1
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Petermann S, Mayer V, Carbol A, Opitz A, Flesch BK. Compound heterozygosity induces a rare Gerbich-negative phenotype in an immunized blood donor. Transfusion 2024; 64:406-411. [PMID: 38235836 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to Gerbich blood group antigens are exceedingly rare and can cause moderate transfusion reactions. Several deletional variants of the GE-gene, that harbors long sequence repeats, enable alloimmunization and formation of naturally occurring antibodies. SUBJECT AND METHODS A female blood donor and soldier of the German Army without history of pregnancy or transfusion showed an antibody reactive with all test cells except for GE:-2-3 RBC. Thus, anti-Ge2 was suspected. Molecular analysis including fragment length specific PCR, Sanger sequencing and NGS should reveal the molecular background of the deficiency. Segregation of the variant alleles should be demonstrated by family analysis. RESULTS Compound heterozygosity for GYPC exon 2 (GE*01.-02) and exon 3 (GE*01.-03) deletion was detected in the donor and her sister. The mother had one exon 3 amplicon of reduced length, while the father heterozygously exhibited a truncated GYPC exon 2. NGS clearly demonstrated reduced coverages within the deletional fragments within each family member. The donor and her sister showed the complete absence of a 640 bp fragment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Rare GE deletion variants can induce naturally occurring anti-Ge2 in Caucasians. Because of an enhanced risk of injury as soldier autologous RBC of the donor were cryopreserved. The donor and her sibling can give blood for each other because of identical ABO, Rh, and K antigen blood types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Petermann
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland gGmbH, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Vanessa Mayer
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland gGmbH, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Alexander Carbol
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland gGmbH, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland gGmbH, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Brigitte K Flesch
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland gGmbH, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics / HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service West gGmbH, Hagen, Germany
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2
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Gatsios C, Opitz A, Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Schultz T, Shin D, Hammer S, Pflaum J, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Koch N. Surface doping of rubrene single crystals by molecular electron donors and acceptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29718-29726. [PMID: 37882732 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The surface molecular doping of organic semiconductors can play an important role in the development of organic electronic or optoelectronic devices. Single-crystal rubrene remains a leading molecular candidate for applications in electronics due to its high hole mobility. In parallel, intensive research into the fabrication of flexible organic electronics requires the careful design of functional interfaces to enable optimal device characteristics. To this end, the present work seeks to understand the effect of surface molecular doping on the electronic band structure of rubrene single crystals. Our angle-resolved photoemission measurements reveal that the Fermi level moves in the band gap of rubrene depending on the direction of surface electron-transfer reactions with the molecular dopants, yet the valence band dispersion remains essentially unperturbed. This indicates that surface electron-transfer doping of a molecular single crystal can effectively modify the near-surface charge density, while retaining good charge-carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Gatsios
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hammer
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for the Physics of Materials, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Applied Energy Research e.V., Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wischnewski M, Tran H, Zhao Z, Shirinpour S, Haigh Z, Rotteveel J, Perera N, Alekseichuk I, Zimmermann J, Opitz A. Induced neural phase precession through exogeneous electric fields. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.31.535073. [PMID: 37034780 PMCID: PMC10081336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gradual shifting of preferred neural spiking relative to local field potentials (LFPs), known as phase precession, plays a prominent role in neural coding. Correlations between the phase precession and behavior have been observed throughout various brain regions. As such, phase precession is suggested to be a global neural mechanism that promotes local neuroplasticity. However, causal evidence and neuroplastic mechanisms of phase precession are lacking so far. Here we show a causal link between LFP dynamics and phase precession. In three experiments, we modulated LFPs in humans, a non-human primate, and computational models using alternating current stimulation. We show that continuous stimulation of motor cortex oscillations in humans lead to a gradual phase shift of maximal corticospinal excitability by ~90°. Further, exogenous alternating current stimulation induced phase precession in a subset of entrained neurons (~30%) in the non-human primate. Multiscale modeling of realistic neural circuits suggests that alternating current stimulation-induced phase precession is driven by NMDA-mediated synaptic plasticity. Altogether, the three experiments provide mechanistic and causal evidence for phase precession as a global neocortical process. Alternating current-induced phase precession and consequently synaptic plasticity is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic neuromodulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wischnewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - H. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z. Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S. Shirinpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z.J. Haigh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J. Rotteveel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N.D. Perera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - I. Alekseichuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J. Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A. Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Mansour A, Warren R, Lungwitz D, Forster M, Scherf U, Opitz A, Malischewski M, Koch N. Coordination of Tetracyanoquinodimethane-Derivatives with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Provides Stronger p-Dopants with Enhanced Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:46148-46156. [PMID: 37730205 PMCID: PMC10561139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Strong molecular dopants for organic semiconductors that are stable against diffusion are in demand, enhancing the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. The conventionally used p-dopants based on 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and its derivatives "FxTCN(N)Q", such as 2,3,4,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and 1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluorotetracyano-naphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ), feature limited oxidation strength, especially for modern polymer semiconductors with high ionization energy (IE). These small molecular dopants also exhibit pronounced diffusion in the polymer hosts. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach to increase the oxidation strength of FxTCN(N)Q by coordination with four tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) molecules using a single-step solution mixing process, resulting in bulky dopant complexes "FxTCN(N)Q-4(BCF)". Using a series of polymer semiconductors with IE up to 5.9 eV, we show by optical absorption spectroscopy of solutions and thin films that the efficiency of doping using FxTCN(N)Q-4(BCF) is significantly higher compared to that using FxTCN(N)Q or BCF alone. Electrical transport measurements with the prototypical poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) confirm the higher doping efficiency of F4TCNQ-4(BCF) compared to F4TCNQ. Additionally, the bulkier structure of F4TCNQ-4(BCF) is shown to result in higher stability against drift in P3HT under an applied electric field as compared to F4TCNQ. The simple approach of solution-mixing of readily accessible molecules thus offers access to enhanced molecular p-dopants for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
E. Mansour
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department
of Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems
(CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Department
of Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems
(CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Lungwitz D, Joy S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Karunasena C, Li H, Panjwani NA, Moudgil K, Tang K, Behrends J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Brédas JL, Graham K, Koch N, Kahn A. Spectral Signatures of a Negative Polaron in a Doped Polymer Semiconductor: Energy Levels and Hubbard U Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5633-5640. [PMID: 37310355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modern picture of negative charge carriers on conjugated polymers invokes the formation of a singly occupied (spin-up/spin-down) level within the polymer gap and a corresponding unoccupied level above the polymer conduction band edge. The energy splitting between these sublevels is related to on-site Coulomb interactions between electrons, commonly termed Hubbard U. However, spectral evidence for both sublevels and experimental access to the U value is still missing. Here, we provide evidence by n-doping the polymer P(NDI2OD-T2) with [RhCp*Cp]2, [N-DMBI]2, and cesium. Changes in the electronic structure after doping are studied with ultraviolet photoelectron and low-energy inverse photoemission spectroscopies (UPS, LEIPES). UPS data show an additional density of states (DOS) in the former empty polymer gap while LEIPES data show an additional DOS above the conduction band edge. These DOS are assigned to the singly occupied and unoccupied sublevels, allowing determination of a U value of ∼1 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lungwitz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | - Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Kenneth Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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6
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Zhao Z, Shirinpour S, Tran H, Wischnewski M, Opitz A. Intensity- and frequency-specific effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation are explained by network dynamics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.19.541493. [PMID: 37293105 PMCID: PMC10245793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can be used to non-invasively entrain neural activity, and thereby cause changes in local neural oscillatory power. Despite an increased use in cognitive and clinical neuroscience, the fundamental mechanisms of tACS are still not fully understood. Here, we develop a computational neuronal network model of two-compartment pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons which mimic the local cortical circuits. We model tACS with electric field strengths that are achievable in human applications. We then simulate intrinsic network activity and measure neural entrainment to investigate how tACS modulates ongoing endogenous oscillations. First, we show that intensity-specific effects of tACS are non-linear. At low intensities (<0.3 mV/mm), tACS desynchronizes neural firing relative to the endogenous oscillations. At higher intensities (>0.3 mV/mm), neurons are entrained to the exogenous electric field. We then further explore the stimulation parameter space and find that entrainment of ongoing cortical oscillations also depends on frequency by following an Arnold tongue. Moreover, neuronal networks can amplify the tACS induced entrainment via excitation-inhibition balance. Our model shows that pyramidal neurons are directly entrained by the exogenous electric field and drive the inhibitory neurons. Our findings can thus provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the intensity- and frequency- specific effects of oscillating electric fields on neuronal networks. This is crucial for rational parameters selection for tACS in cognitive studies and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S. Shirinpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - H. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M. Wischnewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A. Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Shirinpour S, Wischnewski M, Haigh Z, Alekseichuk I, Opitz A. P-28 Oscillation phase-specific modulation of cortical excitability using closed-loop transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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8
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Berger T, Mantell K, Perera N, Alekseichuk I, Opitz A. P-52 Deep learning-based estimation of transcranial magnetic stimulation electric fields. Clin Neurophysiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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9
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Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Zhang Y, Opitz A, Barlow S, Marder SR, Koch N. Improving the Resistance of Molecularly Doped Polymer Semiconductor Layers to Solvent. Chem Mater 2023; 35:672-681. [PMID: 36711052 PMCID: PMC9879288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form multi-heterolayer (opto)electronic devices by solution processing of (molecularly doped) semiconducting polymer layers is of great interest since it can facilitate the fabrication of large-area and low-cost devices. However, the solution processing of multilayer devices poses a particular challenge with regard to dissolution of the first layer during the deposition of a second layer. Several approaches have been introduced to circumvent this problem for neat polymers, but suitable approaches for molecularly doped polymer semiconductors are much less well-developed. Here, we provide insights into two different mechanisms that can enhance the solvent resistance of solution-processed doped polymer layers while also retaining the dopants, one being the doping-induced pre-aggregation in solution and the other including the use of a photo-reactive agent that results in covalent cross-linking of the semiconductor and, perhaps in some cases, the dopant. For molecularly p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecyl-thiophene-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene] layers, we find that the formation of polymer chain aggregates prior to the deposition from solution plays a major role in enhancing solvent resistance. However, this pre-aggregation limits inclusion of the cross-linking agent benzene-1,3,5-triyl tris(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate). We show that if pre-aggregation in solution is suppressed, high resistance of thin doped polymer layers to solvent can be achieved using the tris(azide). Moreover, the electrical conductivity can be largely retained by increasing the tris(azide) content in a doped polymer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489Berlin, Germany
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10
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Schreiber D, Opitz A. A Novel Background Modeling Algorithm for Hyperspectral Ground-Based Surveillance and Through-Foliage Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7720. [PMID: 36298071 PMCID: PMC9610167 DOI: 10.3390/s22207720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Foliage penetration is an unsolved important part of border surveillance of remote areas between regular border crossing points. Detecting penetrating objects (e.g., persons and cars) through dense foliage in various climate conditions using visual sensors is prone to high fault rates. Through-foliage scenarios contain an unprecedented amount of occlusion-in fact, they often contain fragmented occlusion (for example, looking through the branches of a tree). Current state-of-the-art detectors based on deep learning perform inadequately under moderate-to-heavy fragmented occlusion. The FOLDOUT project builds a system that combines various sensors and technologies to tackle this problem. Consequently, a hyperspectral sensor was investigated due to its extended spectral bandwidth, beyond the range of typical RGB sensors, where vegetation exhibits pronounced reflectance. Due to the poor performance of deep learning approaches in through-foliage scenarios, a novel background modeling-based detection approach was developed, dedicated to the characteristics of the hyperspectral sensor, namely strong correlations between adjacent spectral bands and high redundancy. The algorithm is based on local dimensional reduction, where the principal subspace of each pixel is maintained and adapted individually over time. The successful application of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a through-foliage scenario comprised of heavy fragmented occlusion and a highly dynamical background, where state-of-the-art deep learning detectors perform poorly.
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11
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Brumboiu IE, Ericsson LKE, Blazinic V, Hansson R, Opitz A, Brena B, Moons E. Photooxidation of PC 60BM: new insights from spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25753-25766. [PMID: 36128981 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03514f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This joint experimental-theoretical spectroscopy study of the fullerene derivative PC60BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester) aims to improve the understanding of the effect of photooxidation on its electronic structure. We have studied spin-coated thin films of PC60BM by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), before and after intentional exposure to simulated sunlight in air for different lengths of time. The π* resonance in the C1s NEXAFS spectrum was found to be a very sensitive probe for the early changes to the fullerene cage, while FTIR spectra, in combination with O1s NEXAFS spectra, enabled the identification of the oxidation products. The changes observed in the spectra obtained by these complementary methods were compared with the corresponding Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculated single-molecule spectra of a large set of in silico generated oxidation products of PC60BM where oxygen atoms were attached to the C60 cage. This comparison confirms that photooxidation of PC60BM disrupts the conjugation of the fullerene cage by a transition from sp2 to sp3-hybridized carbon and causes the formation of several oxidation products, earlier proposed for C60. The agreement between experimental and calculated IR spectra suggests moreover the presence of dicarbonyl and anhydride structures on the fullerene cage, in combination with cage opening at the adsorption site. By including PC60BM with physisorbed O2 molecules on the cage in our theoretical description in order to model oxygen diffused through the film, the experimental O1s XPS and O1s NEXAFS spectra could be reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Emilia Brumboiu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif K E Ericsson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Vanja Blazinic
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Rickard Hansson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Brena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
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12
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Opitz A, Bordag D, Furgoni A. Mental Representation of Word Family Structure: The Case of German Infinitives, Conversion Nouns and Other Morphologically Related Forms. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910849. [PMID: 35967669 PMCID: PMC9363782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates how two non-finite forms, infinitives and conversion nouns, are represented in the mind of L1 and L2 speakers and what is their relationship to other members of the corresponding word family. German native speakers and proficient German learners with Czech as L1 participated in four overt priming experiments involving a grammatical judgement task. We investigated the relationship between infinitives (Experiment 1) and conversion nouns (Experiment 2) and formally identical verbal or noun forms. We further focussed on the relationship between conversion nouns and regular nominal derivation forms with two derivational suffixes: -er and -ung (Experiments 3 and 4). Our results show that the two non-finite forms differ in their relations to other members of a word family and do not constitute a special class of non-finites as suggested in previous literature. While German infinitives seem to be closer related to finite verbal forms, conversion nouns behave in the same way as other regular nominal derivatives within the same word family. As for the German L1 and L2 contrast, no significant difference in the mental representation of the examined forms was found. This finding suggests that with respect to the explored phenomena, proficient learners rely on the same linguistic organisation as L1 speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Opitz
- Herder-Institut, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Opitz,
| | - Denisa Bordag
- Herder-Institut, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alberto Furgoni
- Herder-Institut, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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13
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Saeedifard F, Lungwitz D, Yu ZD, Schneider S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Barlow S, Toney MF, Pei J, Koch N, Marder SR. Use of a Multiple Hydride Donor To Achieve an n-Doped Polymer with High Solvent Resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33598-33605. [PMID: 35822714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to insolubilize doped semiconducting polymer layers can help enable the fabrication of efficient multilayer solution-processed electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a promising approach to simultaneously n-dope and largely insolubilize conjugated polymer films using tetrakis[{4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenoxy}methyl]methane (tetrakis-O-DMBI-H), which consists of four 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazole (DMBI-H) n-dopant moieties covalently linked to one another. Doping a thiophene-fused benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)-co-thiophene polymer (TBDOPV-T) with tetrakis-O-DMBI-H results in a highly n-doped film with bulk conductivity of 15 S cm-1. Optical absorption spectra provide evidence for film retention of ∼93% after immersion in o-dichlorobenzene for 5 min. The optical absorption signature of the charge carriers in the n-doped polymer decreases only slightly more than that of the neutral polymer under these conditions, indicating that the exposure to solvent also results in negligible dedoping of the film. Moreover, thermal treatment studies on a tetrakis-O-DMBI-H-doped TBDOPV-T film in contact with another undoped polymer film indicate immobilization of the molecular dopant in TBDOPV-T. This is attributed to the multiple electrostatic interactions between each dopant tetracation and up to four nearby anionic doped polymer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedifard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- School of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jian Pei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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14
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Naujoks T, Jayabalan R, Kirsch C, Zu F, Mandal M, Wahl J, Waibel M, Opitz A, Koch N, Andrienko D, Scheele M, Brütting W. Quantum Efficiency Enhancement of Lead-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal LEDs by Organic Lithium Salt Treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:28985-28996. [PMID: 35695840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface-defect passivation is key to achieving a high photoluminescence quantum yield in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. However, in perovskite light-emitting diodes, these surface ligands also have to enable balanced charge injection into the nanocrystals to yield high efficiency and operational lifetime. In this respect, alkaline halides have been reported to passivate surface trap states and increase the overall stability of perovskite light emitters. On the one side, the incorporation of alkaline ions into the lead halide perovskite crystal structure is considered to counterbalance cation vacancies, whereas on the other side, the excess halides are believed to stabilize the colloids. Here, we report an organic lithium salt, viz. LiTFSI, as a halide-free surface passivation on perovskite nanocrystals. We show that treatment with LiTFSI has multiple beneficial effects on lead halide perovskite nanocrystals and LEDs derived from them. We obtain a higher photoluminescence quantum yield and a longer exciton lifetime and a radiation pattern that is more favorable for light outcoupling. The ligand-induced dipoles on the nanocrystal surface shift their energy levels toward a lower hole-injection barrier. Overall, these effects add up to a 4- to 7-fold boost of the external quantum efficiency in proof-of-concept LED structures, depending on the color of the used lead halide perovskite nanocrystal emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Naujoks
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Kirsch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Mukunda Mandal
- Max Planck Institute für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Wahl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Martin Waibel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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15
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Mansour AE, Valencia AM, Lungwitz D, Wegner B, Tanaka N, Shoji Y, Fukushima T, Opitz A, Cocchi C, Koch N. Understanding the evolution of the Raman spectra of molecularly p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl): signatures of polarons and bipolarons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3109-3118. [PMID: 35040854 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04985b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular doping is a key process to increase the density of charge carriers in organic semiconductors. Doping-induced charges in polymer semiconductors result in the formation of polarons and/or bipolarons due to the strong electron-vibron coupling in conjugated organic materials. Identifying the nature of charge carriers in doped polymers is essential to optimize the doping process for applications. In this work, we use Raman spectroscopy to investigate the formation of charge carriers in molecularly doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) for increasing dopant concentration, with the organic salt dimesityl borinium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate (Mes2B+ [B(C6F5)4]-) and the Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3]. While the Raman signatures of neutral P3HT and singly charged P3HT segments (polarons) are known, the Raman spectra of doubly charged P3HT segments (bipolarons) are not yet sufficiently understood. Combining Raman spectroscopy measurements on doped P3HT thin films with first-principles calculations on oligomer models, we explain the evolution of the Raman spectra from neutral P3HT to increasingly doped P3HT featuring polarons and eventually bipolarons at high doping levels. We identify and explain the origin of the spectral features related to bipolarons by tracing the Raman signature of the symmetric collective vibrations along the polymer backbone, which - compared to neutral P3HT - redshifts for polarons and blueshifts for bipolarons. This is explained by a planarization of the singly charged P3HT segments with polarons and rather high order in thin films, while the doubly charged segments with bipolarons are located in comparably disordered regions of the P3HT film due to the high dopant concentration. Furthermore, we identify additional Raman peaks associated with vibrations in the quinoid doubly charged segments of the polymer. Our results offer the opportunity for readily identifying the nature of charge carriers in molecularly doped P3HT while taking advantage of the simplicity, versatility, and non-destructive nature of Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana M Valencia
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Berthold Wegner
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Bordag D, Opitz A. Employing General Linguistic Knowledge in Incidental Acquisition of Grammatical Properties of New L1 and L2 Lexical Representations: Toward Reducing Fuzziness in the Initial Ontogenetic Stage. Front Psychol 2022; 12:768362. [PMID: 35173647 PMCID: PMC8841658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.768362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study explores the degree to which readers can use their previous linguistic knowledge, which goes beyond the immediate evidence in the input, to create mental representations of new words and how the employment of this knowledge may reduce the fuzziness of the new representations. Using self-paced reading, initial representations of novel identical forms with different grammatical functions were compared in native German speakers and advanced L2 German learners with L1 Czech. The results reveal that although both groups can employ general knowledge about German grammar when establishing new representations, the L1 native speakers outperform the L2 learners: Their new representations have more precise structure and are better differentiated from related representations with respect to their grammatical information. Modeling consequences of these findings are discussed in the context of the Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation and the Fuzzy Lexical Representation Hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Bordag
- Herder Institute, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Herder Institute, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Gor K, Cook S, Bordag D, Chrabaszcz A, Opitz A. Fuzzy Lexical Representations in Adult Second Language Speakers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:732030. [PMID: 35027898 PMCID: PMC8751619 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose the fuzzy lexical representations (FLRs) hypothesis that regards fuzziness as a core property of nonnative (L2) lexical representations (LRs). Fuzziness refers to imprecise encoding at different levels of LRs and interacts with input frequency during lexical processing and learning in adult L2 speakers. The FLR hypothesis primarily focuses on the encoding of spoken L2 words. We discuss the causes of fuzzy encoding of phonological form and meaning as well as fuzzy form-meaning mappings and the consequences of fuzzy encoding for word storage and retrieval. A central factor contributing to the fuzziness of L2 LRs is the fact that the L2 lexicon is acquired when the L1 lexicon is already in place. There are two immediate consequences of such sequential learning. First, L2 phonological categorization difficulties lead to fuzzy phonological form encoding. Second, the acquisition of L2 word forms subsequently to their meanings, which had already been acquired together with the L1 word forms, leads to weak L2 form-meaning mappings. The FLR hypothesis accounts for a range of phenomena observed in L2 lexical processing, including lexical confusions, slow lexical access, retrieval of incorrect lexical entries, weak lexical competition, reliance on sublexical rather than lexical heuristics in word recognition, the precedence of word form over meaning, and the prominence of detailed, even if imprecisely encoded, information about LRs in episodic memory. The main claim of the FLR hypothesis – that the quality of lexical encoding is a product of a complex interplay between fuzziness and input frequency – can contribute to increasing the efficiency of the existing models of LRs and lexical access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Gor
- Graduate Program in Second Language Acquisition, School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Svetlana Cook
- National Foreign Language Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Denisa Bordag
- Herder Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Denisa Bordag,
| | - Anna Chrabaszcz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Herder Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Grassl F, Ullrich A, Mansour AE, Abdalbaqi SM, Koch N, Opitz A, Scheele M, Brütting W. Coupled Organic-Inorganic Nanostructures with Mixed Organic Linker Molecules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:37483-37493. [PMID: 34328310 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of semiconducting inorganic lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals (NCs) and organic linker molecules are dependent on the size of NCs as well as the used ligands. Here, we demonstrate that a weakly binding ligand can be successfully attached to PbS NCs to form a coupled organic-inorganic nanostructure (COIN) by mixing with a strong binding partner. We use the weakly binding zinc β-tetraaminophthalocyanine (Zn4APc) in combination with the strongly binding 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) as a mixed ligand system and compare its structural, electronic, and (photo-)electrical properties with both single-ligand COINs. It is found that binding of Zn4APc is assisted by the presence of EDT leading to improved film homogeneity, lower trap density, and enhanced photocurrent of the derived devices. Thus, the mixing of ligands is a versatile tool to achieve COINs with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grassl
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Aladin Ullrich
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Flesch BK, Scherer V, Opitz A, Ochmann O, Janson A, Steitz M, Zeiler T. Platelet CD36 deficiency is present in 2.6% of Arabian individuals and can cause NAIT and platelet refractoriness. Transfusion 2021; 61:1932-1942. [PMID: 33822386 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD36 isoantibodies are capable of inducing neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and platelet refractoriness. As to now the CD36 type I deficiency has been reported in East Asian and African individuals. However, it is virtually unknown in Caucasians. The aim of this study was to display the prevalence of the CD36 deficiency within parts of the Arabian population in Germany. Secondly, we are presenting the case of a newborn suffering from NAIT which was induced by CD36 antibody. METHODS Platelet (p) CD36 was determined by flow cytometry on 1328 samples mainly from individuals of Arabian origin and a family with a neonate affected by NAIT. DNA sequencing was performed on all pCD36-negative samples. RESULTS Thirty-five (2.64%) of all donor samples were pCD36 negative, 19 (1.43%) had a weak expression. Including only individuals from the Arabian peninsula, frequencies were 3.39% and 1.75%, respectively. CD36 type I deficiency on both platelets and monocytes combined with a CD36 isoantibody were detected in the mother of the NAIT baby. The baby was successfully transfused with two HPA-unselected platelet concentrates. In case of need, two platelet units with a weak pCD36 expression were on hand. A total of 45 different CD36 mutations were detected within pCD36-negative individuals, some being homozygous, most of them only present on one allele. CONCLUSION The CD36-negative phenotype is present in a significant number of individuals of Arabian origin and enables CD36 isoimmunization in NAIT or refractoriness. Blood transfusion services should be aware of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte K Flesch
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service West, Hagen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Scherer
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Oswin Ochmann
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Anne Janson
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Monika Steitz
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
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20
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Eichler H, Feyer AK, Weitmann K, Hoffmann W, Henseler O, Opitz A, Patek A, Hans DN, Schönborn L, Greinacher A. Population-Based Analysis of the Impact of Demographics on the Current and Future Blood Supply in the Saarland. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 48:175-182. [PMID: 34177423 DOI: 10.1159/000512645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The federal state of Saarland (SL) is experiencing the fastest demographic change in the western part of Germany. In this study, we analyzed retrospective data on the current and future supply of red blood cell concentrates (RBC) in this region and compared it to the current and future RBC demand in SL hospitals. Methods The projection of the SL blood supply in 2030 was modeled based on SL demographics for age distribution and donation frequency of donors, and the RBC transfusion data for in-house patients. These results were compared to published data on the transfusion demand from the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (MV). Results For the period January 1 to December 31, 2017, a total of 43,205 whole blood donations were collected. The donation frequency in SL never exceeded 80 per 1,000 inhabitants and was well below the numbers in MV. Thirty-one percent of the donors were responsible for 53.5% of the donations, and donors older than 45 years of age contributed highly to the total blood supply. In addition, 40,614 RBC transfusions at 10 SL hospitals were analyzed representing nearly all RBC transfusions for in-house patients in this region. RBC transfusions per 1,000 inhabitants increased with age from 24 (50-54) to 140 (80-84) years. Facing an already existing structural deficit of nearly 8,200 RBC in 2017, the projection predicts a dramatic increase in the regional deficit to >18,300 RBC in 2030. Conclusion Our results on RBC demand in SL are comparable but not identical to those projected for the region of MV in eastern Germany. Due to the ongoing demographic changes in Germany as a whole, regular regional monitoring of RBC demand and the age structure of blood recipients and donors should be implemented to allow for better strategic planning in blood transfusion services and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Eichler
- Universität des Saarlandes, Institut für Klinische Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Feyer
- Universität des Saarlandes, Institut für Klinische Hämostaseologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weitmann
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institut für Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institut für Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- DRK-Blutspendedienst Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Alexander Patek
- Blutspendezentrale Saar-Pfalz, Klinikum Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Linda Schönborn
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Wegner B, Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Tait CE, Tanaka N, Zhai T, Duhm S, Forster M, Behrends J, Shoji Y, Opitz A, Scherf U, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Fukushima T, Koch N. An Organic Borate Salt with Superior p-Doping Capability for Organic Semiconductors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2001322. [PMID: 32995128 PMCID: PMC7507313 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping allows enhancement and precise control of electrical properties of organic semiconductors, and is thus of central technological relevance for organic (opto-) electronics. Beyond single-component molecular electron acceptors and donors, organic salts have recently emerged as a promising class of dopants. However, the pertinent fundamental understanding of doping mechanisms and doping capabilities is limited. Here, the unique capabilities of the salt consisting of a borinium cation (Mes2B+; Mes: mesitylene) and the tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate anion [B(C6F5)4]- is demonstrated as p-type dopant for polymer semiconductors. With a range of experimental methods, the doping mechanism is identified to comprise electron transfer from the polymer to Mes2B+, and the positive charge on the polymer is stabilized by [B(C6F5)4]-. Notably, the former salt cation leaves during processing and is not present in films. The anion [B(C6F5)4]- even enables the stabilization of polarons and bipolarons in poly(3-hexylthiophene), not yet achieved with other molecular dopants. From doping studies with high ionization energy polymer semiconductors, the effective electron affinity of Mes2B+[B(C6F5)4]- is estimated to be an impressive 5.9 eV. This significantly extends the parameter space for doping of polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Wegner
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Claudia E. Tait
- Berlin Joint EPR LabFachbereich PhysikFreie Universität BerlinBerlinD‐14195Germany
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Tianshu Zhai
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie and Institut für PolymertechnologieBergische Universität WuppertalWuppertalD‐42097Germany
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR LabFachbereich PhysikFreie Universität BerlinBerlinD‐14195Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie and Institut für PolymertechnologieBergische Universität WuppertalWuppertalD‐42097Germany
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama226‐8503Japan
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlinD‐12489Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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Seidel KF, Lungwitz D, Opitz A, Krüger T, Behrends J, Marder SR, Koch N. Single-Step Formation of a Low Work Function Cathode Interlayer and n-type Bulk Doping from Semiconducting Polymer/Polyethylenimine Blend Solution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:28801-28807. [PMID: 32462863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of polyethylenimine (PEI) as a thin interlayer between cathodes and organic semiconductors in order to reduce interfacial Ohmic losses has become an important approach in organic electronics. It has also been shown that such interlayers can form spontaneously because of vertical phase separation when spin-coating a blended solution of PEI and the semiconductor. Furthermore, bulk doping of semiconducting polymers by PEI has been claimed. However, to our knowledge, a clear delineation of interfacial from bulk effects has not been published. Here, we report a study on thin films formed by spin-coating blended solutions of PEI and poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} [P(NDI2OD-T2)] on indium tin oxide. We observed the vertical phase separation in such films, where PEI accumulates at the bottom and the top, sandwiching the semiconductor layer. The PEI interlayer on ITO reduces the electron injection barrier to the minimum value determined by Fermi level pinning, which, in turn, reduces the contact resistance by 5 orders of magnitude. Although we find no evidence for doping-induced polarons in P(NDI2OD-T2) upon mixing with PEI from optical absorption, more sensitive electron paramagnetic resonance measurements provide evidence for doping and an increased carrier density, at a very low level. This, in conjunction with an increased charge carrier mobility due to trap filling, results in an increase in the mixed polymer conductivity by 4 orders of magnitude relative to pure P(NDI2OD-T2). Consequently, both interfacial and bulk effects occur with notable magnitude in thin films formed from blended semiconductor polymer/PEI solution. Thus, this facile one-step procedure to form PEI interlayers must be applied with attention, as modification of the bulk semiconductor polymer (here doping) may occur simultaneously and might go un-noticed if not examined carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Fabiana Seidel
- Physics Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 80230-901 Curitiba, Brazil
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab and Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Opitz A, Bordag D. Word Category Conversion Revisited: The Case of Adjectives and Participles in L1 and L2 German. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1045. [PMID: 32547454 PMCID: PMC7270348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hypotheses about mental representation of conversion (i.e., zero-derivation) claims that converted forms are a product of a costly mental process that converts a word’s category into another one when needed, i.e., depending on the syntactic context in which the word appears. The empirical evidence for the claim is based primarily on self-paced reading experiments by Stolterfoht et al. (2010) in which they explored the assumed conversion of German verbs into adjectives in two syntactic contexts with past participles. In our priming study, we show that the effects that had been attributed to the conversion process are in fact frequency effects. In addition, based on our data we argue that past participles do not undergo any change in word class in either of the two syntactic contexts, which is consistent with, e.g., traditional German grammars. The same pattern of frequency effects was observed for German native speakers and advanced L2 German learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Opitz
- Herder Institute, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denisa Bordag
- Herder Institute, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Shirinpour S, Alekseichuk I, Mantell K, Opitz A. P132 Methods for EEG phase-specific transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flesch BK, Scherer V, Just B, Opitz A, Ochmann O, Janson A, Steitz M, Zeiler T. Molecular Blood Group Screening in Donors from Arabian Countries and Iran Using High-Throughput MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and PCR-SSP. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 47:396-408. [PMID: 33173458 DOI: 10.1159/000505495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Only little is known about blood groups other than ABO blood groups and Rhesus factors in Arabian countries and Iran. During the last years, increased migration to Central Europe has put a focus on the question how to guarantee blood supply for patients from these countries, particularly because hemoglobinopathies with the need of regular blood support are more frequent in patients from that region. Therefore, blood group allele frequencies should be determined in individuals from Arabian countries and Iran by molecular typing and compared to a German rare donor panel. Methods 1,111 samples including 800 individuals from Syria, 147 from Iran, 123 from the Arabian Peninsula, and 41 from Northern African countries were included in a MALDI-TOF MS assay to detect polymorphisms coding for Kk, Fy(a/b), Fy<sub>null</sub>, C<sub>w</sub>, Jk(a/b), Jo(a+/a-), Lu(a/b), Lu(8/14), Ss, Do(a/b), Co(a/b), In(a/b), Js(a/b), Kp(a/b), and variant alleles RHCE*c.697C>G and RHCE *c.733C>G. Yt(a/b), S-s-U-, Vel<sub>null</sub>, Co<sub>null</sub>, and RHCE *c.667G>T were tested by PCR-SSP. Results Of the Arabian donors, 2% were homozygous for the FY *02.01N allele (Fy<sub>null</sub>), and 15.7% carried the heterozygous mutation. However, 0.8% of the German donors also carried 1 copy of the allele. 3.6% of all and 29.3% of Northern African donors were heterozygous for the RHCE *c.733C>G substitution, 0.4% of the Syrian probands were heterozygous for DO *01/DO *01.-05, a genotype that was lacking in German donors. Whereas the KEL *02.06 allele coding for the Js(a) phenotype was missing in Germans; 0.8% of the Syrian donors carried 1 copy of this allele. 1.8% of the Syrian but only 0.3% of the German donors were negative for YT *01. One donor from Northern Africa homo-zygously carried the GYPB *270+5g>t mutation, inducing the S-s-U+<sup>w</sup> phenotype, and in 2 German donors a GYPB *c.161G>A exchange, which induces the Mit+ phenotype, caused a GYPB *03 allele dropout in the MALDI assay. The overall failure rate of the Arabian panel was 0.4%. Conclusions Some blood group alleles that are largely lacking in Europeans but had been described in African individuals are present in Arabian populations at a somewhat lower frequency. In single cases, it could be challenging to provide immunized Arabian patients with compatible blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Katharina Flesch
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service West, Hagen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Scherer
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Oswin Ochmann
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Anne Janson
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Monika Steitz
- German Red Cross Blood Service Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
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26
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Opitz A, Koch R. Remote-controlled nucleophilicity III: A valuable model to explain and predict the observed regioselectivity of the electrophilic attack on substituted 4-methylpyridine anions. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Blazinic V, Ericsson LKE, Levine I, Hansson R, Opitz A, Moons E. Impact of intentional photo-oxidation of a donor polymer and PC 70BM on solar cell performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22259-22271. [PMID: 31588441 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A short lifetime is the main factor hindering the wider implementation of low-cost organic photovoltaics in large-area and outdoor applications. Ingress of oxygen and water vapour through non-ideal encapsulation layers is a known cause of degradation for polymer/fullerene based solar cells. To better understand the origin of this performance degradation, we study the effect of intentional exposure of the photo-active layer to simulated sunlight (AM1.5) in air both on the solar cell performance and on the molecular semiconductor materials. Cathode-free thin films of a blend of the electron donor polymer poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (TQ1) and the electron acceptor fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) were exposed to simulated sunlight in air. Fourier-transform infrared spectra demonstrate the formation of carbonyl photo-oxidation products in the blend films, as well as in the pristine polymer and fullerene films. Solar cells prepared with photo-oxidized active layers show increasingly degraded electrical performance (lower short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor) with increasing exposure time. The increased diode ideality factor indicates that trap-assisted recombination hinders device operation after exposure. The external quantum efficiency decreases drastically with increasing exposure time over the whole photon energy range, while the UV-vis absorption spectra of the blend films only show a mild photo-induced bleaching. This demonstrates that not only the photo-induced degradation of the solar cell performance is not predominantly caused by the loss in light absorption, but charge transport and collection are also hampered. This is explained by the fact that photo-oxidation of PC70BM causes bonds in its conjugated cage to break, as evidenced by the decreased π* intensity in C1s-NEXAFS spectra of PC70BM films. This degradation of unoccupied states of PC70BM will hinder the transport of photo-generated electrons to the electrode. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy gives direct evidence for gap states at the surface of a PC70BM film, formed after 2 hours of exposure and resulting in upward band bending at the PC70BM/air surface. These observations indicate that the photo-oxidation of PC70BM is likely to be the main cause of the performance degradation observed when the photoactive layer of a TQ1:PC70BM solar cell is intentionally exposed to light in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Blazinic
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Leif K E Ericsson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Igal Levine
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.B. 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rickard Hansson
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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Duva G, Beyer P, Scholz R, Belova V, Opitz A, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Ground-state charge-transfer interactions in donor:acceptor pairs of organic semiconductors - a spectroscopic study of two representative systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17190-17199. [PMID: 31364636 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigate blended donor:acceptor (D:A) thin films of the two donors diindenoperylene (DIP) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) mixed with the strong acceptor 1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluorotetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane (F6TCNNQ) using Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (PMIRRAS). For DIP:F6TCNNQ thin films we first carry out a comprehensive study of the structure as a function of the D : A mixing ratio, which guides the analysis of the PMIRRAS spectra. In particular, from the red-shift of the nitrile (C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N) stretching of F6TCNNQ in the different mixtures with DIP, we quantify the average ground-state charge-transfer (GS-CT) to be ρavg = (0.84 ± 0.04) e. The PMIRRAS data for P3HT:F6TCNNQ blended films reveal nearly the same shift of the CT-affected C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N stretching peak for this system. This points towards a very similar CT strength for the two systems. We extend the analysis to the relative intensity of the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretching modes of F6TCNNQ in the mixtures with DIP and P3HT, respectively, and support it with DFT calculations for the isolated F6TCNNQ. Such comparison allows to identify the vibrational signatures of the acceptor mono-anion in P3HT:F6TCNNQ, thus indicating a much stronger, integer CT-type interactions for this system, in agreement with available optical spectroscopy data. Our findings stress the importance of a simultaneous analysis of C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretching vibrations in F6TCNNQ, or similar quinoid systems, for a reliable picture of the nature of GS-CT interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Duva
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Paul Beyer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Schreiber
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter Interactions, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Galanis C, Lenz M, Opitz A, Vlachos A. P19 Repetitive magnetic stimulation of mouse and rat hippocampal tissue cultures reveals distinct stimulation intensity thresholds for the induction of excitatory synaptic plasticity. Clin Neurophysiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Opitz A. Biophysical mechanisms and physiological effects of tACS. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Regel S, Opitz A, Müller G, Friederici AD. Processing inflectional morphology: ERP evidence for decomposition of complex words according to the affix structure. Cortex 2018; 116:143-153. [PMID: 30466728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the processing of inflectional morphology by registrating event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during sentence reading. In particular, we examined nouns combined with affixes that have distinct structural characteristics as proposed by morphological theory. Affixes were either complex consisting of functionally distinguishable subparts as occurring for German plural morphology, or simple consisting of one part only. To test possible differences in processing these affixes we compared grammatical nouns [e.g., Kartons (cartons)] to ungrammatical ones (e.g., *Kartonen) in two different syntactic contexts represented by a complex, or simple affix. The ERPs showed that ungrammatical nouns consisting of complex affixes elicited a left anterior negativity (LAN) reflecting enhanced morphosyntactic processing, which was absent for equivalent nouns consisting of simple affixes. This finding suggests that inflected words are decomposed dependent on the affix structure, whereby the affixes themselves seem to consist of morphological subparts in accordance with current morphological theories (Müller, 2007; Noyer, 1992). Moreover, ungrammatical nouns elicited early (reduced P200) and late (P600) ERP components relative to their grammatical equivalents, which implies an engagement of syntactic processes presumably based on intially enhanced pre-lexical processing of these irregularized nouns. The findings are discussed with respect to theoretical and neuropsychological accounts to inflectional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Regel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany
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Xu X, Schultz T, Qin Z, Severin N, Haas B, Shen S, Kirchhof JN, Opitz A, Koch CT, Bolotin K, Rabe JP, Eda G, Koch N. Microstructure and Elastic Constants of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers from Friction and Shear Force Microscopy. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803748. [PMID: 30133006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical and electrical properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are strongly determined by their microstructure. Consequently, the visualization of spatial structural variations is of paramount importance for future applications. This study demonstrates how grain boundaries, crystal orientation, and strain fields can unambiguously be identified with combined lateral force microscopy and transverse shear microscopy (TSM) for CVD-grown tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) monolayers, on length scales that are relevant for optoelectronic applications. Further, angle-dependent TSM measurements enable the fourth-order elastic constants of monolayer WS2 to be acquired experimentally. The results facilitate high-throughput and nondestructive microstructure visualization of monolayer TMDCs and insights into their elastic properties, thus providing an accessible tool to support the development of advanced optoelectronic devices based on such 2D semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziyu Qin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Haas
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumin Shen
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jan N Kirchhof
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph T Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill Bolotin
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goki Eda
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, 14109, Berlin, Germany
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Smokovitis A, Wagner M, Starlinger M, Opitz A, Binder BR. Changes in Plasminogen Activator Activity and Plasmin Inhibition in the Pig During Experimental Hypovolaemia. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA markedly decreased plasminogen activator activity (PAA) was seen in lung, heart and kidney after experimental hypovolemia in the pig. In 2 of 12 cases, an increased PAA was found in liver and spleen. In skeletal muscle, skin, sciatic nerve and in 10 of 12 cases in liver and spleen PAA was unchanged. A slightly increased plasmin inhibition was noted only in the lung. These changes in tissue PAA were reflected by an increase in the PAA of euglobulin fractions concomitant with a decrease in antiplasmin activity in the blood samples obtained during the bleeding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smokovitis
- The Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Wagner
- The First Department of Traumatology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Starlinger
- The First Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Opitz
- The First Department of Traumatology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - B R Binder
- The Department of Medical Physiology, Medical School, University of Vienna, Austria
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Faber H, Opitz A, Zipser C, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Ziemann U. P 56 tDCS shows no effects on motor cortex excitability at rest. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jappe U, Kull S, Opitz A, Zabel P. Anaphylaxis to vanilla ice cream: a near fatal cross-reactivity phenomenon. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:e22-e23. [PMID: 28662315 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - S Kull
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - A Opitz
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - P Zabel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
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Belova V, Beyer P, Meister E, Linderl T, Halbich MU, Gerhard M, Schmidt S, Zechel T, Meisel T, Generalov AV, Anselmo AS, Scholz R, Konovalov O, Gerlach A, Koch M, Hinderhofer A, Opitz A, Brütting W, Schreiber F. Evidence for Anisotropic Electronic Coupling of Charge Transfer States in Weakly Interacting Organic Semiconductor Mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8474-8486. [PMID: 28570061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive investigation of the charge-transfer (CT) effect in weakly interacting organic semiconductor mixtures. The donor-acceptor pair diindenoperylene (DIP) and N,N'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-1,7-dicyanoperylene-3,4/9,10-bis(dicarboxyimide) (PDIR-CN2) has been chosen as a model system. A wide range of experimental methods was used in order to characterize the structural, optical, electronic, and device properties of the intermolecular interactions. By detailed analysis, we demonstrate that the partial CT in this weakly interacting mixture does not have a strong effect on the ground state and does not generate a hybrid orbital. We also find a strong CT transition in light absorption as well as in photo- and electroluminescence. By using different layer sequences and compositions, we are able to distinguish electronic coupling in-plane vs out-of-plane and, thus, characterize the anisotropy of the CT state. Finally, we discuss the impact of CT exciton generation on charge-carrier transport and on the efficiency of photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Belova
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen , Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Paul Beyer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Eduard Meister
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg , Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Theresa Linderl
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg , Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Marc-Uwe Halbich
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Marina Gerhard
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg , Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Thomas Zechel
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg , Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Tino Meisel
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin 10099, Germany
| | | | - Ana Sofia Anselmo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen , Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Martin Koch
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg 35037, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brütting
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg , Augsburg 86135, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen , Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Opitz A. Energy level alignment at planar organic heterojunctions: influence of contact doping and molecular orientation. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:133001. [PMID: 28195076 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa5a6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Planar organic heterojunctions are widely used in photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes, and bilayer field-effect transistors. The energy level alignment in the devices plays an important role in obtaining the aspired gap arrangement. Additionally, the π-orbital overlap between the involved molecules defines e.g. the charge-separation efficiency in solar cells due to charge-transfer effects. To account for both aspects, direct/inverse photoemission spectroscopy and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy were used to determine the energy level landscape and the molecular orientation at prototypical planar organic heterojunctions. The combined experimental approach results in a comprehensive model for the electronic and morphological characteristics of the interface between the two investigated molecular semiconductors. Following an introduction on heterojunctions used in devices and on energy levels of organic materials, the energy level alignment of planar organic heterojunctions will be discussed. The observed energy landscape is always determined by the individual arrangement between the energy levels of the molecules and the work function of the electrode. This might result in contact doping due to Fermi level pinning at the electrode for donor/acceptor heterojunctions, which also improves the solar cell efficiency. This pinning behaviour can be observed across an unpinned interlayer and results in charge accumulation at the donor/acceptor interface, depending on the transport levels of the respective organic semiconductors. Moreover, molecular orientation will affect the energy levels because of the anisotropy in ionisation energy and electron affinity and is influenced by the structural compatibility of the involved molecules at the heterojunction. High structural compatibility leads to π-orbital stacking between different molecules at a heterojunction, which is of additional interest for photovoltaic active interfaces and for ground-state charge-transfer.
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Opitz A, Falchier A, Yan CG, Yeagle E, Linn G, Megevand P, Thielscher A, Milham M, Mehta A, Schroeder C. P097 Direct measurement of electric fields in human and monkeys during transcranial electric stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lenz M, Galanis C, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Opitz A, Wierenga C, Szabó G, Ziemann U, Deller T, Funke K, Vlachos A. P292 10 Hz rTMS induces long-term depression of GABAergic neurotransmission. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Opitz A, Falchier A, Linn G, Kajikawa Y, Milham M, Schroeder C. P098 Cortical layer-specific distribution of TES electric fields. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Pithan L, Beyer P, Bogula L, Zykov A, Schäfer P, Rawle J, Nicklin C, Opitz A, Kowarik S. Direct Photoalignment and Optical Patterning of Molecular Thin Films. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604382. [PMID: 27906475 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for direct photoalignment of molecular materials using optothermal re-orientation is introduced. Photoalignment for molecular materials such as the organic semiconductor tetracene is shown, without relying on additional photoreactive dopants or alignment layers. Patterning and polarized light emission, e.g., for polarized organic light emitting diodes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Pithan
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Beyer
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Bogula
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Zykov
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schäfer
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rawle
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Chris Nicklin
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Ramasamy M, Baumann S, Opitz A, Iskandar R, Mayer J, Udomsilp D, Breuer U, Bram M. Phase Interaction and Distribution in Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting Ceria-Spinel Composites. Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119320197.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramasamy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
| | - S. Baumann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
| | - A. Opitz
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Wien AT
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
| | - R. Iskandar
- RWTH Aachen University, Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie (GFE); Aachen DE
| | - J. Mayer
- RWTH Aachen University, Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie (GFE); Aachen DE
| | - D. Udomsilp
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
| | - U. Breuer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik ZEA-3; Jülich DE
| | - M. Bram
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
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43
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Kiontke A, Oliveira-Birkmeier A, Opitz A, Birkemeyer C. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Is Dependent on Different Molecular Descriptors with Respect to Solvent pH and Instrumental Configuration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167502. [PMID: 27907110 PMCID: PMC5132301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has become one of the most commonly employed techniques in analytical chemistry, mainly due to its broad applicability to polar and semipolar compounds and the superior selectivity which is achieved in combination with high resolution separation techniques. However, responsiveness of an analytical method also determines its suitability for the quantitation of chemical compounds; and in electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry, it can vary significantly among different analytes with identical solution concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the ESI-response behavior of 56 nitrogen-containing compounds including aromatic amines and pyridines, two compound classes of high importance to both, synthetic organic chemistry as well as to pharmaceutical sciences. These compounds are increasingly analyzed employing ESI mass spectrometry detection due to their polar, basic character. Signal intensities of the peaks from the protonated molecular ion (MH+) were acquired under different conditions and related to compound properties such as basicity, polarity, volatility and molecular size exploring their quantitative impact on ionization efficiency. As a result, we found that though solution basicity of a compound is the main factor initially determining the ESI response of the protonated molecular ion, other factors such as polarity and vaporability become more important under acidic solvent conditions and may nearly outweigh the importance of basicity under these conditions. Moreover, we show that different molecular descriptors may become important when using different types of instruments for such investigations, a fact not detailed so far in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- Institute of Linguistics, University of Leipzig, Beethovenstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hansson R, Lindqvist C, Ericsson LKE, Opitz A, Wang E, Moons E. Photo-degradation in air of the active layer components in a thiophene–quinoxaline copolymer:fullerene solar cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11132-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the photo-degradation in air of a blend of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (TQ1), and how the photo-degradation affects the solar cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Hansson
- Department of Engineering and Physics
- Karlstad University
- 65188 Karlstad
- Sweden
| | - Camilla Lindqvist
- Department of Engineering and Physics
- Karlstad University
- 65188 Karlstad
- Sweden
| | - Leif K. E. Ericsson
- Department of Engineering and Physics
- Karlstad University
- 65188 Karlstad
- Sweden
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Department of Physics
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department of Engineering and Physics
- Karlstad University
- 65188 Karlstad
- Sweden
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Pithan L, Meister E, Jin C, Weber C, Zykov A, Sauer K, Brütting W, Riegler H, Opitz A, Kowarik S. Thermally driven smoothening of molecular thin films: Structural transitions in n-alkane layers studied in real-time. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:164707. [PMID: 26520543 DOI: 10.1063/1.4934501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We use thermal annealing to improve smoothness and to increase the lateral size of crystalline islands of n-tetratetracontane (TTC, C44H90) films. With in situ x-ray diffraction, we find an optimum temperature range leading to improved texture and crystallinity while avoiding an irreversible phase transition that reduces crystallinity again. We employ real-time optical phase contrast microscopy with sub-nm height resolution to track the diffusion of TTC across monomolecular step edges which causes the unusual smoothing of a molecular thin film during annealing. We show that the lateral island sizes increase by more than one order of magnitude from 0.5 μm to 10 μm. This desirable behavior of 2d-Ostwald ripening and smoothing is in contrast to many other organic molecular films where annealing leads to dewetting, roughening, and a pronounced 3d morphology. We rationalize the smoothing behavior with the highly anisotropic attachment energies and low surface energies for TTC. The results are technically relevant for the use of TTC as passivation layer and as gate dielectric in organic field effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Pithan
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Meister
- Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Chenyu Jin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christopher Weber
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Zykov
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrein Sauer
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hans Riegler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Méndez H, Heimel G, Winkler S, Frisch J, Opitz A, Sauer K, Wegner B, Oehzelt M, Röthel C, Duhm S, Többens D, Koch N, Salzmann I. Charge-transfer crystallites as molecular electrical dopants. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8560. [PMID: 26440403 PMCID: PMC4600739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground-state integer charge transfer is commonly regarded as the basic mechanism of molecular electrical doping in both, conjugated polymers and oligomers. Here, we demonstrate that fundamentally different processes can occur in the two types of organic semiconductors instead. Using complementary experimental techniques supported by theory, we contrast a polythiophene, where molecular p-doping leads to integer charge transfer reportedly localized to one quaterthiophene backbone segment, to the quaterthiophene oligomer itself. Despite a comparable relative increase in conductivity, we observe only partial charge transfer for the latter. In contrast to the parent polymer, pronounced intermolecular frontier-orbital hybridization of oligomer and dopant in 1:1 mixed-stack co-crystallites leads to the emergence of empty electronic states within the energy gap of the surrounding quaterthiophene matrix. It is their Fermi-Dirac occupation that yields mobile charge carriers and, therefore, the co-crystallites-rather than individual acceptor molecules-should be regarded as the dopants in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Méndez
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7, No. 43–82 Ed. 52 Of. 606, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Georg Heimel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Winkler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrein Sauer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Wegner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oehzelt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Steffen Duhm
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices and Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
- Soochow University-Western University Joint Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research (SWC) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daniel Többens
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH—BESSY II, Abteilung Kristallographie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices and Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, AG Supramolekulare Systeme, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Regel S, Opitz A, Müller G, Friederici AD. The Past Tense Debate Revisited: Electrophysiological Evidence for Subregularities of Irregular Verb Inflection. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1870-85. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuropsychological research investigating mental grammar and lexicon has largely been based on the processing of regular and irregular inflection. Past tense inflection of regular verbs is assumed to be generated by a syntactic rule (e.g., show-ed), whereas irregular verbs consist of rather unsystematic alternations (e.g., caught) represented as lexical entries. Recent morphological accounts, however, hold that irregular inflection is not entirely rule-free but relies on morphological principles. These subregularities are computed by the syntactic system. We tested this latter hypothesis by examining alternations of irregular German verbs as well as pseudowords using ERPs. Participants read series of irregular verb inflection including present tense, past participle, and past tense forms embedded in minimal syntactic contexts. The critical past tense form was correct (e.g., er sang [he sang]) or incorrect by being either partially consistent (e.g., *er sung [*he sung]) or inconsistent (e.g., *er sing [*he sing]) with the proposed morphological principles. Correspondingly, in a second experimental block, pseudowords (e.g., tang/*tung/*ting) were presented. ERPs for real words revealed a biphasic ERP pattern consisting of a negativity and P600 for both incorrect forms in comparison to the correct equivalents. Most interestingly, the P600 amplitude for the incorrect forms was gradually modulated by the type of anomaly with medium amplitude for consistent past tense forms and largest amplitude for inconsistent past tense forms. ERPs for pseudoword past tense forms showed a similar gradual modulation of N400. The findings support the assumption that irregular verbs are processed by rule-based mechanisms because of subregularities of their past tense inflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Regel
- 1Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Jappe U, Nikolic J, Opitz A, Homann A, Zabel P, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. Apparent IgE negative anaphylactic reaction to banana combined with kiwi allergy - complementary diagnostic value of purified single banana allergens. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:1220-2. [PMID: 25827794 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - J Nikolic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Opitz
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - A Homann
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - P Zabel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - M Gavrovic-Jankulovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Opitz A, Sulger W, Daltrozzo E, Koch R. ‘Green' Synthesis of 2-Substituted 6-Hydroxy-[3H]-pyrimidin-4-ones and 4,6-Dichloropyrimidines: Improved Strategies and Mechanistic Study. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An improved route to 2-substituted 6-hydroxy-[3H]-pyrimidin-4-ones 4 and to 2-substituted 4,6-dichloropyrimidines 5 is reported. Without using highly toxic reactants, compounds 4 can be prepared conveniently in a one pot synthesis on a one mol scale with average yields up to 80 %. 4,6-Dichloropyrimidines 5, which are usually prepared in small quantities, are synthesized with average yields of 80 %, using up to 80 g of starting material. The mechanism of the chlorination of 4 is investigated computationally for the first time. The results suggest that the chlorination with phosphoryl chloride occurs in an alternating phosphorylation–chlorination manner (pathway 1) which is preferred over a sequence which starts with two phosphorylations. The investigated 4,6-dichloropyrimidines described herein form strong complexes with dichlorophosphoric acid but weak complexes with hydrochloric acid (generated during workup). These latter complexes explain the necessity of using aqueous sodium carbonate during the working up. In order to prevent possible formation of pyrimidinium salts between intermediates or the final dichloropyrimidines and unreacted hydroxypyrimidone, the latter could be deactivated with a strong acid such as dichlorophosphoric acid, thus allowing chlorination but prohibiting salt formation. Because of its general applicability to all nitrogen heterocycle chlorinations with phosphoryl chloride, the proposed route to dichloropyrimidines without solvent or side products, using less toxic reactants, is of general synthetic interest.
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Ghani F, Opitz A, Pingel P, Heimel G, Salzmann I, Frisch J, Neher D, Tsami A, Scherf U, Koch N. Charge transfer in and conductivity of molecularly doped thiophene-based copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghani
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pingel
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Georg Heimel
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH; Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Argiri Tsami
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Newtonstr. 15 D-12489 Berlin Germany
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