Physical Exercise-Induced Activation of NRF2 and BDNF as a Promising Strategy for Ferroptosis Regulation in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, may contribute to the progression of PD owing to an unbalanced brain redox status. Physical exercise is a complementary therapy that can modulate ferroptosis in PD by regulating the redox system through the activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. However, the precise effects of physical exercise on ferroptosis in PD remain unclear. In this review, we explored how physical exercise influences NRF2 and BDNF signaling and affects ferroptosis in PD. We further investigated relevant publications over the past two decades by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using keywords related to physical exercise, PD, ferroptosis, and neurotrophic factor antioxidant signaling. This review provides insights into current research gaps and demonstrates the necessity for future research to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which exercise regulates ferroptosis in PD, including the assessment of different exercise protocols and their long-term effects. Ultimately, exploring these aspects may lead to the development of improved exercise interventions for the better management of patients with PD.

Sevoflurane causes cognitive impairment by inducing iron deficiency and inhibiting the proliferation of neural precursor cells in infant mice

AIMS

Numerous studies on animals have shown that exposure to general anesthetics in infant stage may cause neurocognitive impairment. However, the exact mechanism is not clear. The dysfunction of iron metabolism can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, we investigated the effect of iron metabolism disorder induced by sevoflurane (Sev) on cognitive function and the proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) in infant mice.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice of postnatal day 14 and neural stem cells NE4C were treated with 2% Sev for 6 h. We used the Morris water maze (MWM) to test the cognitive function of infant mice. The proliferation of NPCs was measured using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) label and their markers Ki67 and Pax6 in infant brain tissues 12 h after anesthesia. Meanwhile, we used immunohistochemical stain, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and flow cytometer to evaluate the myelinogenesis, iron levels, and cell proliferation in cortex and hippocampus or in NE4C cells.

RESULTS

The results showed that Sev significantly caused cognitive deficiency in infant mice. Further, we found that Sev inhibited oligodendrocytes proliferation and myelinogenesis by decreasing MBP and CC-1 expression and iron levels. Meanwhile, Sev also induced the iron deficiency in neurons and NSCs by downregulating FtH and FtL expression and upregulating the TfR1 expression in the cortex and hippocampus, which dramatically suppressed the proliferation of NSCs and NPCs as indicated by decreasing the colocalization of Pax6+ and BrdU+ cells, and caused the decrease in the number of neurons. Interestingly, iron supplementation before anesthesia significantly improved iron deficiency in cortex and hippocampus and cognitive deficiency induced by Sev in infant mice. Iron therapy inhibited the decrease of MBP expression, iron levels in neurons and oligodendrocytes, and DNA synthesis of Pax6+ cells in hippocampus induced by Sev. Meanwhile, the number of neurons was partially recovered in hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

The results from the present study demonstrated that Sev-induced iron deficiency might be a new mechanism of cognitive impairment caused by inhaled anesthetics in infant mice. Iron supplementation before anesthesia is an effective strategy to prevent cognitive impairment caused by Sev in infants.

IL-1β Antagonist Receptor Peptide Associated with Photobiomodulation Accelerates Diabetic Wound Tissue Repair

Chronic hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) slows down the healing process due to prolonged inflammation which impedes the regeneration progression. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered a non-pharmacological intervention and has anti-inflammatory and biostimulatory effects that accelerate the healing process. Currently found IL-1β inhibitors are difficult to implement due to their cytotoxic potential, excessive amounts, and invasive administration, and therefore, the application of this peptide in diabetic wounds represents a promising intervention to help resolve the inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an IL-1β inhibitor molecule associated with PBM irradiation in a model of epithelial injury in diabetic mice. After the induction of the DM model with streptozotocin (STZ), the skin lesion model was implemented through surgical excision. Sixty C57BL/6 mice divided into five experimental groups (n = 12) were used: excisional wound (EW), DM + EW, DM + EW + DAP 1-2 (inhibitor peptide), DM + EW + PBM, and DM + EW + PBM + DAP 1-2. Treatment started 12 h after wound induction and was performed daily for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last application, the animals were euthanized and the outer edge of the wound was removed. The results obtained demonstrate that the DM + EW + PBM + DAP 1-2 group caused a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in TGF-β and maintenance of the cellular redox state with a consequent reduction in levels of inflammatory infiltrate and concomitant stimulation of type III collagen gene expression, as well as a decrease in the size of the wound in square centimeter 6 days after the injury. Only the combination of therapies was able to favor the process of tissue regeneration due to the development of an approach capable of acting at different stages of the regenerative process, through the mechanisms of action of interventions on the inflammatory process by avoiding its stagnation and stimulating progression of regeneration.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Curcumin or Açai in the Tissue Repair of Palatal Wounds

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of treatment with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) reduced with Curcumin (Curcuma longa L.) or Açai (Euterpe oleracea) to a standard commercial treatment of the pharmacological type (Omcilon®) and an electrophysical agent (photobiomodulation) in the palatal wounds of rats. As for the in vitro assay, a cell viability test was performed to assess the toxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles. In vivo assay: 60 Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 12): I. Palatal Wound (PW); II. PW + Photobiomodulation (PBM); III. PW + Omcilon®; IV. PW + GNPs-Cur (0.025 mg/mL); V. PW + GNPs-Açai (0.025 mg/mL). Animals were first anesthetized, and circular lesions in the palatine mucosa were induced using a 4 mm-diameter punch. The first treatment session started 24 h after the injury and occurred daily for 5 days. The animals were euthanized, and the palatal mucosa tissue was removed for histological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. GNPs-Açai were able to significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory ones, reduce oxidant markers, and reduce inflammatory infiltrate while increasing the collagen area and contraction rate of the wound, along with an improved visual qualification. The present study demonstrated that the proposed therapies of GNPs synthesized greenly, thus associating their effects with those of plants, favor the tissue repair process in palatal wounds.

Exercise and COVID-19: exercise intensity reassures immunological benefits of post-COVID-19 condition

Any form of physical activity, including exercise, has various benefits at the physiological (improving cardiac and respiratory functions, increasing skeletal muscle mass, and maintaining homeostasis) and psychological levels (improving cognitive function, reducing anxiety and depression) which help to combat any type of infection. In contrast, the infectivity ratio could reduce the physical activity of an individual, such as performing a habitual exercise. Adaptation to different exercise strategies including intensity and duration may better increase physical performance and improve the symptoms. For example, low to moderate intensity perhaps fails to induce this adaptive process, while high-intensity of exercise compromises immune health. This can aggravate the infection rate (Open window theory). However, high intensity with a shorter time produces various morphological alterations in the primary organs including the lungs and heart, which facilitate life support in COVID-19 patients. However, less information about exercise protocols failed to assure the benefits of exercise to COVID-19 patients, particularly post-COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, this review will answer how exercise intensity is crucial to reassure the exercise benefits for promoting safe participation before infection and post-COVID-19 conditions.

Intra-articular Treatment with Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Associated with Gold Nanoparticles Reduces Cartilage Degeneration in an Animal Model of Osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

The association between triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) represents a promising treatment due to the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-articular treatment of TH associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Fifty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sham; OA; OA+TH; OA+GNPs; OA+TH-GNPs. Both applications were performed 30 and 60 days after the model was induced. After 30 days of the last application, the animals were euthanized.

RESULTS

Only the combined treatment with TH and GNPs promoted a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. The OA+TH-GNPs group obtained a significant reduction in the production of oxidants and oxidative damage markers while an increase in antioxidants. Histologically, all treated groups showed results of a significant increase in cartilage thickness and chondrocyte count, the OA+TH-GNPs group had similar behavior to the group without osteoarthritis, with significantly smaller amounts of chondrocytes than the OA group.

CONCLUSION

The intra-articular use of TH associated with GNPs may be able to prevent the progression of the pathology and minimize joint degradation.

The effectiveness of treadmill and swimming exercise in an animal model of osteoarthritis

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered an inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, characterized by loss of hyaline joint cartilage and adjacent bone remodeling with the formation of osteophytes, accompanied by various degrees of functional limitation and reduction in the quality of life of individuals. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of treatment with physical exercise on the treadmill and swimming in an animal model of osteoarthritis. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided (n=12 per group): Sham (S); Osteoarthritis (OA); Osteoarthritis + Treadmill (OA + T); Osteoarthritis + Swimming (OA + S). The mechanical model of OA was induced by median meniscectomy. Thirty days later, the animals started the physical exercise protocols. Both protocols were performed at moderate intensity. Forty-eight hours after the end of the exercise protocols, all animals were anesthetized and euthanized for histological, molecular, and biochemical parameters analysis. Results: Physical exercise performed on a treadmill was more effective in attenuating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL6) and positively regulating anti-inflammatories such as IL4, IL10, and TGF-β in relation to other groups. Discussion: In addition to maintaining a more balanced oxi-reductive environment within the joint, treadmill exercise provided a more satisfactory morphological outcome regarding the number of chondrocytes in the histological evaluation. As an outcome, better results were found in groups submitted to exercise, mostly treadmill exercise.

The Use of Metallic Nanoparticles in Wound Healing: New Perspectives

Chronic wounds represent a challenge for the health area, as they directly impact patients' quality of life and represent a threat to public health and the global economy due to their high cost of treatment. Alternative strategies must be developed for cost-effective and targeted treatment. In this scenario, the emerging field of nanobiotechnology may provide an alternative platform to develop new therapeutic agents for the chronic wound healing process. This manuscript aims to demonstrate that the application of metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver, copper, and zinc oxide) opened a new chapter in the treatment of wounds, as they have different properties such as drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, and healing acceleration. Furthermore, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) produced through green synthesis ensure less toxicity in biological tissues, and greater safety of applicability, other than adding the effects of NPs with those of extracts.

Microcurrent and Gold Nanoparticles Combined with Hyaluronic Acid Accelerates Wound Healing

This study aimed to investigate the effects of iontophoresis and hyaluronic acid (HA) combined with a gold nanoparticle (GNP) solution in an excisional wound model. Fifty Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to the following groups: excisional wound (EW); EW + MC; EW + MC + HA; EW + MC + GNPs; and EW + MC + HA + GNPs. The animals were induced to a circular excision, and treatment started 24 h after injury with microcurrents (300 µA) containing gel with HA (0.9%) and/or GNPs (30 mg/L) in the electrodes (1 mL) for 7 days. The animals were euthanized 12 h after the last treatment application. The results demonstrate a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNϒ, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) in the group in which the therapies were combined, and they show increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and growth factors (FGF and TGF-β) in the EW + MC + HA and EW + MC + HA + GNPs groups. As for the levels of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and nitrite, as well as oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl), they decreased in the combined therapy group when compared to the control group. Regarding antioxidant defense, there was an increase in glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the combined therapy group. A histological analysis showed reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the MC-treated groups and in the combination therapy group. There was an increase in the wound contraction rate in all treated groups when compared to the control group, proving that the proposed therapies are effective in the epithelial healing process. The results of this study demonstrate that the therapies in combination favor the tissue repair process more significantly than the therapies in isolation.

Effect of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative damages in diabetes elderly individuals

This study investigated the effect of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction in elderly with DM2. A total of 104 elderly were included in the longitudinal clinical study and were attributed to the diabetes group (n = 30) and the non-diabetic group (n = 29). Both groups were involved in the aquatic exercise (nine exercises; 3 sets x 1-minute duration each; linear intensity and frequency measured twice a week) for 12 weeks. The assessments of mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction were done. All results were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later. The values of the following variable scores decreased in the DM2 group after participation in the aquatic exercise: depression (-56 ± 2 scores; 57%), anxiety (-8.2 ± 2 scores; 41%), stress (-3.1 ± 0.3 scores; 32%), and sleep (-3. 7 ± 1.3 points; 51%); an improvement in Berg scores was observed (+53.1 ± 2 points; 8%), Tug tests (-6.1 ± 0.7 points; 25%), carbonyl groups (-0.048 ± 0.01 nnmol/mg/protein; 49%), and total thiol (+0.33 ± 0.08 nnmol/mg/protein; 83%). We have concluded that a linear intensity aquatic exercise program improves mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction in elderly with DM2.

Photobiomodulation associated with lipid nanoparticles and hyaluronic acid accelerate the healing of excisional wounds

Objectives: This article aimed to investigate the effects of the association between photobiomodulation and hyaluronic acid incorporated in lipid nanoparticles in an epithelial lesion model in inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress. Methods: Eighty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: epithelial lesion group (EL); EL+PBM; EL+HA; EL+SLNs; EL+SLNs-HA; EL+PBM+HA; EL+PBM+SLNs; EL+PBM+SLNs-HA. The animals were anesthetized with 4% isofluorane after shaving and induced to an epithelial lesion. Topical treatment with a gel containing HA (0.9%) and/or SLNs (10 mg/mL) and with laser irradiation occurred daily for 1 week. Results: The results showed an increase in wound contraction on the seventh day in the LE + LBM + AH-NPL group, a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL- 4 and IL-10) and TGF-β. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and TGF-β also showed an increase in the LE + NPL-AH, LE + FBM + AH, LE + FBM + NPL and LE + FBM + NPL-AH groups. Regarding oxidative stress parameters, the levels of DCF and nitrite decreased in the combined therapy group when compared to the control group, as well as oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl). In the antioxidant defense, there was an increase in GSH and SOD in the combination therapy group. Histological analysis showed a reduction in inflammatory infiltrate in the combination therapy group. The number of fibroblasts and the compaction of collagen fibers did not obtain significant responses. Conclusions: Results analyzed together showed that the combined therapy favored the repair process, and that studies can be carried out to enhance the histological analysis therapy favored the tissue repair process and that studies can be carried out to enhance the histological analysis.

Gold Nanoparticle-Based Therapy for Muscle Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species are released after muscle damage, and although they are necessary for the muscle regeneration process, an excess of these substances leads to the destruction of biomolecules and impairment of the repair system. Several drugs have emerged in recent years to control the muscle inflammatory response, and studies have shown that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review reveals the effects of AuNPs on the inflammatory and redox mechanisms of muscles. We assessed the results of several studies published in different journals over the last 20 years, with a focus on the effects of AuNPs on possible aspects of muscle regeneration or recovery, namely, inflammatory processes and redox system mechanisms. A systematic database search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Bireme, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies from the 2000s. Combinations of keywords related to muscle damage, regeneration or repair, AuNPs, oxidative stress, and antioxidants were used in the search. This review did not address other variables, such as specific diseases or other biological effects; however, these variables should be considered for a complete understanding of the effects of AuNPs on skeletal muscles.

Resistance Exercise Training Improves Metabolic and Inflammatory Control in Adipose and Muscle Tissues in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

This study investigates whether ladder climbing (LC), as a model of resistance exercise, can reverse whole-body and skeletal muscle deleterious metabolic and inflammatory effects of high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity in mice. To accomplish this, Swiss mice were fed for 17 weeks either standard chow (SC) or an HF diet and then randomly assigned to remain sedentary or to undergo 8 weeks of LC training with progressive increases in resistance weight. Prior to beginning the exercise intervention, HF-fed animals displayed a 47% increase in body weight (BW) and impaired ability to clear blood glucose during an insulin tolerance test (ITT) when compared to SC animals. However, 8 weeks of LC significantly reduced BW, adipocyte size, as well as glycemia under fasting and during the ITT in HF-fed rats. LC also increased the phosphorylation of Akt_Ser473 and AMPK_Thr172 and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1-β) contents in the quadriceps muscles of HF-fed mice. Additionally, LC reduced the gene expression of inflammatory markers and attenuated HF-diet-induced NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox in skeletal muscles. LC training was effective in reducing adiposity and the content of inflammatory mediators in skeletal muscle and improved whole-body glycemic control in mice fed an HF diet.

Solanum pubescens wild fruits essential oil - A golden casket for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mediated wound healing efficacy in vertebrate model Mus musculus

BACKGROUND

Solanum pubescens Willd, growing wild in the hills of Rayadurg jurisdiction of Southwestern Andhra Pradesh, has gained significant attention among researchers for its diverse folkloric applications, existence of novel phytochemicals and leaf extracts which hold great medicinal promises. To date, the S. pubescens fruit's essential oil (SPO) has never been investigated.

METHODS

The current research has been focused to evaluate the chemical composition of S. pubescens fruit essential oil through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), followed by the investigation of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing activities in appropriate models to uncover its biological potentials. Extraction of (Solanopuboil/SPO) from the fresh unripe fruits of Solanum pubescens was carried out in Buchner funnel and Whatman no.10 filter paper and concentrated at 40oC using a rotary evaporator. The metabolic profiling of SPO was analysed by GC-MS technique. The MIC, MBC, activity index, and total antimicrobial activity of SPO were evaluated using standard procedures. Anti-inflammatory activity of SPO was screened using Carrageenan induced paw oedema and Cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Tail immersion test, Acetic acid writhing response and Formalin paw lick test was performed in rats in order to examine the analgesic activity of SPO. Wound healing activity of SPO was investigated by performing the incision wound model, Excision wound model and Dead space wound model in rats.

RESULTS

The SPO displayed a constant degree of antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, A. niger, A. fumigatus and C. albicans with significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Also, a prominent wound healing potential of it was observed in excision, incision and dead space wound models with considerable elevation in granulation tissue hydroxyproline, hexuronic acid and hexosamine content in association with remarkable regulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant markers i.e., Lipid peroxidase (LPO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx).

CONCLUSION

These findings strongly validate the therapeutic potential of S. pubescens fruit essential oil in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mediated wound healing and suggests its promising application as valuable and novel indigenous leads in the food and pharmaceutical industries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever investigatory report on the systematic phytochemical and therapeutic examination of S. pubescens fruit essential oil.

Greener production of compost from agricultural biomass residues amended with mule dung for agronomic application

In this study agro-waste (Agwt) was aerobically composted using cow dung (CD) and mule dung (MD). Totally six different sets of compost treatments were prepared, as T1 (Agwt + CD, 1:1), T2 (Agwt + MD, 1:1), T3 (Agwt + CD, 1:3), T4 (Agwt + MD, 1:3), T5 (Agwt + CD, 3:1) and T6 (Agwt + MD, 3:1) in individual containers. All the compost treatments were degraded for 90 days. The organic wastes in the treatment containers were maintained with proper moisture level. All the final composts reached good manural stability and maturity index after 90 days. Among the six treatments, the T2 with Agwt + MD in 1:1 proportion attained a 10:1 C/N ratio and a near neutral pH (7.3). Indigenous microbes isolated and identified from the T2 compost sample showed protease, cellulase, amylase and lipase activities. The germination of Raphanus sativus L. seeds and vigorous plant growth parameters confirmed the non-pathogenic phytotoxic-free nature of finished composts. The radish crops supplied with T2 compost showed healthy tuber growth parameters (16.6 cm width, 35.6 cm length) compared with other treatments. The results from the experiments established that, the composts derived are eco-friendly amendment to plants and it has also improved the soil fertility due to its stability and maturity index. Thus, the present study concluded that composting agricultural crops waste with animal manure, especially mule dung promoted excellent biodegradation of organic complexes. It is a nature friendly solution for the management of solid waste such as agro-wastes utilizing mule dung.

A new mechanism of POCD caused by sevoflurane in mice: cognitive impairment induced by cross-dysfunction of iron and glucose metabolism

Sevoflurane (Sev) is a commonly used anesthetic in hospitals that can cause neurotoxicity. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common clinical problem induced by some anesthetics. However, the exact mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by Sev is unclear. Here we studied a new mechanism of POCD induced by Sev. We treated 15-month-old mice with 2% Sev for 6 hours, and we had found that Sev causes POCD. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), we found that the transporter and the metabolism of carbohydrates and inorganic ions were involved in the cognitive impairment induced by Sev. Using synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), we showed that Sev caused the iron overload in the brain of 15-month-old mice. Subsequently, excessive iron led to oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function that further led to glucose metabolism disorder and reduced ATP production by regulating the expression of key enzyme genes or proteins including G6Pase, Pck1, and Cs. Meanwhile, Sev also inhibited the oxygen consumption rate and glucose absorption by downregulating the expression of glucose transporter 1 in cerebral vascular endothelial cells. The cross-dysfunction of iron and glucose metabolism caused the apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus through Bcl2/Bax pathway. In conclusion, the data here showed a new mechanism that Sev caused apoptosis by cross-dysregulation of iron and glucose metabolism and induced energy stress in mice. Maintaining iron and glucose metabolism homeostasis may play an important role in cognitive impairment induced by Sev.

The Dose Response of Taurine on Aerobic and Strength Exercises: A Systematic Review

Taurine is a naturally occurring amino acid involved in various functions, including regulating ion channels, cell volume, and membrane stabilization. However, how this molecule orchestrates such functions is unknown, particularly the dose response in exercised muscles. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically review the dose response of taurine on both aerobic and strength exercise performance. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, relevant articles were sought on PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using related terms, including taurine, exercise performance, exercise, muscle, physical training, running, strength, endurance exercise, resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and swimming. Ten articles were retrieved, reviewed, and subjected to systematic analysis. The following parameters were used to assess exercise performance in the selected studies: creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid dehydrogenase, carbohydrate, fat, glycerol, malondialdehyde, enzymatic antioxidants, blood pH, taurine level, and muscular strength. From the selected literature, we observed that taurine supplementation (2 g three times daily) with exercise can decrease DNA damage. Furthermore, 1 g of acute taurine administration before or after exercise can decrease lactate levels. However, acute administration of taurine (6 g) at a high dose before the start of exercise had no effect on reducing lactate level, but increased glycerol levels, suggesting that taurine could be an effective agent for prolonged activities, particularly at higher intensities. However, further studies are warranted to establish the role of taurine in fat metabolism during exercise. Finally, we observed that a low dose of taurine (0.05 g) before performing strength enhancing exercises can decrease muscular fatigue and increase enzymatic antioxidants.

Systematic Review Registration:http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, PROSPERO (CRD42021225243).

Effect of taurine associated gold nanoparticles on oxidative stress in muscle of mice exposed to overuse model

Muscle overuse and its consequent muscle damage has no cure. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of tau-AuNPs on muscle recovery of muscle overuse model. The animals (Male Swiss mice) were randomly divided into four groups: Control (Ctr; n=6); tau-AuNPs (n=6); overuse (n=6); and overuse plus tau-AuNPs (n=6). Exercise sessions were performed for 21 consecutive days, and one exercise model was applied daily in the following sequence: low intensity, moderate intensity, and high intensity. The mice were then sacrificed. The quadriceps muscles were surgically removed for subsequent biochemical analysis (oxidative stress parameters, DNA damage markers and muscle differentiation protein). The overuse group significantly increased the oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage markers, whereas tau-AuNPs significantly decreased the oxidative stress parameters in the overuse animal model. However, there were no significant differences observed between overuse group and overuse plus tau-AuNPs administrated group in relation to DNA damage markers including DNA damage frequency and index levels when compared to control and tau-AuNPs groups. Muscle differentiation protein Myf-5 was increased in the overuse plus tau-AuNPs administration group when compared to control group. In conclusion, tau-AuNPs had significant effect on reducing oxidative stress parameters and increasing myogenic regulatory protein Myf-5 in the overuse group. However, it did not have significant effect on reducing DNA damage.

Effect of sevoflurane on iron homeostasis and toxicity in the brain of mice

Sevoflurane (Sev), a commonly used volatile anesthetic, could induce nerve damage and cognitive deficiency. Oxidative stress induced by iron overload promotes nerve damage and cell apoptosis in the brain. This study revealed a new toxic mechanism of Sev to the brain occurred through the dysfunction of iron metabolism. Twelve-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the following three groups: control group; 2% Sev (6 h) group; and Sev plus iron deficiency group. Iron levels and iron metabolism-related proteins and apoptosis-related factors in hippocampus and cortex tissues were detected by using synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and western blotting. Our results showed that a decline in cognitive function was observed in mice treated with Sev. Sev significantly induced iron accumulation through upregulating ferritin and downregulating transferrin receptor 1 which involved in ferroportin1 (Fpn1)/hepcidin pathway and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of hippocampus and cortex. Sev aggravated BACE1 expression and Aβ accumulation. Changes in the ratio of Bcl2/Bax and Tau/p-Tau intensified the cell apoptosis in hippocampus and cortex tissues. Interestingly, the cognitive deficiency and neurotoxicity induced by Sev could be ameliorated significantly by feeding a low-iron diet to mice prior to anesthesia. The data uncovered a new lesion mechanism of Sev from the role of iron metabolism. This study also suggested that the reduction in iron levels could protect the brain against neurological damage induced by Sev.

Effect of Running Exercise on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Background: Exercise induced health benefits are limited by the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and further oxidative stress could potentially induce muscle damage which could result in poor exercise performance. However, predicting ROS induced oxidative stress in response to endurance training has several limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers that are used to measure oxidative stress.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the suitable biomarkers that predict oxidative stress status among runners.

Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a search for relevant articles was carried out on PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar using related search terms such as oxidative damage, ROS, exercise, physical training, running, marathon, and ultramarathon.

Results: Outcomes included (1) running programs like a half-marathon, ultramarathon, and iron-man race, (2) measuring biochemical assessment of oxidative damage markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and F1-isoprostones, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants level.

Conclusions: This study concluded that a running exercise does not elicit a response to specific biomarkers of oxidative stress, instead, oxidative damage markers of lipids, proteins, and various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are expressed according to the training status of the individual.

How to Improve the Standing Long Jump Performance? A Mininarrative Review

Standing long jump (SLJ) is complicated by the challenge of motor coordination in both the upper and lower segments. This movement is also considered to be a fundamental skill in a variety of sports. In particular, SLJ is an important test index for middle school students for assessing their physical fitness levels. This assessment takes the form of a physical fitness test high school entrance examination in some countries such as China. This minireview summarizes recent studies that have investigated how to improve the standing long jump performance from different aspects which include arm motion, takeoff angle, standing posture, warming-up exercise, and handheld weight. The common study limitations, controversial knowledge, and future research direction are also discussed in detail.

Prenatal sevoflurane exposure: Effects of iron metabolic dysfunction on offspring cognition and potential mechanism

For decades, the neurotoxicity caused by anesthetics in mammalian brain development has gained increasing attention. Exposure to anesthetics leads to neurotoxicity and apoptosis of nerve cells, which in turn induces cognitive dysfunction. Although most of the data came from animal studies, general anesthetics have been shown to have adverse effects on cognitive function in infants and young children in recent years. This concern has led to a number of retrospective studies that observed an association between general anesthesia in pregnant women and neurobehavioral problems in fetuses or offspring. Every year, many pregnant women undergo non-obstetric anesthesia due to various reasons such as traffic accidents, fetal interventions, acute appendicitis, symptomatic cholelithiasis, and trauma. A matter of concern for these pregnant women is whether anesthesia has a detrimental effect on fetal brain development in the womb and whether the fetus has cognitive impairment after birth. In humans, the association of anesthetic exposure in infants with the long-term impairment of neurologic functions has been reported in several retrospective clinical studies. Recently, we have found that sevoflurane anesthesia during pregnancy in mice-induced cognitive impairment in the offspring by causing iron deficiency and inhibiting myelinogenesis. Sevoflurane is a commonly used general anesthetic in the hospitals, which can induce neurotoxicity and cause cognitive impairment in fetuses, infants, children, and adults. However, the exact mechanism of sevoflurane-induced damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully understood. Based on our recent results, this paper reviewed the effects of sevoflurane on cognitive impairment and pathological changes such as neurogenesis, neuronal apoptosis, and iron metabolism dysfunction in the offspring.

Physical Exercise-Mediated Changes in Redox Profile Contribute to Muscle Remodeling After Passive Hand-Rolled Cornhusk Cigarette Smoke Exposure

Consumption of non-traditional cigarettes has increased considerably worldwide, and they can induce skeletal muscle dysfunction. Physical exercise has been demonstrated to be important for prevention and treatment of smoking-related diseases. Therfore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined physical exercise (aerobic plus resistance exercise) on muscle histoarchitecture and oxidative stress in the animals exposed chronically to smoke from hand-rolled cornhusk cigarette (HRCC). Male Swiss mice were exposed to ambient air or passively to the smoke of 12 cigarettes over three daily sessions (four cigarettes per session) for 30 consecutive days with or without combined physical training. 48 h after the last training session, total leukocyte count was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the quadriceps were removed for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and measurement of oxidative stress parameters. The effects of HRCC on the number of leukocytes in BALF, muscle fiber diameter, central nuclei, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were reverted after combined physical training. In addition, increased myogenic factor 5, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), reduced transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and nitrate levels were observed after physical training. However, the reduction in superoxide dismutase and glutathione/glutathione oxidized ratio induced by HRCC was not affected by the training program. These results suggest the important changes in the skeletal muscle brought about by HRCC-induced alteration in the muscle redox profile. In addition, combined physical exercise contributes to remodeling without disrupting muscle morphology.

Taurine Reverses Oxidative Damages and Restores the Muscle Function in Overuse of Exercised Muscle

Exercise-induced oxidative stress is linked with the expression level of endogenous antioxidants, but these antioxidants cannot overcome all oxidative stress-related damages in the cells, particularly when cells are under physiological stress. Sometimes, compounds are needed for cellular function, which are produced/activated within the cells, and these compounds can be synthesized by performing exercise, especially high-performance exercise. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid used for various physiological functions. However, its synthesis and accumulation under the oxidative environment may be compromised. Recently, we have shown that taurine level is increased during exercise performance with a decrease in oxidative damage in overused muscles. Other studies have also shown that short-term supplementation with taurine increased physiological performance during severe work intensities, suggesting the role of taurine in improving muscle performance during exercise. However, its precursor cysteine is used in the synthesis of other compounds like GSH and Coenzyme A, which are important for regulating the redox system and energy homeostasis. It is, therefore, important to understand whether taurine synthesis within the cells can blunt the activity of other compounds that are beneficial in preventing oxidative damage during intense exercise. Furthermore, it is important to understand whether taurine supplementation can prevent the conditions observed in the physiological stress of muscles. This review discusses how taurine synthesis could alter exercise-induced ROS generation and the relationship between the physiological stress of muscle and subsequent improvements in exercise performance.

Swimming training improves mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of swimming-learning program of mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty-three children of both sexes between 11 and 14 years were randomized into trained group (n = 18) and untrained group (n = 15). The training was performed for 8 weeks. Then, before and after 48 h of training period of both groups were submitted to find the mental health, cognition, motor coordination test, and physical fitness. Our results demonstrate that the aquatic exercise program significantly improved the depression parameters (p = 0.048), stress (p = 0.039), cognitive flexibility (p = 0.042) and selective attention (p = 0.047). In relation to motor coordination and physical fitness, the results showed significant improvements in the coordination of lower limbs laterality (p = 0.05), flexibility (p = 0.049), and abdominal resistance (p = 0.037). Taken together, the results suggest that swimming-learning program significantly improved the mental health, cognition, and motor coordination in children with ADHD.

Current Evidence on Traditional Chinese Exercise for Cancers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) has gradually become one of the widespread complementary therapies for treatment and recovery of cancers. However, evidence based on the systematic evaluation of its efficacy is lacking, and there appears to be no conclusion regarding the setting of TCE interventions. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that outline the effects of TCE on cancer patients. Relevant studies were searched by GOOGLE SCHOLAR, SCIENCEDIRECT, and WEB OF SCIENCE using “traditional Chinese exercise” and “cancer.” Only RCTs published in peer-reviewed English journals were included. A total of 27 studies covering 1616 cancer patients satisfied the eligibility criteria for this review. Despite the methodological limitation and relatively high risk of bias possessed by some included studies, positive evidence was still detected on the effects of TCE on these cancer-related health outcomes in physical, psychological, and physiological parameters. The 60-min or 90-min course of TCE intervention for two to three times per week for 10 to 12 weeks was found to be the most common setting in these studies and has effectively benefited cancer patients. These findings add scientific support to encourage cancer patients to practice TCE during or after conventional medical treatment. Nevertheless, future well-designed RCTs with improved methodology and larger sample size on this field are much warranted for further verification.

Optimization of the enzymatic pre-treatment process for mustard oilseeds using response surface methodology

In order to investigate the effect of an enzymatic pre-treatment process for the extraction of oil from black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) using viscozyme, the reaction parameters such as temperature, buffer-to-seed ratio and enzyme concentration were considered as determinant factors in the central composite design. Optimization was carried out according to the four-variable five-level central composite design of experiments. The effects of enzyme concentration (5–12%), temperature (40–55 °C), pH (5.0–6.0), and reaction time (1–7 h) on the free oil liberated were studied. Residual oil was collected by subjecting the treated meal to soxhlet extraction for 4 h. An enzyme dose of 7.5% (w/w), pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 5 h with constant shaking at 450 rpm were found to be opti­mal conditions. Centrifuging the mixture at 7000 rpm for 30 min separated the oil with a recovery of 71–73.1%.

Physical exercise: An inducer of positive oxidative stress in skeletal muscle aging

Oxidative stress is the core of most pathological situations, and its attribution toward disease conversion is not yet well established. The adaptive capacity of a cell can overcome ROS-induced pathology. However, when a cell fails to extend its maximum adaptive capacity against oxidative stress, it could lead a cell to misbehave or defunct from its normal functions. Any type of physical activity can increase the cells' maximum adaptive capacity, but aging can limit this. However, whether aging is the initiating point of reducing cells' adaptive capacity against oxidative stress or oxidative stress can induce the aging process is a mystery, and it could be the key to solving several uncured diseases. Paradoxically, minimum ROS is needed for cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, finding factors that can limit or nullify the production of ROS for cellular homeostasis is a million-dollar question. Regular physical exercise is considered to be one of the factors that can limit the production of ROS and increase the ROS-induced benefits in the cells through inducing minimum oxidative stress and increasing maximum adapting capacity against oxidative stress-induced damages. The type and intensity of exercise that can produce such positive effects in the cells remain unclear. Therefore, this review discusses how physical exercise can help to produce minimal positive oxidative stress in preventing skeletal muscle aging.

Cigarette smoke exposure induces ROS-mediated autophagy by regulating sestrin, AMPK, and mTOR level in mice

Many pathological conditions linked to cigarette smoking are caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of ROS on the lungs of Swiss mice exposed to cigarette smoking, focusing on autophagy-mediated mechanisms, and investigate the involvement of SESN2, AMPK, and mTOR signaling. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days; the control group was not exposed to CS. Only mice exposed to CS for 45 days were selected for subsequent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation and smoke cessation analyses. Exposure to CS increased the production of ROS and induced molecular changes in the autophagy pathway, including an increase in phosphorylated AMPK and ULK1, reduction in phosphorylated mTOR, and increases in SESN2, ATG12, and LC3B levels. NAC supplementation reduced ROS levels and reversed all molecular changes observed upon CS treatment, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in inducing autophagy upon CS exposure. When exposure to CS was stopped, there were decreases in the levels of oxidative stress, AMPK and ULK1 phosphorylation, and autophagy-initiating molecules and increase in mTOR phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results suggest the involvement of ROS, SESN2, AMPK, and mTOR in the CS-induced autophagic process in the lung.

Sevoflurane anesthesia during pregnancy in mice induces cognitive impairment in the offspring by causing iron deficiency and inhibiting myelinogenesis

Maternal anesthetic exposure during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in offspring. The balance of cerebral iron metabolism is essential for the development of brain tissue. Iron deficiency affects the myelinogenesis and nerve tissue development, especially in fetus or infant, which has a key role in cognitive function. We aimed to investigate whether maternal sevoflurane (Sev) exposure caused cognitive impairment in offspring through inducing iron deficiency and inhibiting myelinogenesis. Pregnant mice (gestation stage day 14) were treated with 2% Sev for 6 h. Cognitive function of offspring mice was determined by the Morris water maze and Context fear conditioning test. Iron levels were assayed by Perl's iron staining and synchrotron imaging. Hippocampus and cortex tissues or cerebral microvascular endothelial cells of offspring mice (postnatal day 35) were harvested and subjected to Western blot and/or immunhistochemistry to assess ferritin, transferrin receptor 1(TfR1), Ferroportin-1 (FpN1), myelin basic protein (MBP), tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 levels. Beginning with postnatal day 30, the offspring were treated with iron therapy for 30 days, and the indicators above were tested. Our results showed Sev dramatically decreased the iron levels of brain and impaired cognitive function in offspring mice. Sev decreased the expression of heavy chain ferritin (FtH), light chain ferritin (FtL), MBP, ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5, and FpN1, and increased TfR1 in hippocampus and cortex or cerebral microvascular endothelial cells of offspring mice, indicating that Sev caused the iron deficiency and impaired the myelinogenesis in the brain of offspring. Interestingly, iron therapy prompted the myelinogenesis and improved impaired cognitive function at postnatal day 60. Our research uncovered a new mechanism which showed that iron deficiency induced by Sev and myelin formation disorder due to decreased iron of brain may be an important risk factor for cognitive impairment in offspring. It was necessary for offspring to be supplied iron supplement whose mother suffered exposure to sevoflurane during pregnancy.

Fastidious Anatomization of Biota Procured Compounds on Cancer Drug Discovery

BACKGROUND

Natural products are the rootstock for identifying new drugs since ancient times. In comparison with synthetic drugs, they have abounding beneficial effects in bestowing protection against many diseases, including cancer. Cancer has been observed as a major threat in recent decades, and its prevalence is expected to increase over the next decades. Also, current treatment methods in cancer therapy such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause severe adverse side effects among the cancer population. Therefore, it is exigent to find a remedy without any side effects.

METHODS

In recent years, research has focused on obtaining naturally derived products to encounter this complication. The current pace of investigations, such as gene identification and advancement in combinatorial chemistry, leads to the aberrant access to a wide range of new synthetic drugs. In fact, natural products act as templates in structure predictions and synthesis of new compounds with enhanced biological activities.

RESULTS

Recent developments in genomics have established the importance of polymorphism, which implies that patients require different drugs for their treatment. This demands the discovery of a large number of drugs, but limited sources restrict the pharmaceutical industry to overcome these major obstacles. The use of natural products and their semisynthetic and synthetic analogues could alleviate these problems. However, the lack of standardization in terms of developing methods for evaluating the chemical composition, efficacy, isolation and international approval is still a major limitation in this field. In the past few years, several drug-approval authorities, including the FDA and WHO have allowed using these naturally derived compounds in humans.

CONCLUSION

In this review, we described the use of some natural products from plant and marine sources in cancer treatment and shed some light on semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds derived from natural sources used in cancer therapy.

Propofol prevents oxidative stress and apoptosis by regulating iron homeostasis and targeting JAK/STAT3 signaling in SH-SY5Y cells

The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that propofol (PRO) could exert a neuroprotective effect via inhibiting oxidative stress induced by iron accumulation. Human SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with ferric citrate (FAC), and then were protected by PRO. Cell viability was measured by MTT method. Iron levels were assayed by ICP-MS. Cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL and digital holographic technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization were measured by MDA, DCFH-DA and JC-1 kits, respectively. The expression of proteins or genes involved in iron metabolism such as ferritin, TfR1, DMT1, Fpn1 and hepcidin, and other apoptosis-related proteins including Bcl2, Bax, Bid, Cox2, IL-6, JAK1 and STAT3 were detected by western blot. Our results showed low concentration of PRO (5 μM) could significantly prevent FAC induced apoptosis via inhibiting oxidative stress and iron accumulation. PRO suppressed the increase of ROS and MDA and decrease of MMP induced by FAC. PRO significantly down-regulated the expression of ferritin and up-regulated the expression of TfR1and Fpn1, but had no effect of DMT1. Furthermore, this effect was not done by PRO chelating iron. Meanwhile, PRO suppressed the inflammatory response through inhibiting IL-6 and Cox2 expression and activating JAK/STAT3 signaling induced by iron overload. In conclusion, here we demonstrated a new antioxidation mechanism of PRO. PRO could protect against nerve cell injury induced by overload of iron through regulating iron metabolism and inhibiting stress oxidative and inflammation reaction pathways by targeting JAK/STAT3 signaling.

Brain Iron Metabolism and CNS Diseases

Iron is the most abundant trace element in the human body. It is well known that iron is an important component of hemoglobin involved in the transport of oxygen. As a component of various enzymes, it participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Iron in the nervous system is also involved in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters and is involved in the formation of myelin. Therefore, iron metabolism needs to be strictly regulated. Previous studies have shown that iron deficiency in the brain during infants and young children causes mental retardation, such as delayed development of language and body balance, and psychomotor disorders. However, if the iron is excessively deposited in the aged brain, it is closely related to the occurrence of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. Therefore, it is important to fully study and understand the mechanism of brain iron metabolism and its regulation. On this basis, exploring the relationship between brain iron regulation and the occurrence of nervous system diseases and discovering new therapeutic targets related to iron metabolism have important significance for breaking through the limitation of prevention and treatment of nervous system diseases. This review discusses the complete research history of iron and its significant role in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

Effects of reactive oxygen species and interplay of antioxidants during physical exercise in skeletal muscles

A large number of researches have led to a substantial growth of knowledge about exercise and oxidative stress. Initial investigations reported that physical exercise generates free radical-mediated damages to cells; however, in recent years, studies have shown that regular exercise can upregulate endogenous antioxidants and reduce oxidative damage. Yet, strenuous exercise perturbs the antioxidant system by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. These alterations in the cellular environment seem to occur in an exercise type-dependent manner. The source of ROS generation during exercise is debatable, but now it is well established that both contracting and relaxing skeletal muscles generate reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. In particular, exercises of higher intensity and longer duration can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleotides in myocytes. In this review, we summarize the ROS effects and interplay of antioxidants in skeletal muscle during physical exercise. Additionally, we discuss how ROS-mediated signaling influences physical exercise in antioxidant system.

Modulatory effects of taurine on metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in a mice model of muscle overuse

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of taurine on the biochemical parameters of muscle injury by overuse.

METHODS

Male Swiss mice were divided into four groups: control (Ctrl), overuse (Ov), taurine (Tau), and overuse plus taurine (OvTau). High-intensity exercise sessions were administered for 21 d with concomitant subcutaneous injections of taurine (150 mg/kg). The mice were then sacrificed. The quadriceps muscles were surgically removed for subsequent histologic analysis and evaluation of mitochondrial function, oxidative stress parameters, tissue repair, and DNA damage markers.

RESULTS

The Ov group showed significant differences compared with the Ctrl group (all P <0.05). The fiber area decreased by 49.34%, whereas the centralized nuclei contents (Ctrl = 1.33%; Ov = 28.67%), membrane potential (Ctrl_suc = 179.05 arbitrary fluorescence units (AFUs), Ctrl_suc+ADP = 198.11 AFUs; Ov_suc = 482.95 AFUs, Ov_suc+ADP = 461.6 AFUs), complex I activity (Ctrl = 20.45 nmol ⋅ min ⋅ mg protein, Ov = 45.25 nmol ⋅ min ⋅ mg protein), hydrogen peroxide (Ctrl_suc = 1.08 relative fluorescence unit (RFU) ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, Ctrl_suc+ADP = 0.23 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein; Ov_suc = 5.02 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, Ov_suc+ADP = 0.26 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein) and malondialdehyde (Ctrl = 0.03 nmol ⋅ mg ⋅ protein, Ov = 0.06 nmol ⋅ mg ⋅ protein) levels, and DNA damage (Ctrl_freq = 7.17%, Ov_freq = 31.17%; Ctrl_index = 4.17, Ov_index = 72.5) were increased. Taurine administration reduced the number of centralized nuclei (OvTau = 5%), hydrogen peroxide levels (OvTau_suc = 2.81 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, OvTaus_suc+ADP = 1.54 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein), membrane potential (OvTau_suc = 220.18 AFUs, OvTaus_suc+ADP = 235.28 AFUs), lipid peroxidation (OvTau = 0.02 nmol/mg protein), and DNA damage (OvTau_freq = 21.33%, OvTau_index = 47.83) and increased the fiber area by 54% (all P <0.05).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these data suggest that taurine supplementation modulates various cellular remodeling parameters after overuse-induced muscle damage, and that these positive effects may be related to its antioxidant capacity.

The Effects of Physical Training are Varied and Occur in an Exercise Type-Dependent Manner in Elderly Men

Regular exercise can decrease the deleterious effects of aging and limit the development and progression of chronic disease in elderly people, depending on the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of different physical training programs on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory and neurotrophic mediators in the serum of elderly men. Healthy male volunteers [60 to 80 years; n=55] were divided into four groups: control [Ctr, n=14], aerobic training on dry land [ATdl, n=12]; and combined training on dry land [CTdl, n=12] or in water [CTw, n=17]. The training protocols were performed over 8 weeks, three times per week. Each 1 h session included 5 min warming-up exercise, 50 min specific training [aerobic, strength, or combined], and 5 min stretching. Blood samples were drawn 72 h before [baseline] the beginning of the 8 weeks’ protocol and 48 h after the last training session, processed, and the serum was aliquoted and stored at -70 °C until biochemical assessment of oxidative damage, antioxidant system and neurotrophic, growth and inflammatory factors. Elevated BDNF or IGF-1 levels were observed in the ATdl or CTdl groups, respectively. Overall oxidative stress parameters were improved including reduced lipid oxidative damage and increased thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total glutathione. Significant decreases in the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL-8 were observed; IL-6 was more susceptible to the effects of type of physical training. Thus, the effects of training in elderly men vary in an exercise type-dependent manner.

Physical exercise is effective in preventing cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary oxidative response in mice

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, and physical exercise (Ex) is useful in combating impaired oxidative process. We verified the preventive effects of Ex on lung oxidative markers induced by smoking. In this study, 36 mice (C57BL-6, 30-35 g) were split into four groups: control, CS, Ex, and CS plus Ex. Ex groups were given prior physical training in water (2×30 min/d, 5 days/wk, 8 weeks). After training, the CS groups were subjected to passive exposure to four cigarettes, 3 × per day, for 60 consecutive days. After 24 hours from the last exposure, CS animals were sacrificed, and lung samples were collected for further analysis. Left lung sample was prepared for histological analysis, and right lung was used for biochemical analysis (superoxide, hydroxyproline, lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive species], protein carbonylation [carbonyl groups formation], superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx] activities). Group comparisons were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with P<0.05 considered significantly different. Preventive Ex impeded histological changes and increased the enzymatic defense system (SOD and GPx) by reducing oxidative damage in lipids and proteins. This preventive effect of prior physical Ex alleviates damage caused by CS exposure.

Regulation of ROS defense system by Hybanthus enneaspermus in CCl4 induce cardiac damage

The purpose of this study is to regulate the ROS (Reactive oxygen species) defense system in cardiac damage induced by CCl₄(Carbon tetra chloride) in rats using Hybanthus enneaspermus. Administration of CCl₄induces damage in the heart of rats as proved by estimation of antioxidant enzymes such as, SOD (Superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (Glutathione Peroxdiase), GR (Glutathione Reductase), GST (Glutathione-S-Transferaes). However, treatment with HEE in CCl₄intoxicated rats was found to be protected the heart, as indicated by the enzyme level in serum. A significant increment of serum enzymes level such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST were observed following HEE treatment during CCl₄intoxication whereas MDA (Malondialdehyde) level in HEE treated rats were decreased. The results of our experiment suggest that the treatment of HEE may be the critical remedy for the adverse effect of CCl₄in heart function.