Exploring the effect of 6-BIO and sulindac in modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in chronic phase of temporal lobe epilepsy

The prospective involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in epilepsy, with the proposed therapeutic uses of its modulators, has been suggested; however, comprehensive knowledge in this regard is currently limited. Despite postulations about the pathway's significance and treatment potential, a systematic investigation is required to better understand its implications in chronic epilepsy. We investigated the role of key proteins like β-catenin, GSK-3β, and their modulators sulindac and 6-BIO, in Wnt/β-catenin pathway during chronic phase of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also evaluated the role of modulators in seizure score, seizure frequency and neurobehavioral parameters in temporal lobe epilepsy. We developed status epilepticus model using lithium-pilocarpine. The assessment of neurobehavioral parameters was done followed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining of hippocampus as well as RT-qPCR and western blotting to analyse gene and protein expression. In SE rats, seizure score and frequency were significantly high compared to control rats, with notable changes in neurobehavioral parameters and neuronal damage observed in hippocampus. Our study also revealed a substantial upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in chronic epilepsy, as evidenced by gene and protein expression studies. Sulindac emerged as a potent modulator, reducing seizure score, frequency, neuronal damage, apoptosis, and downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway when compared to 6-BIO. Our findings emphasize the potential of GSK-3β and β-catenin as promising drug targets for chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, offering valuable treatment options for chronic epilepsy. The promising outcomes with sulindac encourages further exploration in clinical trials to assess its therapeutic potential.

Ameliorating effect of pioglitazone on prenatal valproic acid-induced behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder in rats

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder that mainly arises due to abnormalities in different brain regions, resulting in behavioral deficits. Besides its diverse phenotypical features, ASD is associated with complex and varied etiology, presenting challenges in understanding its precise neuro-pathophysiology. Pioglitazone was reported to have a fundamental role in neuroprotection in various other neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of pioglitazone in the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-model of ASD in Wistar rats. Pregnant female Wistar rats received VPA on Embryonic day (E.D12.5) to induce autistic-like-behavioral and neurobiological alterations in their offspring. VPA-exposed rats presented core behavioral symptoms of ASD such as deficits in social interaction, poor spatial and learning behavior, increased anxiety, locomotory and repetitive activity, and decreased exploratory activity. Apart from these, VPA exposure also stimulated neurochemical and histopathological neurodegeneration in various brain regions. We administered three different doses of pioglitazone i.e., 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg in rats to assess various parameters. Of all the doses, our study highlighted that 10 mg/kg pioglitazone efficiently attenuated the autistic symptoms along with other neurochemical alterations such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, pioglitazone significantly attenuated the neurodegeneration by restoring the neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Taken together, our study suggests that pioglitazone exhibits therapeutic potential in alleviating behavioral abnormalities induced by prenatal VPA exposure in rats. However, further research is needed to fully understand and establish pioglitazone's effectiveness in treating ASD.

Navigating an unexpected diagnosis - experience of a tertiary referral centre with two cases of intraplacental choriocarcinoma

Intraplacental choriocarcinoma is a rare tumour, with approximately 62 reported cases. It may manifest as a spectrum of disease ranging from an incidental lesion diagnosed on routine placental examination to disseminated maternal and/or neonatal disease. In this case series, we presented two rare cases of intraplacental choriocarcinoma with extremely varied clinical presentations. The extremely varied clinical presentations of both patients described in the case series complicated the process of arriving at the diagnosis. In both cases, subsequent investigations showed no maternal or neonatal metastasis, and maternal serum beta-hCG levels downtrended with conservative management. We aim to highlight the importance of performing a detailed physical examination and evaluation of the patient and multidisciplinary management with oncology opinion. A detailed examination of the placenta should also be considered when faced with obstetric complications so that early diagnosis and the required management can be executed in a prompt fashion.

Evaluation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its modulators in repeated dose lithium-pilocarpine rat model of status epilepticus: An acute phase study

The role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in epilepsy and the effects of its modulators as efficacious treatment options, though postulated, has not been sufficiently investigated. We evaluated the involvement of β-catenin and GSK-3β, the significant proteins in this pathway, in the lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model in rodents to study acute phase of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The modulators studied were 6-BIO, a GSK-3β inhibitor and Sulindac, a Dvl protein inhibitor. The disease group exhibited increased seizure score and seizure frequency, and the assessment of neurobehavioral parameters indicated notable alterations. Furthermore, histopathological examination of hippocampal brain tissues revealed significant neurodegeneration. Immunohistochemical study of hippocampus revealed neurogenesis in 6-BIO and sulindac groups. The gene and protein expression by RT-qPCR and western blotting studies indicated Wnt/β-catenin pathway downregulation and increased apoptosis in the acute phase of TLE. 6-BIO was very efficient in upregulating the Wnt pathway, decreasing neuronal damage, increasing neurogenesis in hippocampus and decreasing seizure score and frequency in comparison to sulindac. This suggests that both GSK-3β and β-catenin are potential and novel drug targets for acute phase of TLE, and treatment options targeting these proteins could be beneficial in successfully managing acute epilepsy. Further evaluation of 6-BIO to explore its therapeutic potential in other models of epilepsy should be conducted.

SEW2871 reduces seizures via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 pathway in the pentylenetetrazol and phenobarbitone kindling model of drug-refractory epilepsy

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by neuronal hypersynchronous discharge in the brain, leading to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Despite the availability of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), resistance to AEDs is the greatest challenge in treating epilepsy. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor 1 (S1PR1) in drug-resistant epilepsy is unexplored. This study investigated the effects of SEW2871, a potent S1PR1 agonist, on a phenobarbitone (PHB)-resistant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled Wistar rat model. We measured the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and multi-drug resistance protein 5 (MRP5) as indicators for drug resistance. Rats received PHB + PTZ for 62 days to develop a drug-resistant epilepsy model. From day 48, SEW2871 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered for 14 days. Seizure scoring, behaviour, oxidative markers like reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, inflammatory markers like interleukin 1 beta tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and mRNA expression (MDR1 and MRP5) were assessed, and histopathological assessments were conducted. SEW2871 demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in seizure scoring and neurobehavioral parameters with a reduction in oxidative and inflammation-induced neuronal damage. The S1PR1 agonist also downregulated MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression and significantly decreased the number of dark-stained pyknotic nuclei and increased cell density with neuronal rearrangement in the rat brain hippocampus. These findings suggest that SEW2871 might ameliorate epileptic symptoms by modulating drug resistance through downregulation of MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression.

Pharmacokinetic assessment of rifampicin and des-acetyl rifampicin in carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury model in Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES

Preclinical evidence is needed to assess drug-metabolite behaviour in compromised liver function for developing the best antitubercular treatment (ATT) re-introduction regimen in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pharmacokinetic behavior of rifampicin (RMP) and its active metabolite des-acetyl-rifampicin (DARP) in DILI's presence is unknown. To study the pharmacokinetic behavior of RMP and DARP in the presence of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) plus ATT-DILI in rats.

METHODS

Thirty rats used in the experiment were divided equally into six groups. We administered a single 0.5 mL/kg CCl4 intraperitoneal injection in all rats. Groups II, III, IV, and V were started on daily oral RMP alone, RMP plus isoniazid (INH), RMP plus pyrazinamide (PZA), and the three drugs INH, RMP, and PZA together, respectively, for 21-days subsequently. Pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling was performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-dosing on day 20. We monitored LFT at baseline on days-1, 7, and 21 and sacrificed the rats on the last day of the experiment.

RESULTS

ATT treatment sustained the CCl4-induced liver injury changes. A significant rise in mean total bilirubin levels was observed in groups administered rifampicin. The triple drug combination group demonstrated 1.43- and 1.84-times higher area-under-the-curve values of RMP (234.56±30.66 vs. 163.55±36.14 µg h/mL) and DARP (16.15±4.50 vs. 8.75±2.79 µg h/mL) compared to RMP alone group. Histological and oxidative stress changes supported underlying liver injury and PK alterations.

CONCLUSIONS

RMP metabolism inhibition by PZA, more than isoniazid, was well preserved in the presence of underlying liver injury.

"Comparative evaluation of different chemical agents induced Autism Spectrum Disorder in experimental Wistar rats"

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with uncertain etiology and pathophysiology. Several studies revealed that the commonly used animal models like Valproic Acid (VPA) and Propionic Acid (PPA) do not precisely represent the disease as the human patient does. The current study was conducted on different chemically (VPA, PPA, Poly I:C, Dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)) & Chlorpyrifos (CPF)) induced ASD-like animal models and validated the best suitable experimental animal model, which would closely resemble with clinical features of the ASD. This validated model might help to explore the pathophysiology of ASD. This study included rat pups prenatally exposed to VPA, PPA, Poly I:C, Dioxin & CPF within GD9 to GD15 doses. The model groups were validated through developmental and behavioral parameters, Gene Expressions, Oxidative Stress, and Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. Developmental and neurobehavioral parameters showed significant changes in model groups compared to the control. In oxidative stress parameters and neuro-inflammatory cytokines levels, model groups exhibited high oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation compared to control groups. Gene expression profile of ASD-related genes showed significant downregulation in model groups compared to the control group. Moreover, the Poly I:C group showed more significant results than other model groups. The comparison of available ASD-like experimental animal models showed that the Poly I:C induced model represented the exact pathophysiology of ASD as the human patient does. Poly I:C was reported in the maternal immune system activation via the inflammatory cytokines pathway, altering embryonic development and causing ASD in neonates.

An image analysis approach to characterize micronuclei differences in different subtypes of breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Micronuclei (MN) have been used as screening, diagnostic and prognostic markers in multiple cancer types, including breast cancer (BC). However, the question that the MN present in all subtypes of BC are similar or different remains unanswered. We thus hypothesized that MN present in different subtypes of BC may differ in their contents which may be visible as differences in their morphologic and morphometric features. This study was thus carried out with the aim to identify the differences between MN morphometry, complexity, and texture in different subtypes of BC, such as estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive (ER+/PR+; MCF-7, T-47D), human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (Her2 +;SKBR3) and triple-negative BC (TNBC; MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468) cell lines (CLs) by ImageJ software.

METHODS

For analysis of MN dimensions, MN irregularity, and texture, we used morphometry and two mathematical computer-assisted algorithms, i.e., fractal dimension (FD) and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of ImageJ software.

RESULTS

MN area and perimeter values showed differences in the size of MN in different subtypes of BC, with the largest MN in TNBC CLs. GLCM parameters (entropy, angular second moment, inverse difference moment, contrast, and correlation) showed highly heterogenous texture in case of TNBC MN as compared to the others. FD analysis also revealed more complexity and irregularity in MN found in TNBC cells.

CONCLUSION

The study for the first time showed morphometric, architectural and texture related differences amongst MN present in different subtypes of BC. The above may reflect differences in their composition and contents. Further, these differences may point towards the distinct mechanisms involved in the formation of MN in different subtypes of BC that need to be explored further.

Aspirin as a potential drug repurposing candidate targeting estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer: a molecular dynamics and in-vitro study

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is expressed by 70% of breast cancers (BCs). Any deregulation in ERα signaling is crucial for the initiation and progression of BC. Because of development of resistance to anti-estrogenic compounds, repurposing existing drugs is an apt strategy to avoid a long drug-discovery process. Substantial epidemiologic evidence suggests that Aspirin use reduces the risk of different cancers including BC, while its role as an adjuvant or a possible antineoplastic agent in cancer treatment is being investigated. In this study, we attempted to explore possibilities of ERα inhibition by Aspirin which may act through competitive binding to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of ERα. A list of 48 ERα-LBD crystal structures bound with agonists, antagonists, and selective ER modulators (SERMs) was thoroughly analysed to determine interaction patterns specific to each ligand category. Exhaustive docking and 500 ns molecular dynamics (MD) studies were performed on three ERα - Aspirin complexes generated using agonist, antagonist, and SERM-bound crystal structures. Besides, three ERα crystal structures bound to agonist, antagonist, and SERM respectively were also subjected to MD simulations. Aspirin showed good affinity to LBD of ERα. Comparative analyses of binding patterns, conformational changes and molecular interaction profiles from the docking results and MD trajectories suggests that Aspirin was most stable in complex generated using SERM bound crystal structure of ERα and showed interactions with Gly-521, Ala-350, Leu-525 and Thr-347 like SERMs. In addition, in-vitro assays, qPCR, and immunofluorescent assay demonstrated the decline in the expression of ERα in MCF-7 upon treatment with Aspirin. These preliminary bioinformatical and in-vitro findings may form the basis to consider Aspirin as a potential candidate for targeting ERα, especially in tamoxifen-resistant cancers.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Differential Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Acute and Chronic Epilepsy in Repeated Low Dose Lithium-Pilocarpine Rat Model of Status Epilepticus

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological complication characterized by unprovoked seizure episodes due to the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The epileptogenesis process has been reported to be involved in chronic epilepsy however, the mechanism underlying epileptogenesis remains unclear. Recent studies have shown the possible involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the neurogenesis and neuronal reorganization in epileptogenesis. In this study, we used repeated low dose lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepsy (SE) to study the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at acute and chronic stages post SE induction. The acute study ranged from day 0 to day 28 post SE induction and the chronic study ranged from day 0 to day 56 post SE induction. Several neurobehavioral parameters and seizure score and seizure frequency was analysed until the end of the study. The proteins involved in the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and downstream cascading were analysed using western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was found inactive in acute SE, while the same was found activated at the chronic stage. Our findings suggest that the activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chronic epilepsy might be the possible mechanism underlying epileptogenesis as indicated by increased neuronal count, increased synaptic density, astrogliosis and apoptosis in chronic epilepsy. These findings can help target the Wnt/β-catenin pathway differentially depending upon the type of epilepsy. The acute stage characterized by SE can be improved by targeting GSK-3β levels and the chronic stage characterized by temporal lobe epilepsy can be improved by targeting β-catenin and disheveled proteins.

Scopoletin a potential phytochemical therapy for antitubercular treatment drug induced liver injury (ATT-DILI) model in Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES

The hepatoprotective properties of scopoletin have been explored in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury but not in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) scenarios. Only N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has proven efficacy in DILI treatment. Accordingly, we conducted a study to assess the hepatoprotective action of scopoletin in the anti-tubercular treatment (ATT)-DILI model in Wistar rats, if any.

METHODS

A total of 36 rats were evaluated, with six in each group. A 36-day ATT at 100 mg/kg dose for isoniazid, 300 mg/kg for rifampicin and 700 mg/kg for pyrazinamide were fed to induce hepatotoxicity in rats. Group I and II-VI received normal saline and ATT, respectively. Oral scopoletin (1,5 and 10 mg/kg) and NAC 150 mg/kg were administered in groups III, IV, V and VI, respectively, once daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. LFT monitoring was performed at baseline, days 21, 28, and 36. Rats were sacrificed for the histopathology examination.

RESULTS

Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels were significantly increased in group II (receiving ATT) compared to normal control on day 28 and day 36 (p<0.05). All three doses of scopoletin and NAC groups led to the resolution of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin changes induced by ATT medications effect beginning by day 28 and persisting on day 36 (p<0.01). An insignificant effect was observed on albumin and total protein levels. The effect was confirmed with antioxidants and histopathology analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The study confirms the hepatoprotective efficacy of scopoletin in a more robust commonly encountered liver injury etiology.

The gene expression and proteomic profiling of Acanthamoeba isolates

INTRODUCTION

The free-living protozoan Acanthamoeba can cause severe keratitis known as Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba includes intricate interactions between the organism and the host's immune system. The downstream analysis of a well-annotated genome assembly along with proteomic analysis can unravel several biological processes and aid in the identification of potential genes involved in pathogenicity.

METHODS

Based on the next-generation sequencing data analysis, genes including lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein were selected as probable pathogenic targets that were validated by conventional PCR in a total of 30 Acanthamoeba isolates. This was followed by real-time PCR for the evaluation of relative gene expression in the keratitis and amoebic encephalitis animal model induced using keratitis (CHA5), encephalitis (CHA24) and non-pathogenic environmental isolate (CHA36). In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed for keratitis, encephalitis, and non-pathogenic environmental isolate before and after treatment with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB).

RESULTS

The conventional PCR demonstrated the successful amplification of lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein genes in clinical and environmental isolates. The expression analysis revealed phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and mannose-binding genes to be significantly upregulated in the keratitis isolate (CHA 5) during AK in the animal model. In the case of the amoebic encephalitis model, phospholipase, lysophospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, and carboxylesterase were significantly upregulated in the encephalitis isolate compared to the keratitis isolate. The proteomic data revealed differential protein expression in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic isolates in the pre and post-treatment with PHMB.

CONCLUSION

The gene expression data suggests that lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein (MBP) could play a role in the contact-dependent and independent mechanisms of Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. In addition, the proteomic profiling of the 3 isolates revealed differential protein expression crucial for parasite growth, survival, and virulence. Our results provide baseline data for selecting possible pathogenic targets that could be utilized for designing knockout experiments in the future.

Pulsed Reduced Dose Rate Re-Irradiation for Recurrent Grade 4 Gliomas: A Retrospective Analysis of Safety and Efficacy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Despite maximal treatment, nearly all patients with grade 4 gliomas develop recurrent disease. Treatment options for these patients are limited and overall survival is poor. Re-irradiation may be considered in certain patients, though risk of side effects often limits the effective dose able to be delivered. Pulsed reduced dose rate (PRDR) radiation is a treatment technique that reduces effective dose rate and increases treatment time allowing for intrafraction repair. Here, we report safety and efficacy of PRDR re-irradiation for recurrent grade 4 gliomas.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with PRDR between 2001 and 2022. Patients were treated with reduced dose rate radiation delivered in 0.2 Gy pulses every 3 minutes in 2 Gy daily fractions. Both 3D conformal and step and shoot IMRT radiation plans were utilized. Toxicities were evaluated based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 criteria. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to calculate overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis was performed for multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 168 grade 4 glioma patients treated with PRDR re-irradiation were identified. The median age was 55 years old. The median initial radiation dose was 60 Gy (range 36 Gy - 72 Gy) and the median PRDR dose was 54 Gy (range 37.5 - 60 Gy). Seventy percent of patients received systemic therapy for recurrent disease prior to PRDR, while 30% received PRDR as first treatment for recurrent disease (or following re-resection without other treatment). The median survival following PRDR was 6.3 months. Multivariate analysis showed time since initial radiation of 14+ months (HR 0.66, p = 0.005, 95% CI 0.44 - 0.98), pre-PRDR use of steroids (HR 1.78, p = 0.005, 95% CI 1.2 - 2.66), and Karnofsky performance status of 70 or greater to be a significant predictor of survival (HR = 0.6, p = 0.008, 95% CI 0.44 - 0.98). No grade 4 or 5 toxicity was noted. Grade 3 new onset seizures was noted in 6% of patients, all subsequently controlled with medication. The most common grade 1-2 side effect after treatment was fatigue.

CONCLUSION

In this large, retrospective cohort, PRDR re-irradiation for recurrent grade 4 gliomas was well tolerated with low rates of grade 3 toxicity. Overall survival outcomes were encouraging, especially in heavily pre-treated patients. Prospective studies are ongoing to further evaluate the efficacy of PRDR for recurrent glioma treatment.

Neuroprotective effect of Berberine Nanoparticles Against Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis: Role of Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

There is an unmet need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies to not only restrain seizures but also to alleviate the underlying pathologies and sequelae. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has shown promising effect in the kindling model of epileptogenesis, but due to the poor oral bioavailability its clinical application is limited. So, the present study was designed to study the neuroprotective effect of BBR nanoparticles (enhanced bioavailability as compared to BBR) against seizures in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindling model of epileptogenesis. Kindling model was established in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of PTZ (30 mg/kg) on every alternate day till the animal became fully kindled or till 6 weeks. Three doses of BBR (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and nano-BBR (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) were studied for seizure score, percentage of animal kindled, histopathological score, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in PTZ treated rats by conducting cytokines, gene expression and protein expression analysis. BBR nanoparticles showed significant effect on the seizure score and percentage of animal kindled, histopathological score, neurobehavioral parameters (Forced swim test, Rotarod), oxidative (MDA, SOD, GSH, GPx) and inflammatory (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) parameters, apoptotic parameters (Bax and iNOS), and gene (Nrf2, NQO1, HO1) and protein expression (Nrf2) as compared to both PTZ and BBR. BBR nanoparticles showed neuroprotective effect in PTZ induced kindling model of epileptogenesis and proves to be a promising antiepileptogenic therapy for the patients who are at high risk of developing seizures.

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and galectin-3-binding protein are raised in biliary atresia: Reveals a proteomic-based study

To identify and evaluate differentially expressed plasma proteins in biliary atresia (BA), we performed plasma proteome profiling using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 20 patients with BA and 10 control children. Serological assays validated the most significant and highly upregulated proteins in a cohort of 45 patients and 15 controls. Bioinformatics tools were used for functional classification and protein-protein interactions of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Of 405 proteins detected in patients and 360 in controls, 242 proteins, each with ≥2 unique peptides (total of 3230 peptides), were common in both groups. Compared to controls, 90 proteins in patients were differentially expressed and were dysregulated. Twenty-five were significantly upregulated with polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIgR), galectin-3-binding protein (Gal-3BP), complement C2, the most prominent, and 15 had low expression. The bioinformatic analysis revealed functional interaction between DEPs and their role in an inflammatory immune response. Enzyme immunoassay for PIgR and Gal-3BP in patients' plasma showed their levels raised significantly (p = 0.0021 and p = 0.0369, respectively). The PIgR and Gal-3BP are novel proteins upregulated in BA and may be tested further for their utility as potential circulating disease biomarker(s). SIGNIFICANCE: The study shows that plasma PIgR and GAL-3BP levels are significantly raised in infants with BA within the first 3 months of life. If tested in a larger cohort, these proteins may be found to have their diagnostic potential and utility as disease biomarkers. The study also provides valuable information on the involvement of several DEPs in innate immune response, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis. This strengthens the hypothesis that the immune-mediated inflammatory processes are responsible for the progressive nature of BA.

Assessment of pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates by in vitro and in vivo tests

Acanthamoeba are free-living protozoa present ubiquitously in numerous environmental reservoirs that exist as an actively feeding trophozoite or a dormant cyst stage. The pathogenic Acanthamoeba are known to cause Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Despite their omnipresence, the number of infections is quite low. The reason behind this low frequency of Acanthamoeba infections could be the existence of many non-pathogenic strains or a successful host immune response to these infections. Studies in the past have proposed a few physiological parameters for the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Additionally, in vivo experiments are known to play an essential role in understanding the virulence of parasites, immunological aspects, and disease pathogenesis. The thermotolerance (30 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C) and osmotolerance (0.5 M, 1 M, and 1.5 M) tests were performed on 43 Acanthamoeba isolates from patients with keratitis (n = 22), encephalitis (n = 5), and water samples (n = 16). In addition, the genotype of 10 Acanthamoeba isolates (keratitis (n = 2), encephalitis (n = 2), water (n = 6)) was determined and were then evaluated for pathogenicity on mouse model by inducing Acanthamoeba keratitis and amoebic encephalitis. The results of the thermotolerance and osmotolerance assays categorized 29/43 (67.4%) isolates as pathogenic, 8 as low pathogenic (18.6%), and the remaining 6 (13.9%) as non-pathogenic. The 10 Acanthamoeba isolates were categorized as T11 (5 isolates), T5 (2 isolates), T4 (2 isolates), and T10 (1 isolate) genotypes. Out of 10 Acanthamoeba isolates, 9 were successful in establishing AK, amoebic encephalitis, or both in the mice model, and a single isolate was found non-pathogenic. Two isolates from water samples were non-pathogenic in the physiological tests but successfully established Acanthamoeba infection in the mice model. The results of the physiological assays and in vivo experiments were analogous for 7 isolates while 1 isolate from the water was low pathogenic in the physiological assays but failed to produce pathogenicity during in vivo experiments. The physiological parameters are not very dependable to test the pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates, and thus results must always be validated by in vivo experiments. There is no infallible approach for determining the potential pathogenicity of environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba because several parameters regulate the pathogenic potential.

Study of fingolimod, nitric oxide inhibitor, and P-glycoprotein inhibitor in modulating the P-glycoprotein expression via an endothelin-sphingolipid pathway in an animal model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy

BACKGROUND

The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contributes to drug resistance in patients with epilepsy, and the change of P-gp expression located at the blood-brain barrier alienates the anti-seizure effects of P-gp substrates. Thus, the present study explored the effect of fingolimod (FTY720) acting through an endothelin-sphingolipid pathway on P-gp-induced pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled phenobarbital (PB)-resistant rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PTZ kindling (30 mg/kg; i.p.) and PB (40 mg/kg; orally) were used to develop an animal model of refractory epilepsy. The effect of Fingolimod on seizure score (Racine scale), plasma and brain levels of PB (high-performance liquid chromatography), and blood-brain barrier permeability (Evans blue dye) was determined. Further, Fingolimod's neuroprotective effect was determined by measuring the levels of various inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and neurotrophic factors in rat brain homogenate. The Fingolimod's effect on P-gp expression was estimated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in rat brain. The H and E staining was done to determine the neuronal injury.

RESULTS

Fingolimod significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the seizure score in a dose-dependent manner and alleviated the blood-brain barrier permeability. It decreased the P-gp expression, which further increased the brain PB concentration. Fingolimod significantly (P < 0.01) reduced oxidative stress as well as inflammation. Moreover, it attenuated the raised neuronal injury score in a resistant model of epilepsy.

CONCLUSION

The modulation of the P-gp expression by Fingolimod improved drug delivery to the brain in an animal model of refractory epilepsy. Therefore, S1P signaling could serve as an additional therapeutic target to overcome refractoriness.

Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Pyrazinamide and Pyrazinoic Acid in Carbon tetrachloride-induced Liver Injury Model in Wistar Rats

Background

We investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of pyrazinamide (PZA) and pyrazinoic acid (PA) in the presence of carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) plus antitubercular treatment (ATT) drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in rats.

Methods

Thirty rats utilized in the experiment were separated equally into five groups. Each rat was injected with 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 intra-peritoneal injection on day zero. Group, I rats did receive only CCl4 (single i.p. injection, 0.5 ml/Kg in olive oil in a 1:1 ratio). Groups II, III, IV, and V did receive daily oral PZA, PZA plus isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) plus pyrazinamide (PZA), and three drugs together, respectively, for 21-days. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed at 0, 0.5,1,3,6,12 and 24 hours post-dosing on day-20. Liver function test (LFT) was assessed at days 0,1,7, and 21 days after CCl4 and ATT administration, and rats were sacrificed on the last experiment day.

Results

ATT treatment maintained the liver function changes initiated by CCl4 administration. An evidential LFT rise was observed in groups administered with pyrazinamide. Co-administration of Isoniazid caused a 2.02 and 1.78 times increase in Area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of PZA and PA, respectively (p < 0.05). Histological and oxidative-stress changes supported the biochemical and pharmacokinetic observations.

Conclusion

The enzyme inhibitory capacity of isoniazid is well-preservd in CCl4-induced liver injury.

Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Isoniazid and Acetylisoniazid in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury Model in Wistar Rats

Background

N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism testing could not see the light of success as a biomarker tool in tuberculosis management. Additionally, the antitubercular treatment (ATT) drug's reintroduction regimen variations exist because of the scarcity of robust preclinical evidence on ATT drug metabolism.

Objective

The experiment was planned to understand the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid (AcINH) in a Wistar rat model of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and preclinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) model induced with CCl4 + anti-Tuberculosis (TB) drugs together.

Materials and Methods

Thirty rats were used for the experiment and were divided into five groups. All rats were administered a single 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 intraperitoneal injection on day 0 to induce an animal model of DILI. Group I rats received CCl4 alone. Groups II-V were started on additional gavage feedings of isoniazid (H) alone, H plus rifampicin (R), H plus pyrazinamide (Z), and H, R, and Z together, respectively, daily for 21 days subsequently. Isoniazid and AcINH PK assessment was accomplished on day 20 of continuous once-daily dosing. Liver function test (LFT) monitoring was done at baseline on days 1, 7, and 21. On the last day of experiments, all experimental rats were sacrificed.

Results

Three-week ATT administration sustained the CCl4-induced LFT changes. Area under the curve (AUC) values for isoniazid and AcINH were found to be 2.24 and 1.69 times higher in the H + R group compared with the CCl4 + H group, respectively (P < 0.05). Isoniazid and AcINH maximum concentration (Cmax) reached the highest, while isoniazid clearance reached the lowest in the H + R group. AcINH AUC increased by double in the CCl4 + Isoniazid+Rifampicin+Pyrazinamide (HRZ) group compared with the CCl4 + H group (P < 0.05). Biochemical, histological, and antioxidant changes were consistent with the new liver injury model's development.

Conclusion

Rifampicin almost doubles up the isoniazid and AcINH exposure, in presence if DILI.

Vibrio Phage VMJ710 Can Prevent and Treat Disease Caused by Pathogenic MDR V. cholerae O1 in an Infant Mouse Model

Cholera, a disease of antiquity, is still festering in developing countries that lack safe drinking water and sewage disposal. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has developed multi-drug resistance to many antimicrobial agents. In aquatic habitats, phages are known to influence the occurrence and dispersion of pathogenic V. cholerae. We isolated Vibrio phage VMJ710 from a community sewage water sample of Manimajra, Chandigarh, in 2015 during an outbreak of cholera. It lysed 46% of multidrug-resistant V. cholerae O1 strains. It had significantly reduced the bacterial density within the first 4-6 h of treatment at the three multiplicity of infection (MOI 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0) values used. No bacterial resistance was observed against phage VMJ710 for 20 h in the time-kill assay. It is nearest to an ICP1 phage, i.e., Vibrio phage ICP1_2012 (MH310936.1), belonging to the class Caudoviricetes. ICP1 phages have been the dominant bacteriophages found in cholera patients' stools since 2001. Comparative genome analysis of phage VMJ710 and related phages indicated a high level of genetic conservation. The phage was stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH, which will be an advantage for applications in different environmental settings. The phage VMJ710 showed a reduction in biofilm mass growth, bacterial dispersal, and a clear disruption of bacterial biofilm structure. We further tested the phage VMJ710 for its potential therapeutic and prophylactic properties using infant BALB/c mice. Bacterial counts were reduced significantly when phages were administered before and after the challenge of orogastric inoculation with V. cholerae serotype O1. A comprehensive whole genome study revealed no indication of lysogenic genes, genes associated with possible virulence factors, or antibiotic resistance. Based on all these properties, phage VMJ710 can be a suitable candidate for oral phage administration and could be a viable method of combatting cholera infection caused by MDR V. cholerae pathogenic strains.

Effect of dextransucrase antibodies on biofilm formation and certain cariogenic activities in Streptococcus mutans

Introduction. Dextransucrase produced by Streptococcus mutans plays a vital role in the formation of dental caries by synthesizing exopolysaccharides from sucrose, which helps in the attachment of microbes to the tooth surface, causing caries. Exploring antibody production against S. mutans antigens could be an effective method to protect against dental caries.Hypothesis. Dextransucrase antibodies may help in the prevention of caries formation by inhibiting essential cariogenic factors.Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dextransucrase antibodies on biofilm formation and certain associated cariogenic factors of S. mutans.Methodology. Dextransucrase was purified from culture of S. mutans. The antisera against the enzyme were raised in rabbits. The effect of dextransucrase antibodies on biofilm formation was studied using scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of the antibodies on associated cariogenic factors were examined using established methods. The cross-reactivity of antibodies with human lung, liver, heart, thyroid and kidney tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results. Our findings showed impaired biofilm formation in S. mutans in the presence of dextransucrase antibodies. Genes associated with biofilm formation such as gtfB, gtfC, brpA, relA, Smu.630 and vicK were downregulated (50-97 %) by dextransucrase antibodies in S. mutans. The adherence of S. mutans to glass surface was reduced by 58 % and hydrophobicity was reduced by 55.2 % in the presence of the antibodies compared to the controls. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed no cross-reactivity of human tissues with dextransucrase antibodies.Conclusions. These findings suggest that antibodies raised against dextransucrase exhibit a profound inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and vital cariogenic factors of S. mutans, which supports the contention that dextransucrase could be a promising antigen to study for its anticariogenic potential.

Touch imprint smear: A prerequisite to obtain better quality and "true" tumor RNA in breast tissues

BACKGROUND

RNA is the primary genetic material required for various molecular studies. RNA derived from breast tissue has low quality and quantity compared to that extracted from other tissues. Therefore, optimization of techniques for breast tissue RNA extraction is a challenging but essential requirement.

METHODS

RNA was extracted from 60 samples of breast cancer after dividing them into 2 groups. Each tissue was divided into 2 halves for RNA extraction and histopathology respectively. In group 2 RNA was extracted after taking touch imprints whereas group1 was not subjected to any such procedure. Concentration and purity of RNA was assessed by using spectrophotometer and 1% agarose gel followed by RT-PCR for 18 S rRNA and CCND1 gene.

RESULTS

Based on microscopic observations of imprints, group 2 samples were further subdivided into 2 subgroups. Group 2 A (n = 30) showing tumor in imprint smears were found to yield best concentration of pure RNA (1846.50 ng/µl and 1.92) as compared to group 2B (n = 15) with no malignancy in imprints (102.61 ng/µl and 1.53). The correlation of imprint smears with their corresponding H&E-stained slides further leads to grouping of each group in 2 groups. RT-PCR analyses showed better melting peaks and high relative expression of CCND1 in group 2 A.

CONCLUSION

Touch imprints may provide valuable information regarding presence or absence of tumor in tissue samples being used for extraction of genetic material. This approach can be used as easy, cheap and fast strategy to resolve the doubts associated with RNA being truly representative of the tumor.

Dose-Response Evaluation of Scopoletin, a Phytochemical, in a High-Fructose High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia Model in Wistar Rats

The putative hypolipidemic properties of scopoletin have not been fully confirmed due to a lack of validation in an irreversible chronic hyperlipidemia animal model. The druggability also needs to be studied in terms of bioavailability in the vascular compartment. Accordingly, we conducted a study to assess the hypolipidemic and pharmacokinetic behavior of scopoletin in the high-fructose high-fat diet (HFHFD)-induced dyslipidemia model in Wistar rats. A total of 42 rats were studied, with 6 in each of the 7 groups. A 60-day HFHFD opted for induction of dyslipidemia. Group I and groups II-VII received normal rat chow diet and HFHFD, respectively. Oral scopoletin (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) and atorvastatin 5 mg/kg were administered in groups III-VI, respectively, once daily for the next 15 days. A separate group, group VII, was used for the pharmacokinetic assessment comparing the scopoletin 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) in group VII versus the oral (group V). Pharmacokinetic blood sampling was performed on the 10th day of continuous once-daily therapy. Rats were sacrificed for the histological examination. All three scopoletin dosages significantly decreased the total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides (P < .05 for all), but not in a dose-dependent manner. Atherogenic Index of plasma, Castelli's risk indices, and histopathological findings confirmed the protective effect of scopoletin. The IP administration showed a 23.18% higher exposure than the oral route (P < .001 for area under the curve and P < .05 for concentration-maximum). This study confirms the hypolipidemic efficacy of scopoletin in a more robust irreversible model of dyslipidemia. Scopoletin's gut absorption in the disease state may also boost the initial phase exploratory clinical trial.

Catecholamines' accumulation and their disturbed metabolism at perilesional site: a possible cause of vitiligo progression

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) are considered toxic to the melanocytes and may play an important role in the development of depigmented patches on the skin. This study was done to evaluate the levels of catecholamines in skin and plasma samples of active vitiligo patients' and gene expression changes in catecholamines' metabolism regulatory genes (COMT and GTPCH1), immunoregulatory genes (CTLA4 and PTPN22), and Catalase in active vitiligo patients. In this single-centre, prospective, case-control study, 30 patients with active vitiligo were recruited and skin biopsies from the perilesional site and plasma samples were collected. Skin biopsies from the normal site in vitiligo patients and healthy controls (n = 15) and plasma samples from controls were also obtained. Catecholamines' estimation was done via high-performance liquid chromatography. Gene expression variations were investigated via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels were significantly higher in perilesional skin biopsies as compared to controls (P = 0.035, 0.024, and 0.006, respectively). However, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels observed in patients' plasma samples were comparable to controls. The mRNA expression level of the Catalase gene was found to be upregulated at the perilesional site of patients as compared to the non-affected site of same patients (P < 0.001) and healthy controls (P = 0.037). Transcriptional expression of GTPCH1 and COMT were observed to be increased significantly at the perilesional site of patients in comparison to controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.046, respectively). Our results support the presence of oxidative stress, inflammation and induced immune response in vitiligo patients at the perilesional sites. The increased inflammatory response may lead to catecholamines upregulation resulting in oxidative stress and melanocyte damage.

Role of Serology, Dietary Assessment, and Fecal Gluten Immunogenic Peptides for Predicting Histologic Recovery in Children with Celiac Disease

BACKGROUND

A strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the only treatment of celiac disease (CD). Adherence to gluten-free diet is best reflected by mucosal healing. Noninvasive tools capable of predicting mucosal recovery in CD patients need to be identified.

AIMS

To compare the ability of various modalities used to assess compliance to GFD, for predicting persistent mucosal damage in children with CD.

METHODS

A prospective, single-center, observational study on children with CD on a GFD was conducted between January 2020 and April 2021. Children with CD on GFD were consecutively enrolled and various modalities used to assess adherence to GFD were compared.

RESULTS

One hundred and fifty children (Mean age 12.2 ± 3.6 years, 58% Boys) on GFD (Mean duration 6 ± 3.1 years) were enrolled in the study. Persistent mucosal damage was seen in 88% of the enrolled. Fecal gluten immunogenic peptide (GIP) was positive in 87.8% (129/147). Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TGA-IgA) and/or deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) were positive in 32% (48/150) whereas antibody to synthetic neoepitopes of TGA-IgA was positive in 24.8% (37/149). Non-compliance as assessed by local questionnaire, Biagi score, and dietitian detailed interview were 62.7%, 60%, and 75.3%, respectively. Serology had the highest specificity (83%) and fecal GIP had the highest sensitivity (89%). On logistic regression analysis, only non-compliance by Biagi score predicted poor mucosal recovery.

CONCLUSION

Fecal GIP may be sensitive to detect only "one-point dietary transgression." None of the existing modalities used to assess compliance to GFD accurately predict persistent mucosal damage. A subset of patients may develop gluten tolerance.

Novel therapeutic mechanism of action of metformin and its nanoformulation in Alzheimer's disease and role of AKT/ERK/GSK pathway

INTRODUCTION

Brain Insulin-resistance plays a critical role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current study explored the therapeutic mechanism of metformin (insulin sensitizer) and its solid-lipid nanoformulation (SLN) in rat-model of AD. In our study, SLN was prepared using microemulsion method. AD was induced with ICV-Aβ whereas the control-group (sham) received ICV-NS. Treatment arms included, disease-control (no treatment), Metformin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg), SLN-metformin 50 mg/kg and memantine 1.8 mg/kg (positive-control). Animals were tested for cognitive performance (EPM, MWM) after 21 days of therapy and sacrificed. Aβ (1-42), hyperphosphorylated tau, pAKTser473, GSK-3β, p-ERK (ELISA), metformin level(HPLC), neuronal injury score(H&E), Bcl2 and Bax(IHC) was evaluated in isolated brain. In our study, metformin-SLN were of spherical shape (size<200 nm) with 94.08% entrapment efficiency. Metformin was detectable in brain. Compared to sham, the disease-control group showed significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) memory impairment(MWM and EPM), hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ(1-42), neuronal-injury, Bax and lower Bcl-2 expression. Treatment with metformin and nanoformulation significantly reverse these parameters. AKT-ERK-GSK3β-Hyperphosphorylated tau pathway was found to be involved in the protective efficacy of metformin. To conclude, both metformin and its SLN were found to be effective as therapeutic agents in AD which act through the AKT-ERK-GSK3β-Hyperphosphorylated tau pathway. We need population based studies to confirm the same.

Effect of aspirin on the TNF-α-mediated cell survival and death pathways in breast cancer

OBJECTIVES

Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used as an analgesic and in cardiovascular disorders. However, many studies have highlighted its anti-cancer properties, especially in colorectal, lung, head and neck, and breast cancers. In this work, we tried to study the effect of aspirin on the TNF-α-mediated cell survival and death pathways in two cell lines representing two different subtypes of breast cancer. TNF-α-mediated stimulation of a cell can result in its proliferation via the NF-κB pathway or its death via either apoptosis or a programmed form of necrosis called necroptosis. The latter is believed to come into the picture only when apoptosis is inhibited.

METHODS

In this work, we studied the effect of aspirin on the TNF-α-mediated cell survival pathway and observed a decrease in expression of the NF-κB pathway regulators, its nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of aspirin on the TNF-α-mediated cell death showed significant cytotoxicity at the higher doses (5-20 mM) of aspirin in both the breast cancer cell lines. The effect of aspirin on necroptosis was investigated after stimulating the cells with TNF-α and inhibiting apoptosis using Z-VAD-FMK.

RESULTS

Though no significant effect was noted in breast cancer cell lines, the above protocol successfully induced necroptosis in L929, i.e., a positive control cell line for necroptosis having an intact necroptosis machinery. Even when combined with the chemotherapeutic drugs, the above regime failed to induce any significant necroptosis in breast cancer cells but was found effective in L929.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the findings show that while aspirin has the potential to inhibit the TNF-α-mediated cell survival pathway, it does not help sensitize breast cancer cells to necroptotic cell death induction.

Neuroprotective Effect of Celastrus Paniculatus Seed Extract on Epilepsy and Epilepsy-associated Cognitive Deficits

Introduction

Cognitive deficit is one of the common comorbidity accompanying epilepsy. The present study evaluated the effect of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract on seizure severity and cognitive deficit following the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling model.

Methods

PTZ kindling model was developed by daily administration of the sub-convulsive dose of PTZ 30 mg/kg for four weeks. After four weeks of induction, the following treatment, namely sodium valproic acid (SVA) 200 mg/kg, C. paniculatus 500 mg\kg, pergolide 2 mg/kg, C. paniculatus (250 mg\kg)+ Pergolide (1 mg/kg), and C. paniculatus (250 mg\kg)+ SVA (100 mg/kg) were administered 30 minutes prior to PTZ (30 mg/kg) injection for a period of next 14 days. Neurobehavioral parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and dopamine levels were assessed and the Morris water maze test (MWM) and Grip strength test (GPS) were performed. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining of hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA1), CA2, CA3, dentate gyrus (DG), and frontal cortex was performed.

Results

C. paniculatus (500 mg/kg) alone and in combination (C. paniculatus (250 mg\ kg)+ pergolide (1 mg/kg) and C. paniculatus (250 mg\kg)+ SVA (100 mg/kg)) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the seizure score, mean latency time, and distance traveled in the MWM. However, no significant effect was seen in GPS. Biochemical analysis showed elevated antioxidant markers, namely GSH, CAT, and SOD, and also elevated dopamine levels. C. paniculatus and its combination also significantly (P<0.05) protected against neuronal loss in the hippocampus and frontal cortex evidenced by H&E staining.

Conclusion

C. paniculatus alone and in combination with other agents may have the potential to treat epilepsy and associated cognitive deficits.

Relative refractoriness of breast cancer cells to tumour necrosis factor-α induced necroptosis

Necroptosis, a recently identified programmed cell death pathway, has attracted attention as an alternative route to target apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. The status of the necroptosis pathway in different subtypes of breast cancer has not been well explored. Stimulating the cells by TNF-α can trigger cell survival or death depending on the combination of downstream players involved. In this work, we attempted to induce necroptosis in them using a combination of TNF-α and Z-VAD-FMK with and without chemotherapy. Cell viability, apoptosis, and necroptosis were assessed using MTT and Annexin-V/PI assays, respectively. Gene and protein expression was analysed by qPCR and immunophenotyping. Both the cell lines were resistant to induction of cell death by necroptosis. There was no enhancement in cell death when chemotherapeutic drugs were combined with necroptosis induction. Expression studies showed reduced translational expression of key necroptosis molecules like RIP kinases and MLKL in breast cancer cells compared to positive control cell line L929. Also, cell survival molecules were expressed more in MDA-MB-231 in contrast to death pathway molecules which were expressed more in T47D cells. In this work, the two breast cancer cell lines were observed to be resistant to TNF-α induced necroptosis with or without chemotherapy. Expression of key necroptosis players revealed relative insufficiency of the molecular machinery involved in the above pathway. In our opinion this may be the cause for resistance to necroptosis and novel strategies to upregulate these molecules need to be developed to sensitize the breast cancer cells towards cell death by necroptosis.

Claudins: The Newly Emerging Targets in Breast Cancer

Claudin-low breast cancers are recently described entities showing low expression of certain claudins and cell adhesion molecules. Claudins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) formed between 2 cells. Their dysregulation plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. First part of the article focuses on the role of claudins in the TJ organization, their structural-functional characteristics, and post-transcriptional and translational modifications. The latter part of the review attempts to summarize existing knowledge regarding the status of claudins in breast cancer. The article also provides an overview of the effect of claudins on tumor progression, metastasis, stemness, chemotherapy resistance, and their crosstalk with relevant signaling pathways in breast cancer. Claudins can act as 2-edged swords in tumors. Some claudins have either tumor-suppressive/ promoting action, while others work as both in a context-dependent manner. Claudins regulate many important events in breast cancer. However, the intricacies involved in their activity are poorly understood. Post-translational modifications in claudins and their impact on TJ integrity, function, and tumor behavior are still unclear. Although their role in adverse events in breast cancer is recognized, their potential to serve as relevant targets for future therapeutics, especially for difficult-to-treat subtypes of the above malignancy, remains to be explored.

Migrated and Impacted Foreign Body of Retropharyngeal Space: A Case Report

Foreign body upper aerodigestive tract is a common presentation but foreign body migrating into retropharyngeal space is not only uncommon, but its management also differs and is challenging too. Here we present a case of a foreign body migrating into the retropharyngeal space which was removed intraorally. A 28- year old male patient presented with complaints of pain while swallowing following consumption of sausage and pork two days earlier to the onset of symptoms. X-Ray Neck AP and lateral view were done which revealed a thin metallic foreign body at the level of the T4 vertebra. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy were done in which a foreign body was not visualized in the esophageal lumen. NCCT neck was done which gave precise location and was removed intraorally with the patient in Rose position. A repeat x-ray was done on the 5th day which revealed no foreign body, the patient was discharged on the 7th day. Although the upper aerodigestive tract foreign body is common, foreign body migrating to the posterior pharyngeal wall or into the retropharyngeal space is not common and it is difficult to remove a migrated foreign body many cases requiring open procedures, thoracoscopy, thoracotomy.

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Improved Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder via Modulating Glutamatergic Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Rat Brains

Chronic neuroinflammation-induced anomalous glutamate receptor activation has been identified as one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thus, the current study was designed to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a haemopoietic growth factor, an anti-inflammatory, and a neuroprotectant to decipher the underlying mechanism(s) in the valproic acid (VPA)-induced experimental model of ASD. Experimentally, the ASD rat model was induced by a single dose of VPA (600 mg/kg; i.p.) on gestation day 12.5 to the pregnant female rats. After birth, pups were treated with vehicle, normal saline 0.9% i.p., risperidone (2.5 mg/kg; i.p.), and G-CSF (10, 35, and 70 μg/kg; i.p.) from postnatal day (PND) 23 to 43. All the groups were subjected to various developmental and behavior tests from birth. The rats were sacrificed on PND 55, and their brain was excised and processed for biochemical parameters (oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, BDNF), histological examination (H&E, Nissl staining), NMDA, and AMPA receptor expression by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluation. Also, the possible interaction of the G-CSF with NMDA and AMPA receptors was evaluated using the in-silico method. The results of the study showed that in VPA-exposed rats, postnatal treatment of G-CSF rescued all the behavioral abnormalities, oxidative stress, and inflammatory parameters in a dose-dependent manner while risperidone did not show any significant results. The in-silico analysis showed the direct interaction of G-CSF with NMDA and AMPA receptors. The upregulated expression of NMDA and AMPA both in the prefrontal cortex as well as hippocampus was alleviated by G-CSF thereby validating its anti-inflammatory and excitoprotective properties. Thus, G-CSF demonstrated neuroprotection against the core symptoms of autism in the VPA-induced rodent model, making it a potential candidate for the treatment of ASD.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Scopoletin in the Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model in Wistar Rats

Background

Several phyto-chemicals have been identified and suggested as potential therapeutic options for hepatotoxicity management.

Objective

To assess the hepatoprotective effect of scopoletin, a pure phyto-chemical, in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity model in Wistar rats.

Methods

Thirty-six rats in total, six in each group, were utilized in this study. Animals in group 1 received normal saline; those in group 2 received carbon tetrachloride in olive oil (0.5 ml/kg, i.p. in ratio 1:1); those in groups 3, 4, and 5 received oral scopoletin (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg dose-wise groups); and those in group 6 received N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) 150 mg/kg. Blood sampling was performed on day -3, day 1, and day 7 of the CCl4 administration. Rats were sacrificed on day 7 of the experiment for histological examination and oxidative stress measurement of the liver.

Results

The 5 mg/kg scopoletin group showed a maximum reduction in AST levels [727.33 ± 29.15 in medium dose (MD) group vs 1526.66 ± 60.72 in the experimental control (EC) group (P < 0.001) and ALT levels of 532.66 ± 24.23 in MD group vs 894.83 ± 52.47 in EC (P < 0.01)]. The dose-dependent action was not observed with scopoletin doses. The protective effect of scopoletin was confirmed by MDA and GSH levels (P < 0.05) coupled with histo-pathological findings. In the present study, a reversible model of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity was observed to get normalized in a week's time.

Conclusion

The study confirms the hepatoprotective action of scopoletin in an acute model of hepatic injury with the putative anti-oxidant mechanism.

Virtual repurposing of ursodeoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate as lead candidates against SARS-Cov2-Envelope protein: A molecular dynamics investigation

Drug repurposing is an apt choice to combat the currently prevailing global threat of COVID-19, caused by SARS-Cov2in absence of any specific medication/vaccine. The present work employs state of art computational methods like homology modelling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the potential of two widely used surfactant drugs namely chenodeoxycholate(CDC) and ursodeoxycholate (UDC), to bind to the envelope protein of SARS-Cov2(SARS-Cov2-E).The monomeric unit of SARS-Cov2-E was modelled from a close homologue (>90% sequence identity) and a pentameric assembly was modelled using symmetric docking, followed by energy minimization in a DPPC membrane environment. The minimized structure was used to generate best scoring SARS-Cov2-E-CDC/UDC complexes through blind docking. These complexes were subjected to 230 ns molecular dynamics simulations in triplicates in a DPPC membrane environment. Comparative analyses of structural properties and molecular interaction profiles from the MD trajectories revealed that, both CDC and UDC could stably bind to SARS-Cov2-E through H-bonds, water-bridges and hydrophobic contacts with the transmembrane-channelresidues.T30 was observed to be a key residue for CDC/UDC binding. CDC/UDC binding affected the H-bonding pattern between adjacent monomeric chains, slackening the compact transmembrane region of SARS-Cov2-E. Additionally, the polar functional groups of CDC/UDC facilitated entry of a large number of water molecules into the channel. These observations suggest CDC/UDC as potential candidates to hinder the survival of SARS-Cov2 by disrupting the structure of SARS-Cov2-E and facilitating the entry of solvents/polar inhibitors inside the viral cell.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Repurposing of FDA approved drugs against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo analysis

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a serious health concern worldwide. Treatment of UTIs is becoming a challenge as uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which is the most common etiological agent, has developed resistance to the main classes of antibiotics. Small molecules that interfere with metabolic processes rather than growth are attractive alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Repurposing of already known drugs for treating infectious diseases could be an attractive avenue for finding novel therapeutics against infections caused by UPEC. Virtual screenings enable the rapid and economical identification of target ligands from large libraries of compounds, reducing the cost and time of traditional drug discovery. Moreover, the drugs that have been approved by the FDA have low cytotoxicity and good pharmacological characteristics. In this work, we targeted the HisC enzyme of the histidine biosynthetic pathway as enzymes of this pathway are absent in humans. We screened the library of FDA-approved drugs against HisC via molecular docking, and four hits (Docetaxel, Suramin, Digitoxin, and Nystatin) showing the highest binding energy were selected. These were further tested for antibacterial activity, which was observed only for Docetaxel (MIC value of 640 μg/ml); therefore, Docetaxel was further tested for its efficacy in vivo in murine catheter UTI model and antibiofilm activity using crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy. Docetaxel inhibited biofilm formation and reduced the bacterial load in urine, kidney, and bladder. Docking studies revealed that Docetaxel acts by blocking the binding site of HisC to the native substrate by competitive inhibition. Docetaxel may be a potential new inhibitor for UPEC with antibacterial and antibiofilm capability.

Tc-99m-tamoxifen: A novel diagnostic imaging agent for estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancer patients

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to radiolabel, characterize, and perform in vitro and in vivo assessment of Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) tamoxifen for screening ER expressing lesions in breast cancer patients. METHODS In this study, tamoxifen has been radiolabeled with Tc-99m via Tc-99m-tricarbonyl core. The characterization and quality control tests of Tc-99m-tamoxifen were performed. In vitro recep- tor binding and blocking studies were performed in both positive control (MCF-7) and negative control cell lines (MDA-MB-231). Normal biodistribution studies were performed in female Wistar albino rats. The pilot clinical studies were performed in 4 ER-expressing breast cancer patients. Of the 4 patients, 1 was on tamoxifen therapy. All 4 patients had also undergone Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography. RESULTS Tamoxifen was radiolabeled with Tc-99m via Tc-99m-tricarbonyl core with more than 95% radio- chemical yield. Mass spectra showed a peak corresponding to the molecular weight of Tc-99m- tricarbonyl and Tc-99m-tamoxifen. The site of binding of Tc-99m-tricarbonyl with tamoxifen was determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The Tc-99m-tamoxifen showed 30% binding with MCF-7 and only 1%-2% receptor binding with MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Also, the percentage of receptor binding was drastically reduced (up to 72%) when ER was saturated with 50 times the excess molar ratio of unlabeled tamoxifen. In a pilot patient study, Tc-99m-tamoxifen uptake was observed in primary and metastatic lesions. However, no uptake was observed in a patient who was on tamoxifen therapy. The uptake of F-18-FDG was noted in all the patients. CONCLUSION Tamoxifen was radiolabeled with an in-house-synthesized Tc-99m-tricarbonyl core. The radio- labeled complex has been characterized and evaluated for receptor specificity in in vitro and in vivo studies. Also, this is the first clinical study using Tc-99m-tamoxifen for imaging ER. More patients need to be evaluated to further explore the role of Tc-99m-tamoxifen in ER-expressing lesions.

Neuroprotective effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane and ɑ-naphthoflavone, aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators in an experimental model of ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated signaling pathway is being emerged as a current target for neuromodulation. The present study was conducted to characterize the neuroprotective action of AhR modulators, i.e., 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) and ɑ-naphthoflavone (ANF) in an experimental model of stroke using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Wistar rats.

METHODS

The animals were treated with respective AhR modulators via intraperitoneal (i.p) injection 3 hrs after MCAO for 4 days (at 24 h interval). Following transient MCAO, the brain infarct volume, ND scoring, and various neuro behavioural tests were conducted to confirm the ischemic stroke. Further, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression were assessed. The histopathological changes in the brain of the rats were assessed using H&E staining and the results obtained were correlated with the molecular parameters.

RESULTS

Treatment with AhR modulators had significantly decreased the brain infarct volume, ND scoring and improved neuro-behivoral deficits in animals following MCAO. A significant decrease was also observed in the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression in the AhR ligand treated groups. Moreover, a significant improvement was observed in the neuronal damage following MCAO in the treatment groups.

CONCLUSION

AhR pathway modulation may be taken as a valuable therapeutic target for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Histological analysis of the effect of nanofat grafting in scar rejuvenation

Introduction:

Aims:

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Lower uterine segment scar assessment at 11-14 weeks' gestation to screen for placenta accreta spectrum in women with prior Cesarean delivery

OBJECTIVES

To validate prospectively transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the lower uterine segment (LUS) scar at the time of first-trimester screening in women with previous Cesarean section (CS) and to determine its feasibility and accuracy in stratifying women according to the risk for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder.

METHODS

Women with a history of CS were recruited between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation and underwent LUS scar assessment using transvaginal ultrasound. A standardized midsagittal plane, which included the cervicoisthmic canal (CIC), the uterine scar and the placental site, was obtained. The scar was described in terms of its size (narrow or dehiscent) and its location in relation to the CIC (within or above), with each LUS scar classified into one of four groups based on these features. Placental location was assessed and classified as high- or low-lying. Women were stratified according to the risk of PAS, based on the relationship between the scar location and placental site. Women were considered high risk when the scar was above the CIC and the placenta was low-lying (i.e. when the placenta was overlying an exposed scar) and low risk when the scar was within the CIC and/or the placenta was high. High-risk patients were followed up at 20 weeks and 28-30 weeks for the development of PAS. Maternal demographics, detailed obstetric history and obstetric outcome were collected.

RESULTS

First-trimester transvaginal ultrasound was offered to 535 women with prior CS during the study period. A LUS scar was visualized in 79.9% (401/502) of those who agreed to undergo the examination. At this scan, the LUS scar was above the CIC in 9.0% (36/401) of women, but only 5.7% (23/401) additionally had a low-lying placenta overlying the scar. Of these 23 high-risk women, two were found to have PAS on the mid-trimester screening scan and one was noted to have placental adherence during evacuation following mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. On the first-trimester scan, 94.3% (378/401) of women were at low risk of PAS. This screening protocol yielded a positive likelihood ratio of 21.33 (95% CI, 13.02-34.96), sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 29.24-100%), specificity of 95.31% (95% CI, 92.39-97.35%), positive predictive value of 16.7% (95% CI, 5.8-39.2%) and negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 98.4-100%). On multivariable regression analysis performed to identify confounding variables associated with a LUS scar above the CIC, only maternal body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m² was significant (odds ratio (OR), 2.42 (95% CI, 1.04-5.39); P = 0.03). Although there was a trend towards an increased risk of a LUS scar above the CIC in women with prior elective prelabor CS (OR, 1.72 (95% CI, 0.80-3.68)), this association did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Routine transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the location of the LUS scar and placenta at the time of first-trimester screening between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation in women with prior CS is a feasible and effective tool to identify those at risk of subsequent development of PAS disorder. A finding of placental implantation over an exposed LUS scar seems to be cardinal in predicting the risk of PAS disorder in women with prior CS, with an excellent negative predictive value. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Neuroprotective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of bone marrow stem cell secretome in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease. Materials & methods: Secretome prepared from mesenchymal stem cells of 3-month-old rats was injected daily for 7 days between days 7 and 14 after 6-OHDA administration. After 14 days, various neurobehavioral parameters were conducted. These behavioral parameters were further correlated with biochemical and molecular findings. Results & conclusion: Impaired neurobehavioral parameters and increased inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the 6-OHDA group were significantly modulated by secretome-treated rats. In conclusion, mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome could be further explored for the management of Parkinson's disease.

Neuroaxial Infantile Hemangiomas: Imaging Manifestations and Association with Hemangioma Syndromes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Infantile hemangiomas are common lesions in the pediatric population; in rare cases, an infantile hemangioma can be detected along the neural axis. The purposes of our study included determination of the incidence, location, and imaging appearance of neuroaxial infantile hemangiomas and their syndromic association. We also assessed additional features of cerebral and cardiovascular anomalies that may be associated with neuroaxial lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed, searching the radiology database for patients with segmental infantile hemangiomas referred for assessment of possible hemangioma syndromes. We retrospectively reviewed brain and spine MR imaging studies, with particular attention paid to neuroaxial vascular lesions, as well as the relevant clinical data. Neuroaxial hemangioma imaging findings were described, and comparison of segmental cutaneous infantile hemangioma location with the imaging findings was performed in patients with confirmed hemangioma syndromes and in patients with isolated skin infantile hemangioma.

RESULTS

Ninety-five patients with segmental infantile hemangioma were included in the study, 42 of whom had a hemangioma syndrome; of those, 41 had posterior fossa brain malformations, hemangioma, arterial lesions, cardiac abnormalities, and eye abnormalities (PHACE) syndrome and 1 had diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. Neuroaxial involvement was detected in 20/42 patients (48%) with hemangioma syndromes and in no subjects with isolated segmental infantile hemangioma (P < .001). The most common intracranial hemangioma location was within the ipsilateral internal auditory canal (83%).

CONCLUSIONS

Many pediatric patients with segmental infantile hemangioma in the setting of hemangioma syndromes, especially those with PHACE, had neuroaxial hemangiomas. This finding may potentially lead to requiring additional clinical evaluation and management of these patients.

Evaluation of the effect of probiotic as add-on therapy with conventional therapy and alone in malaria induced mice

OBJECTIVE

Chloroquine is used as a conventional drug therapy for the treatment of malaria. The existence of resistance to chloroquine shown among various species of Plasmodium leads to the search for more efficacious therapy to treat malaria. Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei) has been tried as an add-on therapy with chloroquine. Probiotics are ingested microorganisms associated with a beneficial effect on humans and other species. The study was done to check the efficacy of L. casei as an add-on therapy along with conventional drug therapy (chloroquine) to treat malaria.

RESULTS

Probiotic in combination with chloroquine showed complete suppression in parasitemia rate. Representation of parasitemia rate was done using mean ± SD. p < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. The results showed a reduction in parasitemia with probiotic treatment, which was further confirmed through histological observation of two major organs, the liver and spleen. Interestingly, further suppression of parasitemia and hemosiderosis was observed when probiotic was given along with chloroquine.