SNPs being found in just one infected individual. In addition to population prevalence, we assessed individual level SNP frequencies which revealed that some SNPs were dominant (frequency of greater than 25% in a polygenomic sample) whereas most were rare, present at 2% or less of total reads mapped to the reference at the given position. Structural modeling uncovered 3 novel SNPs occurring under epitopes bound by inhibitory monoclonal antibodies, potentially impacting immune evasion, while other SNPs were predicted to impact PfRh5 structure or interactions with the receptor or binding partners. Our data demonstrate that PfRh5 exhibits greater genetic diversity than previously described, with the caveat that most of the uncovered SNPs are at a low overall frequency in the individual and prevalence in the population. The structural studies reveal that novel SNPs could have functional implications on PfRh5 receptor binding, complex formation, or immune evasion, supporting continued efforts to validate PfRh5 as an effective malaria vaccine target and development of a PfRh5 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidiatou Mangou
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laty Gaye Thiam
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aboubacar Ba
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alessandra Orfanó
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ife Desamours
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Duncan Ndungu Ndegwa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Justin Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh D Patel
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou D Sene
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama N Pouye
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa Thioub Faye
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Thiam
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Vanessa Nunez
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vector: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), University of Montpelier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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3
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Hunter JE, Campbell AE, Butterworth JA, Sellier H, Hannaway NL, Luli S, Floudas A, Kenneth NS, Moore AJ, Brownridge PJ, Thomas HD, Coxhead J, Taylor L, Leary P, Hasoon MS, Knight AM, Garrett MD, Collins I, Eyers CE, Perkins ND. Mutation of the RelA(p65) Thr505 phosphosite disrupts the DNA replication stress response leading to CHK1 inhibitor resistance. Biochem J 2022; 479:2087-2113. [PMID: 36240065 PMCID: PMC9704643 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E. Hunter
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Amy E. Campbell
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Jacqueline A. Butterworth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Helene Sellier
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Nicola L. Hannaway
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle University Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Achilleas Floudas
- Newcastle University Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Niall S. Kenneth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Philip J. Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Huw D. Thomas
- Newcastle University Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Leigh Taylor
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Peter Leary
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Megan S.R. Hasoon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Andrew M. Knight
- Newcastle University Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Ian Collins
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Claire E. Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Neil D. Perkins
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Level 6, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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4
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Madgwick S, Luli S, Sellier H, Butterworth JA, Leslie J, Moore AJ, Corbin EK, Yemm AI, Chiremba RT, Tiniakos D, Oakley F, Perkins ND, Hunter JE. Claspin haploinsufficiency leads to defects in fertility, hyperplasia and an increased oncogenic potential. Biochem J 2022; 479:2115-2130. [PMID: 36240068 PMCID: PMC9704638 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Claspin is an adaptor protein required for ATR-dependent phosphorylation of CHK1 during S-phase following DNA replication stress. Claspin expression is highly variable in cancer, with low levels frequently correlating with poor patient survival. To learn more about the biological consequences of reduced Claspin expression and its effects on tumorigenesis, we investigated mice with a heterozygous knockout of the Clspn gene. Claspin haploinsufficiency resulted in reduced female fertility and a maternally inherited defect in oocyte meiosis I cell cycle progression. Furthermore, aged Clspn+/- mice developed spontaneous lymphoid hyperplasia and increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Importantly, we demonstrate a tumour suppressor role for Claspin. Reduced Claspin levels result in increased liver damage and tumourigenesis in the DEN model of hepatocellular carcinoma. These data reveal that Clspn haploinsufficiency has widespread unanticipated biological effects and establishes the importance of Claspin as a regulatory node controlling tumorigenesis and multiple disease aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Madgwick
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Saimir Luli
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Helene Sellier
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jacqueline A. Butterworth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Emma K. Corbin
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Adrian I. Yemm
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Robson T. Chiremba
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Neil D. Perkins
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jill E. Hunter
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Level 6, Herschel Building, Newcastle University, Brewery Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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5
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Klein J, Brito AF, Trubin P, Lu P, Wong P, Alpert T, Peña-Hernández MA, Haynes W, Kamath K, Liu F, Vogels CBF, Fauver JR, Lucas C, Oh J, Mao T, Silva J, Wyllie AL, Muenker MC, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Petrone ME, Kalinich CC, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Ring A, Shon J, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Israelow B, Iwasaki A, Azar MM. Longitudinal immune profiling of a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a solid organ transplant recipient. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:374-384. [PMID: 34718647 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying immunologic deficiencies enabling SARS-CoV-2 reinfection are currently unknown. We describe deep longitudinal immune profiling of a transplant recipient hospitalized twice for COVID-19. METHODS A 66-year-old male renal transplant recipient was hospitalized with COVID-19 March 2020 then readmitted to the hospital with COVID-19 233 days after initial diagnosis. Virologic and immunologic investigation were performed on samples from the primary and secondary infections. RESULTS Whole viral genome sequencing and phylogenic analysis revealed that viruses causing both infections were caused by distinct genetic lineages without evidence of immune escape mutations. Longitudinal comparison of cellular and humoral responses during primary SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed that this patient responded to the primary infection with low neutralization titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that were likely present at the time of reinfection. DISCUSSION The development of neutralizing antibodies and humoral memory responses in this patient failed to confer protection against reinfection, suggesting that they were below a neutralizing titer threshold or that additional factors may be required for efficient prevention of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Development of poorly neutralizing antibodies may have been due to profound and relatively specific reduction in naïve CD4 T-cell pools. Seropositivity alone may not be a perfect correlate of protection in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anderson F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Trubin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tara Alpert
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario A Peña-Hernández
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph R Fauver
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary E Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chaney C Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section General Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Shaw A, Fournier JB, Odio CD, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Grubaugh ND, Schulz WL, Ring AM, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Reply to: A finding of sex similarities rather than differences in COVID-19 outcomes. Nature 2021; 597:E10-E11. [PMID: 34552250 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mallory K Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amit Meir
- Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Y Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila D Odio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT, USA.
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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7
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Cai Y, Kim DJ, Takahashi T, Broadhurst DI, Yan H, Ma S, Rattray NJW, Casanovas-Massana A, Israelow B, Klein J, Lucas C, Mao T, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Oh JE, Silva J, Wong P, Ko AI, Khan SA, Iwasaki A, Johnson CH. Kynurenic acid may underlie sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/690/eabf8483. [PMID: 34230210 PMCID: PMC8432948 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf8483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Males and females have different immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with male sex being a risk factor for mortality, particularly among older individuals. Cai et al. performed metabolomics analysis of serum from COVID-19 patients and uninfected health care workers and identified 17 metabolites that were associated with the disease. However, in male COVID-19 patients only, the amount of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KA) correlated with age, inflammation, and disease outcome. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was reduced in patients who deteriorated. Together, these findings indicate that KA is associated with sex-specific differences in immune responses to COVID-19, suggesting that it might be targeted in male patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has poorer clinical outcomes in males than in females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences. Because immune responses are, in part, regulated by metabolites, we examined the serum metabolomes of COVID-19 patients. In male patients, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA–to–kynurenine (K) ratio (KA:K) positively correlated with age and with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and negatively correlated with T cell responses. Males that clinically deteriorated had a higher KA:K than those that stabilized. KA inhibits glutamate release, and glutamate abundance was lower in patients that clinically deteriorated and correlated with immune responses. Analysis of data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project revealed that the expression of the gene encoding the enzyme that produces KA, kynurenine aminotransferase, correlated with cytokine abundance and activation of immune responses in older males. This study reveals that KA has a sex-specific link to immune responses and clinical outcomes in COVID-19, suggesting a positive feedback between metabolites and immune responses in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David I Broadhurst
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics and Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sajid A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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8
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Lucas C, Klein J, Sundaram ME, Liu F, Wong P, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Mohanty S, Huang J, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Israelow B, Vogels CBF, Muenker MC, Chang CH, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Zell J, Fournier JB, Wyllie AL, Campbell M, Lee AI, Chun HJ, Grubaugh ND, Schulz WL, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Ring AM, Shaw AC, Wisnewski AV, Yildirim I, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Author Correction: Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19. Nat Med 2021; 27:1309. [PMID: 34145437 PMCID: PMC8212078 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria E Sundaram
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiefang Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C-Hong Chang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Zell
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alfred I Lee
- Department of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hyung J Chun
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam V Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section General Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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9
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Lu-Culligan A, Chavan AR, Vijayakumar P, Irshaid L, Courchaine EM, Milano KM, Tang Z, Pope SD, Song E, Vogels CBF, Lu-Culligan WJ, Campbell KH, Casanovas-Massana A, Bermejo S, Toothaker JM, Lee HJ, Liu F, Schulz W, Fournier J, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Konnikova L, Neugebauer KM, Ring A, Grubaugh ND, Ko AI, Morotti R, Guller S, Kliman HJ, Iwasaki A, Farhadian SF. Maternal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with a robust inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface. Med 2021; 2:591-610.e10. [PMID: 33969332 PMCID: PMC8084634 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are at increased risk for severe outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the pathophysiology underlying this increased morbidity and its potential effect on the developing fetus is not well understood. METHODS We assessed placental histology, ACE2 expression, and viral and immune dynamics at the term placenta in pregnant women with and without respiratory severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. FINDINGS The majority (13 of 15) of placentas analyzed had no detectable viral RNA. ACE2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in syncytiotrophoblast cells of the normal placenta during early pregnancy but was rarely seen in healthy placentas at full term, suggesting that low ACE2 expression may protect the term placenta from viral infection. Using immortalized cell lines and primary isolated placental cells, we found that cytotrophoblasts, the trophoblast stem cells and precursors to syncytiotrophoblasts, rather than syncytiotrophoblasts or Hofbauer cells, are most vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. To better understand potential immune mechanisms shielding placental cells from infection in vivo, we performed bulk and single-cell transcriptomics analyses and found that the maternal-fetal interface of SARS-CoV-2-infected women exhibited robust immune responses, including increased activation of natural killer (NK) and T cells, increased expression of interferon-related genes, as well as markers associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection in late pregnancy is associated with immune activation at the maternal-fetal interface even in the absence of detectable local viral invasion. FUNDING NIH (T32GM007205, F30HD093350, K23MH118999, R01AI157488, U01DA040588) and Fast Grant funding support from Emergent Ventures at the Mercatus Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arun R Chavan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pavithra Vijayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lina Irshaid
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward M Courchaine
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristin M Milano
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott D Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William J Lu-Culligan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katherine H Campbell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica M Toothaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah J Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Fournier
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karla M Neugebauer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raffaella Morotti
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harvey J Kliman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Shelli F Farhadian
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Lapidus S, Liu F, Casanovas-Massana A, Dai Y, Huck JD, Lucas C, Klein J, Filler RB, Strine MS, Sy M, Deme AB, Badiane AS, Dieye B, Ndiaye IM, Diedhiou Y, Mbaye AM, Diagne CT, Vigan-Womas I, Mbengue A, Sadio BD, Diagne MM, Moore AJ, Mangou K, Diallo F, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Faye R, Diouf B, Nery N, Costa F, Reis M, Muenker MC, Hodson DZ, Mbarga Y, Katz BZ, Andrews JR, Campbell M, Srivathsan A, Kamath K, Baum-Jones E, Faye O, Sall AA, Quintero Vélez JC, Cappello M, Wilson M, Ben-Mamoun C, Somé FA, Dabiré RK, Moukoko CEE, Ouédraogo JB, Boum Y, Shon J, Ndiaye D, Wisnewski A, Parikh S, Iwasaki A, Wilen CB, Ko AI, Ring AM, Bei AK. Plasmodium infection induces cross-reactive antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. medRxiv 2021:2021.05.10.21256855. [PMID: 34013301 PMCID: PMC8132281 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.10.21256855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acute malaria infection generated high levels of antibodies that cross-react with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Cross-reactive antibodies specifically recognized the sialic acid moiety on N-linked glycans of the Spike protein and do not neutralize in vitro SARS-CoV-2. Sero-surveillance is critical for monitoring and projecting disease burden and risk during the pandemic; however, routine use of Spike protein-based assays may overestimate SARS-CoV-2 exposure and population-level immunity in malaria-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lapidus
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John D. Huck
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Renata B. Filler
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Madison S. Strine
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa B. Deme
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida S. Badiane
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Baba Dieye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Mbaye Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Younous Diedhiou
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Moctar Mbaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- DiaTROPIX Rapid Diagnostic Tests Facility, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Inés Vigan-Womas
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Adam J. Moore
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Mangou
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou D. Sene
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama N. Pouye
- G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Faye
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer Reis
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Z. Hodson
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Ben Z. Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ariktha Srivathsan
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Juan Carlos Quintero Vélez
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia,Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia,Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Michael Cappello
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Choukri Ben-Mamoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fabrice A. Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon,Malaria Research Unit, Center Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yap Boum
- University of Yaoundé and Epicentre, Médecins Sans Frontières
| | | | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adam Wisnewski
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amy K. Bei
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Cheikh Anta Diop University, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Dakar, Senegal,G4 - Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal,
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11
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Ott IM, Strine MS, Watkins AE, Boot M, Kalinich CC, Harden CA, Vogels CBF, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Nakahata M, Tokuyama M, Nelson A, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Campbell M, Datta R, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian SF, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND, Wilen CB, Wyllie AL. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Nonsupplemented Saliva. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1146-1150. [PMID: 33754989 PMCID: PMC8007305 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.204199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expense of saliva collection devices designed to stabilize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA is prohibitive to mass testing. However, virus RNA in nonsupplemented saliva is stable for extended periods and at elevated temperatures. Simple plastic tubes for saliva collection will make large-scale testing and continued surveillance easier.
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12
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Klein J, Brito AF, Trubin P, Lu P, Wong P, Alpert T, Peña-Hernández MA, Haynes W, Kamath K, Liu F, Vogels CBF, Fauver JR, Lucas C, Oh J, Mao T, Silva J, Wyllie AL, Muenker MC, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Petrone ME, Kalinich CC, Cruz CD, Farhadian S, Ring A, Shon J, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Israelow B, Iwasaki A, Azar MM. Case Study: Longitudinal immune profiling of a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a solid organ transplant recipient. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33791729 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.24.21253992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of antigenically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants, reinfections were reported infrequently - presumably due to the generation of durable and protective immune responses. However, case reports also suggested that rare, repeated infections may occur as soon as 48 days following initial disease onset. The underlying immunologic deficiencies enabling SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are currently unknown. Here we describe a renal transplant recipient who developed recurrent, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection - confirmed by whole virus genome sequencing - 7 months after primary infection. To elucidate the immunological mechanisms responsible for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, we performed longitudinal profiling of cellular and humoral responses during both primary and recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that the patient responded to the primary infection with transient, poor-quality adaptive immune responses. The patient's immune system was further compromised by intervening treatment for acute rejection of the renal allograft prior to reinfection. Importantly, we also identified the development of neutralizing antibodies and the formation of humoral memory responses prior to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. However, these neutralizing antibodies failed to confer protection against reinfection, suggesting that additional factors are required for efficient prevention of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Further, we found no evidence supporting viral evasion of primary adaptive immune responses, suggesting that susceptibility to reinfection may be determined by host factors rather than pathogen adaptation in this patient. In summary, our study suggests that a low neutralizing antibody presence alone is not sufficient to confer resistance against reinfection. Thus, patients with solid organ transplantation, or patients who are otherwise immunosuppressed, who recover from infection with SARS-CoV-2 may not develop sufficient protective immunity and are at risk of reinfection.
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13
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Chiorazzi M, Silva E, Brower K, Wong P, Lucas C, Klein J, Liu F, Nakahata M, Zhao J, Rahman NT, Odio C, Bermejo S, Farhadian SF, Dela Cruz C, Casanovas-Massana A, Fournier J, Muenker C, Wyllie AL, Vogels CB, Kalinich CC, Petrone ME, Ott IM, Watkins AE, Moore AJ, Alpert T, Kluger Y, Ring A, Grubaugh ND, Iwasaki A, Ko AI, Herbst RS. Abstract S03-03: Cancer patients display diminished viral RNA clearance and altered T cell responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.covid-19-21-s03-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer patients display immunomodulation related to malignancy and anti-cancer therapies, but how these factors impact COVID-19 remains unknown. To investigate immune responses in cancer patients with COVID-19, we undertook a prospective case-control study, enrolling hospitalized solid tumor patients with acute COVID-19, as well as age-, gender-, and comorbidity-matched COVID-19 patients without cancer as controls. Using biospecimens collected during hospitalization, we performed virologic measurements as well as in-depth immunophenotyping of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses. We enrolled 17 cancer patients (cases) admitted to Yale-New Haven Hospital between March 15 and June 30, 2020 with COVID-19, as well as 17 matched non-cancer patients (controls) admitted with COVID-19. No significant differences were observed between cases and controls based on patient characteristics (age, gender, race, co-morbidities, smoking history, days from symptom onset to COVID-19 diagnosis) or outcomes (COVID-19 severity, length of hospital stay, rate of intubation or mortality). The most common primary tumor sites were lung (4/17) and gastrointestinal (4/17); all cases had received cancer-directed therapy within 6 months of COVID-19 diagnosis, with 13/17 receiving treatment less than 1 month prior to hospitalization. Three of 17 cases had received immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Despite having similar SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA loads at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis when compared with controls, cancer cases had increased viral RNA abundance during hospitalization, suggesting slower clearance. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 were preserved in cancer cases, with cases displaying similar levels of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2 epitopes compared to controls. Cytokine profiling revealed higher plasma levels of CCL3, IL1A and CXCL12 in cancer cases compared to controls. Using flow cytometric immunophenotyping, we found that innate immune and non-T cell adaptive immune parameters were similar between cases and controls hospitalized with COVID-19. However, among cancer cases on conventional therapies, T cell lymphopenia was more profound, and these cases demonstrated higher levels of CD8+ exhausted (CD8+CD45RA−PD1+TIM3+), CD8+GranzymeB+ and CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ and CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+ activated T cells when compared with controls; interestingly, these differences were not observed in patients who had received immune checkpoint inhibition. Thus, we found reduced viral RNA clearance and specific alterations in T cell and cytokine responses in cancer patients hospitalized with COVID-19 compared with matched controls with COVID-19. This dysregulated T cell response in cancer patients, which may reflect immune modulation due to chronic antigen stimulation as well as cancer therapies, may lead to altered virologic and clinical outcomes in this population.
Citation Format: Michael Chiorazzi, Erin Silva, Kristina Brower, Patrick Wong, Carolina Lucas, Jon Klein, Feimei Liu, Maura Nakahata, Jun Zhao, Nur-Taz Rahman, Camila Odio, Santos Bermejo, Shelli F. Farhadian, Charles Dela Cruz, Arnau Casanovas-Massana, John Fournier, Catherine Muenker, Anne L. Wyllie, Chantal B.F. Vogels, Chaney C. Kalinich, Mary E. Petrone, Isabel M. Ott, Anne E. Watkins, Adam J. Moore, Tara Alpert, Yuval Kluger, Aaron Ring, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Akiko Iwasaki, Albert I. Ko, Roy S. Herbst. Cancer patients display diminished viral RNA clearance and altered T cell responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3-5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(6_Suppl):Abstract nr S03-03.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Silva
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,
| | | | | | | | - Jon Klein
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,
| | - Feimei Liu
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,
| | | | - Jun Zhao
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tara Alpert
- 2Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Aaron Ring
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,
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14
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Weiss JJ, Attuquayefio TN, White EB, Li F, Herz RS, White TL, Campbell M, Geng B, Datta R, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND, Casanovas-Massana A, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Handoko R, Iwasaki A, Martinello RA, Ko AI, Small DM, Farhadian SF. Tracking smell loss to identify healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248025. [PMID: 33657167 PMCID: PMC7928484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers (HCW) treating COVID-19 patients are at high risk for infection and may also spread infection through their contact with vulnerable patients. Smell loss has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is unknown whether monitoring for smell loss can be used to identify asymptomatic infection among high risk individuals. In this study we sought to determine if tracking smell sensitivity and loss using an at-home assessment could identify SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCW. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a prospective cohort study tracking 473 HCW across three months to determine if smell loss could predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in this high-risk group. HCW subjects completed a longitudinal, behavioral at-home assessment of olfaction with household items, as well as detailed symptom surveys that included a parosmia screening questionnaire, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our main measures were the prevalence of smell loss in SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW versus SARS-CoV-2-negative HCW, and timing of smell loss relative to SARS-CoV-2 test positivity. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 17 (3.6%) of 473 HCW. HCW with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to report smell loss than SARS-CoV-2-negative HCW on both the at-home assessment and the screening questionnaire (9/17, 53% vs 105/456, 23%, P < .01). 6/9 (67%) of SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW reporting smell loss reported smell loss prior to having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, and smell loss was reported a median of two days before testing positive. Neurological symptoms were reported more frequently among SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW who reported smell loss compared to those without smell loss (9/9, 100% vs 3/8, 38%, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study of HCW, self-reported changes in smell using two different measures were predictive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Smell loss frequently preceded a positive test and was associated with neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tuki N. Attuquayefio
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth B. White
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Fangyong Li
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rachel S. Herz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Theresa L. White
- Department of Psychology, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bertie Geng
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ryan Handoko
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Martinello
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Infection Prevention, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shelli F. Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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15
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Moore AJ, Mangou K, Diallo F, Sene SD, Pouye MN, Sadio BD, Faye O, Mbengue A, Bei AK. Assessing the functional impact of PfRh5 genetic diversity on ex vivo erythrocyte invasion inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2225. [PMID: 33500482 PMCID: PMC7838290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The PfRh5-Basigin ligand-receptor interaction is an essential step in the merozoite invasion process and represents an attractive vaccine target. To reveal genotype-phenotype associations between naturally occurring allelic variants of PfRh5 and invasion inhibition, we performed ex vivo invasion inhibition assays with monoclonal antibodies targeting basigin coupled with PfRh5 next-generation amplicon sequencing. We found dose-dependent inhibition of invasion across all isolates tested, and no statistically significant difference in invasion inhibition for any single nucleotide polymorphisms. This study demonstrates that PfRh5 remains highly conserved and functionally essential, even in a highly endemic setting, supporting continued development as a strain-transcendent malaria vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Khadidiatou Mangou
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diallo
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou D Sene
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariama N Pouye
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bacary D Sadio
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Mbengue
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- Francis Crick African Network CAN Crick Fellow, London, UK
| | - Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- G4-Malaria Experimental Genetic Approaches & Vaccines, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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16
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Lu-Culligan A, Chavan AR, Vijayakumar P, Irshaid L, Courchaine EM, Milano KM, Tang Z, Pope SD, Song E, Vogels CB, Lu-Culligan WJ, Campbell KH, Casanovas-Massana A, Bermejo S, Toothaker JM, Lee HJ, Liu F, Schulz W, Fournier J, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Konnikova L, Neugebauer KM, Ring A, Grubaugh ND, Ko AI, Morotti R, Guller S, Kliman HJ, Iwasaki A, Farhadian SF. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with robust inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.25.21250452. [PMID: 33532791 PMCID: PMC7852242 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.21250452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women appear to be at increased risk for severe outcomes associated with COVID-19, but the pathophysiology underlying this increased morbidity and its potential impact on the developing fetus is not well understood. In this study of pregnant women with and without COVID-19, we assessed viral and immune dynamics at the placenta during maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Amongst uninfected women, ACE2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in syncytiotrophoblast cells of the normal placenta during early pregnancy but was rarely seen in healthy placentas at full term. Term placentas from women infected with SARS-CoV-2, however, displayed a significant increase in ACE2 levels. Using immortalized cell lines and primary isolated placental cells, we determined the vulnerability of various placental cell types to direct infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Yet, despite the susceptibility of placental cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral RNA was detected in the placentas of only a subset (~13%) of women in this cohort. Through single cell transcriptomic analyses, we found that the maternal-fetal interface of SARS-CoV-2-infected women exhibited markers associated with pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, and robust immune responses, including increased activation of placental NK and T cells and increased expression of interferon-related genes. Overall, this study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with immune activation at the maternal-fetal interface even in the absence of detectable local viral invasion. While this likely represents a protective mechanism shielding the placenta from infection, inflammatory changes in the placenta may also contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes and thus warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arun R. Chavan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pavithra Vijayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lina Irshaid
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward M. Courchaine
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristin M. Milano
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott D. Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B.F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William J. Lu-Culligan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katherine H. Campbell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica M. Toothaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah J. Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Fournier
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karla M. Neugebauer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raffaella Morotti
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harvey J. Kliman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Shelli F. Farhadian
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Silva J, Lucas C, Sundaram M, Israelow B, Wong P, Klein J, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Liu F, Mao T, Oh JE, Park A, Casanovas-Massana A, Vogels CBF, Muenker MC, Zell J, Fournier JB, Campbell M, Chiorazzi M, Fuentes ER, Petrone ME, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Watkins A, Moore AJ, Nakahata M, Farhadian S, Cruz CD, Ko AI, Schulz WL, Ring A, Ma S, Omer S, Wyllie AL, Iwasaki A. Saliva viral load is a dynamic unifying correlate of COVID-19 severity and mortality. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.04.21249236. [PMID: 33442706 PMCID: PMC7805468 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.04.21249236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While several clinical and immunological parameters correlate with disease severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection, work remains in identifying unifying correlates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can be used to guide clinical practice. Here, we examine saliva and nasopharyngeal (NP) viral load over time and correlate them with patient demographics, and cellular and immune profiling. We found that saliva viral load was significantly higher in those with COVID-19 risk factors; that it correlated with increasing levels of disease severity and showed a superior ability over nasopharyngeal viral load as a predictor of mortality over time (AUC=0.90). A comprehensive analysis of immune factors and cell subsets revealed strong predictors of high and low saliva viral load, which were associated with increased disease severity or better overall outcomes, respectively. Saliva viral load was positively associated with many known COVID-19 inflammatory markers such as IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, and CXCL10, as well as type 1 immune response cytokines. Higher saliva viral loads strongly correlated with the progressive depletion of platelets, lymphocytes, and effector T cell subsets including circulating follicular CD4 T cells (cTfh). Anti-spike (S) and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG levels were negatively correlated with saliva viral load showing a strong temporal association that could help distinguish severity and mortality in COVID-19. Finally, patients with fatal COVID-19 exhibited higher viral loads, which correlated with the depletion of cTfh cells, and lower production of anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels. Together these results demonstrated that viral load - as measured by saliva but not nasopharyngeal - is a dynamic unifying correlate of disease presentation, severity, and mortality over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Sundaram
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B. F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Zell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B. Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Chiorazzi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edwin Ruiz Fuentes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary E Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chaney C. Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M. Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annie Watkins
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maura Nakahata
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade L. Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saad Omer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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18
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Vogels CBF, Watkins AE, Harden CA, Brackney DE, Shafer J, Wang J, Caraballo C, Kalinich CC, Ott IM, Fauver JR, Kudo E, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Tokuyama M, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Casanovas-Massana A, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Campbell M, Datta R, Nelson A, Dela Cruz CS, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Krumholz HM, Matheus JD, Hui P, Liu C, Farhadian SF, Sikka R, Wyllie AL, Grubaugh ND. SalivaDirect: A simplified and flexible platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity. Med (N Y) 2020; 2:263-280.e6. [PMID: 33521748 PMCID: PMC7836249 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Scaling SARS-CoV-2 testing to meet demands of safe reopenings continues to be plagued by assay costs and supply chain shortages. In response, we developed SalivaDirect, which received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Methods We simplified our saliva-based diagnostic test by (1) not requiring collection tubes with preservatives, (2) replacing nucleic acid extraction with a simple enzymatic and heating step, and (3) testing specimens with a dualplex qRT-PCR assay. Moreover, we validated SalivaDirect with reagents and instruments from multiple vendors to minimize supply chain issues. Findings From our hospital cohort, we show a high positive agreement (94%) between saliva tested with SalivaDirect and nasopharyngeal swabs tested with a commercial qRT-PCR kit. In partnership with the National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Basketball Players Association (NBPA), we tested 3,779 saliva specimens from healthy individuals and detected low rates of invalid (0.3%) and false-positive (<0.05%) results. Conclusions We demonstrate that saliva is a valid alternative to swabs for SARS-CoV-2 screening and that SalivaDirect can make large-scale testing more accessible and affordable. Uniquely, we can designate other laboratories to use our sensitive, flexible, and simplified platform under our EUA (https://publichealth.yale.edu/salivadirect/). Funding This study was funded by the NBA and NBPA (N.D.G.), the Huffman Family Donor Advised Fund (N.D.G.), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University (N.D.G.), the Yale Institute for Global Health (N.D.G.), and the Beatrice Kleinberg Neuwirth Fund (A.I.K.). C.B.F.V. is supported by NWO Rubicon 019.181EN.004. Frequent testing is critical to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In response to this need, we developed SalivaDirect, a sensitive, simplified, and flexible testing framework, which received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We tested saliva collected from a hospital cohort and showed a high positive agreement (94%) as compared to paired nasopharyngeal swabs tested with a commercial diagnostic kit. Then, we partnered with the National Basketball Association (NBA) to test a large cohort of mostly healthy individuals, and we detected low rates of invalid (0.3%) and false-positive (0.03%–0.05%) results. Our study shows that SalivaDirect can help to increase testing capacity by providing access to an affordable framework that is less prone to supply chain shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anne E Watkins
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christina A Harden
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Doug E Brackney
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, State of Connecticut, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jared Shafer
- Drug Free Sport International, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - César Caraballo
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chaney C Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph R Fauver
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John Fournier
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rupak Datta
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Allison Nelson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - J D Matheus
- Drug Free Sport International, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shelli F Farhadian
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robby Sikka
- Minnesota Timberwolves, Minneapolis, MN 55403, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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19
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Beck RJ, Bitharas I, Hand DP, Maisey T, Moore AJ, Shires M, Thomson RR, West NP, Jayne DG, Shephard JD. Dynamics of picosecond laser ablation for surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20261. [PMID: 33219260 PMCID: PMC7679462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoluminal surgery for the treatment of colorectal neoplasia is typically carried out using electrocautery tools which imply limited precision and the risk of harm through collateral thermal damage to the adjacent healthy tissue. As a potential alternative, we present the successful colonic epithelial laser ablation by means of picosecond laser pulses. Laser ablation studies performed in ex-vivo colon tissue result in cavities with comparable thickness to early stage colorectal cancers. The corresponding histology sections exhibit only minimal collateral damage to the surrounding tissue and the depth of the ablation can be controlled precisely by means of the pulse energy. High-speed imaging has been used for the first time to visualize picosecond laser ablation of cancerous tissue in a clinically relevant model. This information was correlated with histopathology and optical surface profilometry revealing the dynamic nature of the laser tissue interaction and the need for temporal or spatial separation of pulses for optimum efficacy with regards to tissue removal. Overall, the application of picosecond laser pulses to ablate endoluminal bowel lesions demonstrates significantly improved precision and reduced thermal damage to the adjacent tissue in comparison to conventional procedures and hence will enable more precise surgical treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Beck
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - I Bitharas
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - D P Hand
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - T Maisey
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research At St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - M Shires
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research At St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - R R Thomson
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - N P West
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research At St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D G Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research At St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - J D Shephard
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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20
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Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Wyllie AL, Fauver JR, Ott IM, Kalinich CC, Petrone ME, Casanovas-Massana A, Catherine Muenker M, Moore AJ, Klein J, Lu P, Lu-Culligan A, Jiang X, Kim DJ, Kudo E, Mao T, Moriyama M, Oh JE, Park A, Silva J, Song E, Takahashi T, Taura M, Tokuyama M, Venkataraman A, Weizman OE, Wong P, Yang Y, Cheemarla NR, White EB, Lapidus S, Earnest R, Geng B, Vijayakumar P, Odio C, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz CS, Iwasaki A, Ko AI, Landry ML, Foxman EF, Grubaugh ND. Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR primer-probe sets. Nat Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32651556 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20048108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exemplifies the critical need for accurate and rapid diagnostic assays to prompt clinical and public health interventions. Currently, several quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays are being used by clinical, research and public health laboratories. However, it is currently unclear whether results from different tests are comparable. Our goal was to make independent evaluations of primer-probe sets used in four common SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assays. From our comparisons of RT-qPCR analytical efficiency and sensitivity, we show that all primer-probe sets can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 at 500 viral RNA copies per reaction. The exception for this is the RdRp-SARSr (Charité) confirmatory primer-probe set which has low sensitivity, probably due to a mismatch to circulating SARS-CoV-2 in the reverse primer. We did not find evidence for background amplification with pre-COVID-19 samples or recent SARS-CoV-2 evolution decreasing sensitivity. Our recommendation for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing is to select an assay with high sensitivity and that is regionally used, to ease comparability between outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Anderson F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph R Fauver
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chaney C Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary E Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Orr-El Weizman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yexin Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth B White
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bertie Geng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pavithra Vijayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila Odio
- Department of Medicine, Northeast Medical Group, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marie L Landry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Kudo E, Israelow B, Vogels CBF, Lu P, Wyllie AL, Tokuyama M, Venkataraman A, Brackney DE, Ott IM, Petrone ME, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Casanovas-Massana A, Omer SB, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian SF, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Iwasaki A. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000867. [PMID: 33027248 PMCID: PMC7571696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay recommended for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing in the United States requires analysis of 3 genomic targets per sample: 2 viral and 1 host. To simplify testing and reduce the volume of required reagents, we devised a multiplex RT-qPCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a single reaction. We used existing N1, N2, and RP primer and probe sets by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but substituted fluorophores to allow multiplexing of the assay. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of our multiplex RT-qPCR were comparable to those obtained by the single assay adapted for research purposes. Low copy numbers (≥500 copies/reaction) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were consistently detected by the multiplex RT-qPCR. Our novel multiplex RT-qPCR improves upon current single diagnostics by saving reagents, costs, time, and labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kudo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chantal B. F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Isabel M. Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Institute of Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shelli F. Farhadian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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22
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Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, Warren JL, Geng B, Muenker MC, Moore AJ, Vogels CBF, Petrone ME, Ott IM, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Lu-Culligan A, Klein J, Earnest R, Simonov M, Datta R, Handoko R, Naushad N, Sewanan LR, Valdez J, White EB, Lapidus S, Kalinich CC, Jiang X, Kim DJ, Kudo E, Linehan M, Mao T, Moriyama M, Oh JE, Park A, Silva J, Song E, Takahashi T, Taura M, Weizman OE, Wong P, Yang Y, Bermejo S, Odio CD, Omer SB, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian S, Martinello RA, Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND, Ko AI. Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1283-1286. [PMID: 32857487 PMCID: PMC7484747 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2016359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peiwen Lu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji E Oh
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Eric Song
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Saad B Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT
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23
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Cai Y, Kim DJ, Takahashi T, Broadhurst DI, Ma S, Rattray NJW, Casanovas-Massana A, Israelow B, Klein J, Lucas C, Mao T, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Oh J, Silva J, Wong P, Ko AI, Khan SA, Iwasaki A, Johnson CH. Kynurenic acid underlies sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19. medRxiv 2020:2020.09.06.20189159. [PMID: 32935119 PMCID: PMC7491534 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.06.20189159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has poorer clinical outcomes in males compared to females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences in disease trajectory. As immune responses are in part regulated by metabolites, we examined whether the serum metabolome has sex-specificity for immune responses in COVID-19. In males with COVID- 19, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA to kynurenine (K) ratio was positively correlated with age, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and was negatively correlated with T cell responses, revealing that KA production is linked to immune responses in males. Males that clinically deteriorated had a higher KA:K ratio than those that stabilized. In females with COVID-19, this ratio positively correlated with T cell responses and did not correlate with age or clinical severity. KA is known to inhibit glutamate release, and we observed that serum glutamate is lower in patients that deteriorate from COVID-19 compared to those that stabilize, and correlates with immune responses. Analysis of Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data revealed that expression of kynurenine aminotransferase, which regulates KA production, correlates most strongly with cytokine levels and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in older males. This study reveals that KA has a sex-specific link to immune responses and clinical outcomes, in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David I Broadhurst
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics & Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sajid A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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24
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Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, Silva J, Mao T, Oh JE, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Shaw A, Fournier JB, Odio CD, Farhadian S, Dela Cruz C, Grubaugh ND, Schulz WL, Ring AM, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature 2020. [PMID: 32846427 DOI: 10.1038/s41586‐020‐2700‐3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) produces more severe symptoms and higher mortality among men than among women1-5. However, whether immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) differ between sexes, and whether such differences correlate with the sex difference in the disease course of COVID-19, is currently unknown. Here we examined sex differences in viral loads, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres, plasma cytokines and blood-cell phenotyping in patients with moderate COVID-19 who had not received immunomodulatory medications. Male patients had higher plasma levels of innate immune cytokines such as IL-8 and IL-18 along with more robust induction of non-classical monocytes. By contrast, female patients had more robust T cell activation than male patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we found that a poor T cell response negatively correlated with patients' age and was associated with worse disease outcome in male patients, but not in female patients. By contrast, higher levels of innate immune cytokines were associated with worse disease progression in female patients, but not in male patients. These findings provide a possible explanation for the observed sex biases in COVID-19, and provide an important basis for the development of a sex-based approach to the treatment and care of male and female patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mallory K Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amit Meir
- Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Y Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Albert Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila D Odio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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25
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Ott IM, Strine MS, Watkins AE, Boot M, Kalinich CC, Harden CA, Vogels CB, Casanovas-Massana A, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Nakahata M, Tokuyama M, Nelson A, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Campbell M, Datta R, Dela Cruz CS, Farhadian SF, Ko AI, Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND, Wilen CB, Wyllie AL. Simply saliva: stability of SARS-CoV-2 detection negates the need for expensive collection devices. medRxiv 2020:2020.08.03.20165233. [PMID: 32793924 PMCID: PMC7418742 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.03.20165233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Most currently approved strategies for the collection of saliva for COVID-19 diagnostics require specialized tubes containing buffers promoted for the stabilization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and virus inactivation. Yet many of these are expensive, in limited supply, and not necessarily validated specifically for viral RNA. While saliva is a promising sample type as it can be reliably self-collected for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2, the expense and availability of these collection tubes are prohibitive to mass testing efforts. Therefore, we investigated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectious virus detection from saliva without supplementation. We tested RNA stability over extended periods of time (2-25 days) and at temperatures representing at-home storage and elevated temperatures which might be experienced when cold chain transport may be unavailable. We found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva from infected individuals is stable at 4°C, room temperature (~19°C), and 30°C for prolonged periods and found limited evidence for viral replication in saliva. This work demonstrates that expensive saliva collection options involving RNA stabilization and virus inactivation buffers are not always needed, permitting the use of cheaper collection options. Affordable testing methods are urgently needed to meet current testing demands and for continued surveillance in reopening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Madison S. Strine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anne E. Watkins
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maikel Boot
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Chaney C. Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christina A. Harden
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chantal B.F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maura Nakahata
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Allison Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shelli F. Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anne L. Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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26
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Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TBR, Silva J, Sundaram M, Ellingson MK, Mao T, Oh JE, Israelow B, Takahashi T, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Mohanty S, Wang H, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Fournier JB, Campbell M, Odio CD, Casanovas-Massana A, Herbst R, Shaw AC, Medzhitov R, Schulz WL, Grubaugh ND, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature 2020; 584:463-469. [PMID: 32717743 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.23.20138289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided insights into the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1-4. However, the longitudinal immunological correlates of disease outcome remain unclear. Here we serially analysed immune responses in 113 patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. Immune profiling revealed an overall increase in innate cell lineages, with a concomitant reduction in T cell number. An early elevation in cytokine levels was associated with worse disease outcomes. Following an early increase in cytokines, patients with moderate COVID-19 displayed a progressive reduction in type 1 (antiviral) and type 3 (antifungal) responses. By contrast, patients with severe COVID-19 maintained these elevated responses throughout the course of the disease. Moreover, severe COVID-19 was accompanied by an increase in multiple type 2 (anti-helminths) effectors, including interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, immunoglobulin E and eosinophils. Unsupervised clustering analysis identified four immune signatures, representing growth factors (A), type-2/3 cytokines (B), mixed type-1/2/3 cytokines (C), and chemokines (D) that correlated with three distinct disease trajectories. The immune profiles of patients who recovered from moderate COVID-19 were enriched in tissue reparative growth factor signature A, whereas the profiles of those with who developed severe disease had elevated levels of all four signatures. Thus, we have identified a maladapted immune response profile associated with severe COVID-19 and poor clinical outcome, as well as early immune signatures that correlate with divergent disease trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Sundaram
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mallory K Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haowei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila D Odio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roy Herbst
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, and Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TBR, Silva J, Sundaram M, Ellingson MK, Mao T, Oh JE, Israelow B, Takahashi T, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Mohanty S, Wang H, Wyllie AL, Vogels CBF, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Muenker MC, Fournier JB, Campbell M, Odio CD, Casanovas-Massana A, Herbst R, Shaw AC, Medzhitov R, Schulz WL, Grubaugh ND, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature 2020; 584:463-469. [PMID: 32717743 PMCID: PMC7477538 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1425] [Impact Index Per Article: 356.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided insights into the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1-4. However, the longitudinal immunological correlates of disease outcome remain unclear. Here we serially analysed immune responses in 113 patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. Immune profiling revealed an overall increase in innate cell lineages, with a concomitant reduction in T cell number. An early elevation in cytokine levels was associated with worse disease outcomes. Following an early increase in cytokines, patients with moderate COVID-19 displayed a progressive reduction in type 1 (antiviral) and type 3 (antifungal) responses. By contrast, patients with severe COVID-19 maintained these elevated responses throughout the course of the disease. Moreover, severe COVID-19 was accompanied by an increase in multiple type 2 (anti-helminths) effectors, including interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, immunoglobulin E and eosinophils. Unsupervised clustering analysis identified four immune signatures, representing growth factors (A), type-2/3 cytokines (B), mixed type-1/2/3 cytokines (C), and chemokines (D) that correlated with three distinct disease trajectories. The immune profiles of patients who recovered from moderate COVID-19 were enriched in tissue reparative growth factor signature A, whereas the profiles of those with who developed severe disease had elevated levels of all four signatures. Thus, we have identified a maladapted immune response profile associated with severe COVID-19 and poor clinical outcome, as well as early immune signatures that correlate with divergent disease trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Sundaram
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mallory K Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haowei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel M Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila D Odio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roy Herbst
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, and Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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28
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Moore AJ, Nakahata MI, Kalinich CC, Nyhan K, Bromberg DJ, Shi X, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Casanovas-Massana A, Wyllie AL. The sensitivity of respiratory tract specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A protocol for a living systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.02.20144543. [PMID: 32637978 PMCID: PMC7340204 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.02.20144543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Highly sensitive, non-invasive, and easily accessible diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for the control of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a clear need to establish a gold standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans using respiratory tract specimens. Methods Searches will be conducted in the bibliographic databases Medline, Embase, bioRxiv, medRxiv, F1000, ChemRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, Preprints.org, Beilstein Archive, and Research Square. Relevant government documents and grey literature will be sought on the FDA's Emergency Use Authorizations website, the ECDC's website, and the website of the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics. Finally, papers categorized as diagnosis papers by the EPPI Centre's COVID-19 living systematic map will be added to our screening process; those papers are tagged with the diagnosis topic based on human review, rather than database searches, and thus this set of papers might include ones that have not been captured by our search strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maura I Nakahata
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chaney C Kalinich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kate Nyhan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Harvey Cushing / John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel J Bromberg
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoting Shi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Takahashi T, Wong P, Ellingson MK, Lucas C, Klein J, Israelow B, Silva J, Oh JE, Mao T, Tokuyama M, Lu P, Venkataraman A, Park A, Liu F, Meir A, Sun J, Wang EY, Wyllie AL, Vogels CB, Earnest R, Lapidus S, Ott IM, Moore AJ, Casanovas-Massana A, Cruz CD, Fournier JB, Odio CD, Farhadian S, Grubaugh ND, Schulz WL, Ko AI, Ring AM, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Sex differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 that underlie disease outcomes. medRxiv 2020:2020.06.06.20123414. [PMID: 32577695 PMCID: PMC7302304 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.06.20123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates sex differences in the clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1-4. However, whether immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 differ between sexes, and whether such differences explain male susceptibility to COVID-19, is currently unknown. In this study, we examined sex differences in viral loads, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers, plasma cytokines, as well as blood cell phenotyping in COVID-19 patients. By focusing our analysis on patients with mild to moderate disease who had not received immunomodulatory medications, our results revealed that male patients had higher plasma levels of innate immune cytokines and chemokines including IL-8, IL-18, and CCL5, along with more robust induction of non-classical monocytes. In contrast, female patients mounted significantly more robust T cell activation than male patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was sustained in old age. Importantly, we found that a poor T cell response negatively correlated with patients' age and was predictive of worse disease outcome in male patients, but not in female patients. Conversely, higher innate immune cytokines in female patients associated with worse disease progression, but not in male patients. These findings reveal a possible explanation underlying observed sex biases in COVID-19, and provide important basis for the development of sex-based approach to the treatment and care of men and women with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Mallory K. Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jon Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Amit Meir
- Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Eric Y. Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Anne L. Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Chantal B.F. Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Rebecca Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sarah Lapidus
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Isabel M. Ott
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - John B. Fournier
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Camila D. Odio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Wade L. Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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30
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Smith D, Huynh C, Moore AJ, Frick A, Anderson C, Porrachia M, Scott B, Stous S, Schooley R, Little S, Santos AT. Herd Immunity Likely Protected the Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Recent Hepatitis A Outbreak in San Diego, California. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:1228-1230. [PMID: 30052941 PMCID: PMC7182127 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A high seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (81%) among human immunodeficiency virus-negative high-risk men who have sex with men is likely why this community was largely spared from a recent hepatitis A virus outbreak in San Diego, California.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Stous
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, California
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31
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Mariscal AM, Kakizawa S, Hsu JY, Tanaka K, González-González L, Broto A, Querol E, Lluch-Senar M, Piñero-Lambea C, Sun L, Weyman PD, Wise KS, Merryman C, Tse G, Moore AJ, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Tomita M, Venter JC, Glass JI, Piñol J, Suzuki Y. Tuning Gene Activity by Inducible and Targeted Regulation of Gene Expression in Minimal Bacterial Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1538-1552. [PMID: 29786424 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics studies in minimal mycoplasma cells enable unobstructed access to some of the most fundamental processes in biology. Conventional transposon bombardment and gene knockout approaches often fail to reveal functions of genes that are essential for viability, where lethality precludes phenotypic characterization. Conditional inactivation of genes is effective for characterizing functions central to cell growth and division, but tools are limited for this purpose in mycoplasmas. Here we demonstrate systems for inducible repression of gene expression based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-mediated interference (CRISPRi) in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and synthetic Mycoplasma mycoides, two organisms with reduced genomes actively used in systems biology studies. In the synthetic cell, we also demonstrate inducible gene expression for the first time. Time-course data suggest rapid kinetics and reversible engagement of CRISPRi. Targeting of six selected endogenous genes with this system results in lowered transcript levels or reduced growth rates that agree with lack or shortage of data in previous transposon bombardment studies, and now produces actual cells to analyze. The ksgA gene encodes a methylase that modifies 16S rRNA, rendering it vulnerable to inhibition by the antibiotic kasugamycin. Targeting the ksgA gene with CRISPRi removes the lethal effect of kasugamycin and enables cell growth, thereby establishing specific and effective gene modulation with our system. The facile methods for conditional gene activation and inactivation in mycoplasmas open the door to systematic dissection of genetic programs at the core of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mariscal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193 , Spain
| | - Shigeyuki Kakizawa
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8560 , Japan
| | - Jonathan Y Hsu
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kazuki Tanaka
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences , Keio University , Tsuruoka , Yamagata 997-0035 , Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies , Keio University , Fujisawa , Kanagawa 252-0882 , Japan
| | - Luis González-González
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193 , Spain
| | - Alicia Broto
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona 08002 , Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193 , Spain
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona 08002 , Spain
| | - Carlos Piñero-Lambea
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona 08002 , Spain
| | - Lijie Sun
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Philip D Weyman
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Kim S Wise
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chuck Merryman
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Gavin Tse
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Adam J Moore
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Clyde A Hutchison
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Hamilton O Smith
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences , Keio University , Tsuruoka , Yamagata 997-0035 , Japan
| | - J Craig Venter
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - John I Glass
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jaume Piñol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193 , Spain
| | - Yo Suzuki
- Synthetic Biology Group , J. Craig Venter Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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Dickson SJ, Clay KA, Adam M, Ardley C, Bailey MS, Burns DS, Cox AT, Craig DG, Espina M, Ewington I, Fitchett G, Grindrod J, Hinsley DE, Horne S, Hutley E, Johnston AM, Kao RLC, Lamb LE, Lewis S, Marion D, Moore AJ, Nicholson-Roberts TC, Phillips A, Praught J, Rees PS, Schoonbaert I, Trinick T, Wilson DR, Simpson AJ, Wang D, O'Shea MK, Fletcher TE. Enhanced case management can be delivered for patients with EVD in Africa: Experience from a UK military Ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone. J Infect 2018; 76:383-392. [PMID: 29248587 PMCID: PMC5903873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist describing supportive care management, laboratory abnormalities and outcomes in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa. We report data which constitute the first description of the provision of enhanced EVD case management protocols in a West African setting. METHODS Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected by retrospective review of clinical and laboratory records of patients with confirmed EVD admitted between 5 November 2014 and 30 June 2015. RESULTS A total of 44 EVD patients were admitted (median age 37 years (range 17-63), 32/44 healthcare workers), and excluding those evacuated, the case fatality rate was 49% (95% CI 33%-65%). No pregnant women were admitted. At admission 9/44 had stage 1 disease (fever and constitutional symptoms only), 12/44 had stage 2 disease (presence of diarrhoea and/or vomiting) and 23/44 had stage 3 disease (presence of diarrhoea and/or vomiting with organ failure), with case fatality rates of 11% (95% CI 1%-58%), 27% (95% CI 6%-61%), and 70% (95% CI 47%-87%) respectively (p = 0.009). Haemorrhage occurred in 17/41 (41%) patients. The majority (21/40) of patients had hypokalaemia with hyperkalaemia occurring in 12/40 patients. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 20/40 patients, with 14/20 (70%, 95% CI 46%-88%) dying, compared to 5/20 (25%, 95% CI 9%-49%) dying who did not have AKI (p = 0.01). Ebola virus (EBOV) PCR cycle threshold value at baseline was mean 20.3 (SD 4.3) in fatal cases and 24.8 (SD 5.5) in survivors (p = 0.007). Mean national early warning score (NEWS) at admission was 5.5 (SD 4.4) in fatal cases and 3.0 (SD 1.9) in survivors (p = 0.02). Central venous catheters were placed in 37/41 patients and intravenous fluid administered to 40/41 patients (median duration of 5 days). Faecal management systems were inserted in 21/41 patients, urinary catheters placed in 27/41 and blood component therapy administered to 20/41 patients. CONCLUSIONS EVD is commonly associated life-threatening electrolyte imbalance and organ dysfunction. We believe that the enhanced levels of protocolized care, scale and range of medical interventions we report, offer a blueprint for the future management of EVD in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Dickson
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - K A Clay
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Adam
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C Ardley
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M S Bailey
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D S Burns
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A T Cox
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D G Craig
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Espina
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - I Ewington
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - G Fitchett
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Grindrod
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D E Hinsley
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S Horne
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - E Hutley
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A M Johnston
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R L C Kao
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Lamb
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S Lewis
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D Marion
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A J Moore
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - T C Nicholson-Roberts
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Phillips
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Praught
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - P S Rees
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - T Trinick
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D R Wilson
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A J Simpson
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton, United Kingdom
| | - D Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - M K O'Shea
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - T E Fletcher
- U.K. Defence Medical Services EVD Group, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
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Miller CW, McDonald GC, Moore AJ. The tale of the shrinking weapon: seasonal changes in nutrition affect weapon size and sexual dimorphism, but not contemporary evolution. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2266-2275. [PMID: 27468122 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexually selected traits are often highly variable in size within populations due to their close link with the physical condition of individuals. Nutrition has a large impact on physical condition, and thus, any seasonal changes in nutritional quality are predicted to alter the average size of sexually selected traits as well as the degree of sexual dimorphism in populations. However, although traits affected by mate choice are well studied, we have a surprising lack of knowledge of how natural variation in nutrition affects the expression of sexually selected weapons and sexual dimorphism. Further, few studies explicitly test for differences in the heritability and mean-scaled evolvability of sexually selected traits across conditions. We studied Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae), an insect where males use their hind legs as weapons and the femurs are enlarged, to understand the extent to which weapon expression, sexual dimorphism and evolvability change across the actual range of nutrition available in the wild. We found that insects raised on a poor diet (cactus without fruit) are nearly monomorphic, whereas those raised on a high-quality diet (cactus with ripe fruit) are distinctly sexually dimorphic via the expression of large hind leg weapons in males. Contrary to our expectations, we found little evidence of a potential for evolutionary change for any trait measured. Thus, although we show weapons are highly condition dependent, and changes in weapon expression and dimorphism could alter evolutionary dynamics, our populations are unlikely to experience further evolutionary changes under current conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Miller
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - G C McDonald
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Hopwood PE, Mazué GPF, Carter MJ, Head ML, Moore AJ, Royle NJ. Do female Nicrophorus vespilloides reduce direct costs by choosing males that mate less frequently? Biol Lett 2016; 12:20151064. [PMID: 26979560 PMCID: PMC4843223 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict occurs when selection to maximize fitness in one sex does so at the expense of the other sex. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, repeated mating provides assurance of paternity at a direct cost to female reproductive productivity. To reduce this cost, females could choose males with low repeated mating rates or smaller, servile males. We tested this by offering females a dichotomous choice between males from lines selected for high or low mating rate. Each female was then allocated her preferred or non-preferred male to breed. Females showed no preference for males based on whether they came from lines selected for high or low mating rates. Pairs containing males from high mating rate lines copulated more often than those with low line males but there was a negative relationship between female size and number of times she mated with a non-preferred male. When females bred with their preferred male the number of offspring reared increased with female size but there was no such increase when breeding with non-preferred males. Females thus benefited from being choosy, but this was not directly attributable to avoidance of costly male repeated mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - G P F Mazué
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M J Carter
- Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Larrain 9975, La Reina, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L Head
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - A J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - N J Royle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
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Hopwood PE, Moore AJ, Tregenza T, Royle NJ. The effect of size and sex ratio experiences on reproductive competition in Nicrophorus vespilloides burying beetles in the wild. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:541-50. [PMID: 26749372 PMCID: PMC4785605 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male parents face a choice: should they invest more in caring for offspring or in attempting to mate with other females? The most profitable course depends on the intensity of competition for mates, which is likely to vary with the population sex ratio. However, the balance of pay‐offs may vary among individual males depending on their competitive prowess or attractiveness. We tested the prediction that sex ratio and size of the resource holding male provide cues regarding the level of mating competition prior to breeding and therefore influence the duration of a male's biparental caring in association with a female. Male burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides were reared, post‐eclosion, in groups that differed in sex ratio. Experimental males were subsequently translocated to the wild, provided with a breeding resource (carcass) and filmed. We found no evidence that sex ratio cues prior to breeding affected future parental care behaviour but males that experienced male‐biased sex ratios took longer to attract wild mating partners. Smaller males attracted a higher proportion of females than did larger males, securing significantly more monogamous breeding associations as a result. Smaller males thus avoided competitive male–male encounters more often than larger males. This has potential benefits for their female partners who avoid both intrasexual competition and direct costs of higher mating frequency associated with competing males.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - T Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - N J Royle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Hopwood PE, Moore AJ, Tregenza T, Royle NJ. Male burying beetles extend, not reduce, parental care duration when reproductive competition is high. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1394-402. [PMID: 26033457 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Male parents spend less time caring than females in many species with biparental care. The traditional explanation for this pattern is that males have lower confidence of parentage, so they desert earlier in favour of pursuing other mating opportunities. However, one recent alternative hypothesis is that prolonged male parental care might also evolve if staying to care actively improves paternity. If this is the case, an increase in reproductive competition should be associated with increased paternal care. To test this prediction, we manipulated the level of reproductive competition experienced by burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides (Herbst, 1783). We found that caregiving males stayed for longer and mated more frequently with their partner when reproductive competition was greater. Reproductive productivity did not increase when males extended care. Our findings provide support for the increased paternity hypothesis. Extended duration of parental care may be a male tactic both protecting investment (in the current brood) and maximizing paternity (in subsequent brood(s) via female stored sperm) even if this fails to maximize current reproductive productivity and creates conflict of interest with their mate via costs associated with increased mating frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Hopwood
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - T Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - N J Royle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Wilson CL, Jurk D, Fullard N, Banks P, Page A, Luli S, Elsharkawy AM, Gieling RG, Chakraborty JB, Fox C, Richardson C, Callaghan K, Blair GE, Fox N, Lagnado A, Passos JF, Moore AJ, Smith GR, Tiniakos DG, Mann J, Oakley F, Mann DA. NFκB1 is a suppressor of neutrophil-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6818. [PMID: 25879839 PMCID: PMC4410629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops on the background of chronic hepatitis.
Leukocytes found within the HCC microenvironment are implicated as regulators of
tumour growth. We show that diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced murine HCC is
attenuated by antibody-mediated depletion of hepatic neutrophils, the latter
stimulating hepatocellular ROS and telomere DNA damage. We additionally report a
previously unappreciated tumour suppressor function for hepatocellular nfkb1
operating via p50:p50 dimers and the co-repressor HDAC1. These anti-inflammatory
proteins combine to transcriptionally repress hepatic expression of a S100A8/9,
CXCL1 and CXCL2 neutrophil chemokine network. Loss of nfkb1 promotes
ageing-associated chronic liver disease (CLD), characterized by steatosis,
neutrophillia, fibrosis, hepatocyte telomere damage and HCC.
Nfkb1S340A/S340Amice carrying a mutation
designed to selectively disrupt p50:p50:HDAC1 complexes are more susceptible to HCC;
by contrast, mice lacking S100A9 express reduced neutrophil chemokines and are
protected from HCC. Inhibiting neutrophil accumulation in CLD or targeting their
tumour-promoting activities may offer therapeutic opportunities in HCC. The role of neutrophils in cancer development is not widely
appreciated. Here, the authors show that NF-κB-deficient hepatocytes
overproduce chemokines, leading to hepatocellular carcinoma due to excessive neutrophil
recruitment, and that neutrophil depletion prevents liver cancer in these
mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilson
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D Jurk
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - N Fullard
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - P Banks
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A Page
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S Luli
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A M Elsharkawy
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - R G Gieling
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - J Bagchi Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - C Fox
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - C Richardson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution/Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - K Callaghan
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G E Blair
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N Fox
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Lagnado
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - J F Passos
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G R Smith
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D G Tiniakos
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - F Oakley
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D A Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Benowitz KM, Moody KJ, Moore AJ. Are species differences in maternal effects arising from maternal care adaptive? J Evol Biol 2015; 28:503-9. [PMID: 25522811 PMCID: PMC4617319 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parental care benefits offspring through maternal effects influencing their development, growth and survival. However, although parental care in general is likely the result of adaptive evolution, it does not follow that specific differences in the maternal effects that arise from care are also adaptive. Here, we used an interspecific cross-fostering design in the burying beetle species Nicrophorus orbicollis and N. vespilloides, both of which have elaborate parental care involving direct feeding of regurgitated food to offspring, to test whether maternal effects are optimized within a species and therefore adaptive. Using a full-factorial design, we first demonstrated that N. orbicollis care for offspring longer regardless of recipient species. We then examined offspring development and mass in offspring reared by hetero- or conspecific parents. As expected, there were species-specific direct effects independent of the maternal effects, as N. orbicollis larvae were larger and took longer to develop than N. vespilloides regardless of caregiver. We also found significant differences in maternal effects: N. vespilloides maternal care caused more rapid development of offspring of either species. Contrary to expectations if maternal effects were species-specific, there were no significant interactions between caretaker and recipient species for either development time or mass, suggesting that these maternal effects are general rather than optimized within species. We suggest that rather than coadaptation between parents and offspring performance, the species differences in maternal effects may be correlated with direct effects, and that their evolution is driven by selection on those direct effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Benowitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Cunningham CB, Douthit MK, Moore AJ. Octopaminergic gene expression and flexible social behaviour in the subsocial burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Insect Mol Biol 2014; 23:391-404. [PMID: 24646461 PMCID: PMC4237177 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible behaviour allows organisms to respond appropriately to changing environmental and social conditions. In the subsocial beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, females tolerate conspecifics when mating, become aggressive when defending resources, and return to social tolerance when transitioning to parenting. Given the association between octopamine and aggression in insects, we hypothesized that genes in the octopaminergic system would be differentially expressed across different social and reproductive contexts. To test this in N. vespilloides, we first obtained the sequences of orthologues of the synthetic enzymes and receptors of the octopaminergic system. We next compared relative gene expression from virgin females, mated females, mated females alone on a resource required for reproduction and mated females on a resource with a male. Expression varied for five receptor genes. The expression of octopamine β receptor 1 and octopamine β receptor 2 was relatively higher in mated females than in other social conditions. Octopamine β receptor 3 was influenced by the presence or absence of a resource and less by social environment. Octopamine α receptor and octopamine/tyramine receptor 1 gene expression was relatively lower in the mated females with a resource and a male. We suggest that in N. vespilloides the octopaminergic system is associated with the expression of resource defence, alternative mating tactics, social tolerance and indirect parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Cunningham
- Department of Genetics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - M K Douthit
- Department of Genetics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - A J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- Correspondence: Allen J. Moore, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. E-mail:
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Huddart YR, Valera JDR, Weston NJ, Moore AJ. Absolute phase measurement in fringe projection using multiple perspectives. Opt Express 2013; 21:21119-21130. [PMID: 24103987 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A technique for absolute phase measurement in fringe projection for shape measurement is presented. A standard fringe projection system is used, comprising a camera and a projector fixed relative to each other. The test object is moved to different orientations relative to the fringe projection system. Using the system calibration parameters, the technique identifies homologous surface areas imaged from different perspectives and resolves the 2 π phase ambiguity between them simultaneously. The technique is also used to identify regions of the phase maps corresponding to discrete surfaces on the object. The methods described are suitable for automatic shape measurement with a lightweight fringe projection probe mounted to a coordinate measuring machine.
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Bleakley BH, Welter SM, McCauley-Cole K, Shuster SM, Moore AJ. Cannibalism as an interacting phenotype: precannibalistic aggression is influenced by social partners in the endangered Socorro Isopod (Thermosphaeroma thermophilum). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:832-42. [PMID: 23516960 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Models for the evolution of cannibalism highlight the importance of asymmetries between individuals in initiating cannibalistic attacks. Studies may include measures of body size but typically group individuals into size/age classes or compare populations. Such broad comparisons may obscure the details of interactions that ultimately determine how socially contingent characteristics evolve. We propose that understanding cannibalism is facilitated by using an interacting phenotypes perspective that includes the influences of the phenotype of a social partner on the behaviour of a focal individual and focuses on variation in individual pairwise interactions. We investigated how relative body size, a composite trait between a focal individual and its social partner, and the sex of the partners influenced precannibalistic aggression in the endangered Socorro isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum. We also investigated whether differences in mating interest among males and females influenced cannibalism in mixed sex pairs. We studied these questions in three populations that differ markedly in range of body size and opportunities for interactions among individuals. We found that relative body size influences the probability of and latency to attack. We observed differences in the likelihood of and latency to attack based on both an individual's sex and the sex of its partner but found no evidence of sexual conflict. The instigation of precannibalistic aggression in these isopods is therefore a property of both an individual and its social partner. Our results suggest that interacting phenotype models would be improved by incorporating a new conditional ψ, which describes the strength of a social partner's influence on focal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Bleakley
- Department of Biology, Stonehill College, Easton, MA 02357, USA.
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Abstract
Modern methods of analysis are enabling researchers to study natural selection at a new level of detail. Multivariate statistical techniques can Identify specific targets of selection and provide parameter estimates that fit into equations for evolutionary change. A more Intuitive understanding of the form of selection can be provided through graphical representation of selection surfaces. Combinations of quantitative and visual analyses are providing researchers with new insights into the details of natural selection in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Brodie
- Edmund Brodie III is at the Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, T.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
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Hunt J, Snook RR, Mitchell C, Crudgington HS, Moore AJ. Sexual selection and experimental evolution of chemical signals in Drosophila pseudoobscura. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2232-41. [PMID: 22984915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our expectations for the evolution of chemical signals in response to sexual selection are uncertain. How are chemical signals elaborated? Does sexual selection result in complexity of the composition or in altered quantities of expression? We addressed this in Drosophila pseudoobscura by examining male and female cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) after 82 generations of elevated (E) sexual selection or relaxed sexual selection through monogamy (M). The CH profile consisted of 18 different components. We extracted three eigenvectors using principal component analysis that explained 72% of the variation. principal component (PC)1 described the amount of CHs produced, PC2 the trade-off between short- and long-chain CHs and PC3 the trade-off between apparently arbitrary CHs. In both sexes, the amount of CHs produced was greater in flies from the E treatment. PC3 was also higher, indicating that sexual selection also influenced the evolution of CH composition. The sexes differed in all three PCs, indicating substantial sexual dimorphism in this species, although the magnitude of this dimorphism was not increased as a result of our experimental evolution. Collectively, our work provides direct evidence that sexual selection plays an important role in the evolution of CHs in D. pseudoobscura and that both increased quantity and overall composition are targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Procter DS, Moore AJ, Miller CW. The form of sexual selection arising from male-male competition depends on the presence of females in the social environment. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:803-12. [PMID: 22404372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Procter
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Abstract
A tenet of life history evolution is that allocation of limited resources results in trade-offs, such as that between reproduction and lifespan. Reproduction and lifespan are also influenced proximately by differences in the availability of specific nutrients. What is unknown is how the evolution of the ability to use a nutritionally novel diet is reflected in this fundamental trade-off. Does the evolution of the ability to use a nutritionally novel food maintain the trade-off in reproduction and longevity, or do the proximate effects of nutrition alter the adapted trade-off? We tested this by measuring trade-offs in male milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus, fed either an adapted diet of sunflower or the ancestral diet of milkweed. Sunflower-fed males lived longer but invested less in reproduction, both in mating and fertility. Milkweed-fed males invested in both mating and fertility at the expense of survival. The evolution of an expanded diet was not constrained by the existing trade-off, but instead was accompanied by a different trade-off between reproduction and longevity. We suggest that this occurs because diets differ in promoting germ line development or longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Attisano
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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Huddart YR, Valera JD, Weston NJ, Featherstone TC, Moore AJ. Phase-stepped fringe projection by rotation about the camera's perspective center. Opt Express 2011; 19:18458-18469. [PMID: 21935214 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.018458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A technique to produce phase steps in a fringe projection system for shape measurement is presented. Phase steps are produced by introducing relative rotation between the object and the fringe projection probe (comprising a projector and camera) about the camera's perspective center. Relative motion of the object in the camera image can be compensated, because it is independent of the distance of the object from the camera, whilst the phase of the projected fringes is stepped due to the motion of the projector with respect to the object. The technique was validated with a static fringe projection system by moving an object on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The alternative approach, of rotating a lightweight and robust CMM-mounted fringe projection probe, is discussed. An experimental accuracy of approximately 1.5% of the projected fringe pitch was achieved, limited by the standard phase-stepping algorithms used rather than by the accuracy of the phase steps produced by the new technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Huddart
- Renishaw Plc, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- C M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Edvardsson M, Hunt J, Moore AJ, Moore PJ. Quantitative genetic variation in the control of ovarian apoptosis under different environments. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 103:217-22. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Tamara Montrose V, Edwin Harris W, Moore AJ, Moore PJ. Sperm competition within a dominance hierarchy: investment in social status vs. investment in ejaculates. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1290-6. [PMID: 18624883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that male-male competition can take many forms, but as yet the form is not predictable a priori. Many recent studies have focused attention on how males in disadvantaged mating roles compensate through sperm competition. However, mating systems in which subordinate males are reproductively suppressed, particularly through the stress of social interactions, may limit the ability of males to respond by increasing investment in sperm quality. We examined the interaction between social status and ejaculate tactics in Nauphoeta cinerea, a cockroach that has a mating system with well-characterized dominance hierarchies. Both social experience with other males and social status influenced aspects of ejaculates. The stress of social interactions reduced the size of the ejaculate and number of sperm inseminated. In ejaculates formed prior to social experience, however, males that go on to become dominant inseminated more sperm than males that go on to become subordinate, suggesting innate differences among males. Our results show that though selection for increased success in sperm competition for subordinate males in a hierarchy can occur, both the traits and the way in which the balance between pre- and post-copulatory strategies is negotiated will depend on specific details of the mating system. These details will include how the physiological effects of social interactions may limit selection through male-male competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tamara Montrose
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M139PT, UK
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Abstract
In species where parents may commit infanticide, temporal kin recognition can help ensure parents kill unrelated young but care for their own offspring. This is not true recognition, but rather depends on accurate timing of the arrival of young and a behavioural switch from killing to caring for offspring. Mistakes have clear fitness consequences; how do species that use temporal kin recognition ensure accurate timing? We manipulated photic cues and show that the switch from infanticide to parental care in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides depends on day-length inputs. Extending the light period after carcass discovery influenced timing of both oviposition and the cessation of infanticide. Manipulation of the light : dark cycle after oviposition also influenced timing of the switch to parental care. The timing mechanism is therefore sensitive to photic cues and access to a carcass and is not triggered by oviposition. The behavioural switch is directly related to the timing mechanism rather than changes in reproductive physiology. Given the conserved nature and extensive homology of genetic influences on biological timing, we speculate that the molecular mechanisms regulating circadian behaviour may have been co-opted to allow beetles to determine how much time has passed after carcass discovery even though this is over 50 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Oldekop
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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