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Burroughs A, West A, Giles K, Guynn A, Shah S. Analysis of interventions required for children ages 1–5 with severe sepsis. Am J Med Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(23)00747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Rompianesi G, Ravikumar R, Jose S, Allison M, Athale A, Creamer F, Gunson B, Manas D, Monaco A, Mirza D, Owen N, Roberts K, Sen G, Srinivasan P, Wigmore S, Fusai G, Fernando B, Burroughs A, Tsochatzis E. Incidence and outcome of colorectal cancer in liver transplant recipients: A national, multicentre analysis on 8115 patients. Liver Int 2019; 39:353-360. [PMID: 30129181 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS De novo malignancies after liver transplantation represent one of the leading causes of death in the long-term. It remains unclear whether liver transplant recipients have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and whether this negatively impacts on survival, particularly in those patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. METHODS In this national multicentre cohort retrospective study, the incidence of colorectal cancer in 8115 evaluable adult patients undergoing a liver transplantation between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2010 was compared to the incidence in the general population through standardised incidence ratios. RESULTS Fifty-two (0.6%) cases of colorectal cancer were identified at a median of 5.6 years postliver transplantation, predominantly grade 2 (76.9%) and stage T3 (50%) at diagnosis. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer in the whole liver transplant population was similar to the general UK population (SIR: 0.92), but significantly higher (SIR: 7.0) in the group of patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis. One-, five- and ten-year survival rates from colorectal cancer diagnosis were 71%, 48% and 31%, respectively, and the majority of colorectal cancer patients died of cancer-specific causes. CONCLUSIONS Liver transplantation alone is not associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. The primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis liver transplant population showed a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer development than the general population, with a high proportion of advanced stage at diagnosis and a reduced patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rompianesi
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Reena Ravikumar
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophie Jose
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Allison
- Cambridge Transplant Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anuja Athale
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Felicity Creamer
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bridget Gunson
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derek Manas
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Andrea Monaco
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darius Mirza
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Owen
- Cambridge Transplant Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keith Roberts
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gourab Sen
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Stephen Wigmore
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bimbi Fernando
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Crossan C, Tsochatzis EA, Longworth L, Gurusamy K, Davidson B, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Mantzoukis K, O'Brien J, Thalassinos E, Papastergiou V, Burroughs A. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive methods for assessment and monitoring of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2015; 19:1-409, v-vi. [PMID: 25633908 DOI: 10.3310/hta19090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver biopsy is the reference standard for diagnosing the extent of fibrosis in chronic liver disease; however, it is invasive, with the potential for serious complications. Alternatives to biopsy include non-invasive liver tests (NILTs); however, the cost-effectiveness of these needs to be established. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of NILTs in patients with chronic liver disease. DATA SOURCES We searched various databases from 1998 to April 2012, recent conference proceedings and reference lists. METHODS We included studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of NILTs using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Diagnostic studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using the bivariate random-effects model with correlation between sensitivity and specificity (whenever possible). Decision models were used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the NILTs. Expected costs were estimated using a NHS perspective and health outcomes were measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Markov models were developed to estimate long-term costs and QALYs following testing, and antiviral treatment where indicated, for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C (HCV). NILTs were compared with each other, sequential testing strategies, biopsy and strategies including no testing. For alcoholic liver disease (ALD), we assessed the cost-effectiveness of NILTs in the context of potentially increasing abstinence from alcohol. Owing to a lack of data and treatments specifically for fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the analysis was limited to an incremental cost per correct diagnosis. An analysis of NILTs to identify patients with cirrhosis for increased monitoring was also conducted. RESULTS Given a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY, treating everyone with HCV without prior testing was cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £9204. This was robust in most sensitivity analyses but sensitive to the extent of treatment benefit for patients with mild fibrosis. For HBV [hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative)] this strategy had an ICER of £28,137, which was cost-effective only if the upper bound of the standard UK cost-effectiveness threshold range (£30,000) is acceptable. For HBeAg-positive disease, two NILTs applied sequentially (hyaluronic acid and magnetic resonance elastography) were cost-effective at a £20,000 threshold (ICER: £19,612); however, the results were highly uncertain, with several test strategies having similar expected outcomes and costs. For patients with ALD, liver biopsy was the cost-effective strategy, with an ICER of £822. LIMITATIONS A substantial number of tests had only one study from which diagnostic accuracy was derived; therefore, there is a high risk of bias. Most NILTs did not have validated cut-offs for diagnosis of specific fibrosis stages. The findings of the ALD model were dependent on assuptions about abstinence rates assumptions and the modelling approach for NAFLD was hindered by the lack of evidence on clinically effective treatments. CONCLUSIONS Treating everyone without NILTs is cost-effective for patients with HCV, but only for HBeAg-negative if the higher cost-effectiveness threshold is appropriate. For HBeAg-positive, two NILTs applied sequentially were cost-effective but highly uncertain. Further evidence for treatment effectiveness is required for ALD and NAFLD. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001561. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Crossan
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Louise Longworth
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | | | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Mantzoukis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Julia O'Brien
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Thalassinos
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vassilios Papastergiou
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Ravikumar R, Tsochatzis E, Jose S, Allison M, Athale A, Creamer F, Gunson B, Iyer V, Madanur M, Manas D, Monaco A, Mirza D, Owen N, Roberts K, Sen G, Srinivasan P, Wigmore S, Fusai G, Fernando B, Burroughs A. Risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1139-46. [PMID: 26186988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The association between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well recognised. However, the relationship between IBD and recurrent PSC (rPSC) is less well understood. We assessed the prevalence of rPSC and analysed the factors associated with rPSC post-liver transplantation and its influence on graft and patient survival. METHODS This is a UK multicentre observational cohort study across six of the seven national liver transplant units. All patients undergoing a first liver transplant for PSC between January 1 1990 and December 31 2010 were included. Prospectively collected liver transplant data was obtained from NHSBT and colitis data was retrospectively collected from individual units. RESULTS There were 679 (8.8%) first transplants for PSC. 347 patients (61.4%) had IBD, of which 306 (88.2%) had ulcerative colitis (UC). 81 (14.3%) patients developed rPSC and 37 (48.7%) of them developed graft failure from rPSC. Presence of UC post-liver transplant (HR=2.40, 95% CI 1.44-4.02) and younger age (HR=0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.93) were the only factors significantly associated with rPSC. rPSC was associated with over a 4-fold increase in the risk of death (HR=4.71, 95% CI 3.39, 6.56) with 1, 5, and 10-year graft survival rates of 98%, 84%, and 56% respectively compared to 95%, 88%, and 72% in patients who did not develop rPSC. CONCLUSION The presence of UC post-liver transplant is associated with a significantly increased risk of rPSC. Furthermore, the presence of rPSC increases the rate of graft failure and death, with higher re-transplantation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Ravikumar
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophie Jose
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, UK
| | - Michael Allison
- Cambridge Transplant Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anuja Athale
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Felicity Creamer
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Vikram Iyer
- The Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham, UK
| | - Mansoor Madanur
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Derek Manas
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Andrea Monaco
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darius Mirza
- The Liver Unit, University Hospital Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Owen
- Cambridge Transplant Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gourab Sen
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Stephen Wigmore
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bimbi Fernando
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure combines an acute deterioration in liver function in an individual with pre-existing chronic liver disease and hepatic and extrahepatic organ failures, and is associated with substantial short-term mortality. Common precipitants include bacterial and viral infections, alcoholic hepatitis, and surgery, but in more than 40% of patients, no precipitating event is identified. Systemic inflammation and susceptibility to infection are characteristic pathophysiological features. A new diagnostic score, the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF-C) organ failure score, has been developed for classification and prognostic assessment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Disease can be reversed in many patients, and thus clinical management focuses upon the identification and treatment of the precipitant while providing multiorgan-supportive care that addresses the complex pattern of physiological disturbance in critically ill patients with liver disease. Liver transplantation is a highly effective intervention in some specific cases, but recipient identification, organ availability, timing of transplantation, and high resource use are barriers to more widespread application. Recognition of acute-on-chronic liver failure as a clinically and pathophysiologically distinct syndrome with defined diagnostic and prognostic criteria will help to encourage the development of new management pathways and interventions to address the unacceptably high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Histopathology Section, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kenneth Simpson
- Department of Hepatology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julia Wendon
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Isgro G, Luong T, Andreana L, Garcovich M, Maimone S, Manousou P, Calvaruso V, Tsochatzis E, Patch D, Thornburn D, Dhillon A, Burroughs A. PP-011 Collagen proportionate area: a continuous quantitative of histological collagen has the best correlation with transient elastography. Gut 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.209015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Kalafateli M, Triantos C, Tsochatzis E, Michalaki M, Koutroumpakis E, Thomopoulos K, Kyriazopoulou V, Jelastopulu E, Burroughs A, Lambropoulou-Karatza C, Nikolopoulou V. Adipokines levels are associated with the severity of liver disease in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3020-3029. [PMID: 25780301 PMCID: PMC4356923 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the adipokine levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), apelin in alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC).
METHODS: Forty non-diabetic ALC patients [median age: 59 years, males: 35 (87.5%), Child-Pugh (CP) score: median 7 (5-12), CP A/B/C: 18/10/12, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD): median 10 (6-25), follow-up: median 32.5 mo (10-43)] were prospectively included. The serum adipokine levels were estimated in duplicate by ELISA. Somatometric characteristics were assessed with tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Pearson’s rank correlation coefficient was used to assess possible associations with adipokine levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors for overall survival.
RESULTS: Body mass index: median 25.9 (range: 20.1-39.3), fat: 23.4% (7.6-42.1), fat mass: 17.8 (5.49-45.4), free fat mass: 56.1 (39.6-74.4), total body water (TBW): 40.6 (29.8-58.8). Leptin and visfatin levels were positively associated with fat mass (P < 0.001/P = 0.027, respectively) and RBP4 with TBW (P = 0.025). Median adiponectin levels were significantly higher in CPC compared to CPA (CPA: 7.99 ± 14.07, CPB: 7.66 ± 3.48, CPC: 25.73 ± 26.8, P = 0.04), whereas median RBP4 and apelin levels decreased across the spectrum of disease severity (P = 0.006/P = 0.034, respectively). Following adjustment for fat mass, visfatin and adiponectin levels were significantly increased from CPA to CPC (both P < 0.001), whereas an inverse correlation was observed for both RBP4 and apelin (both P < 0.001). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, only MELD had an independent association with overall survival (HR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.05-2.32; P = 0.029).
CONCLUSION: Adipokines are associated with deteriorating liver function in a complex manner in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
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Van Damme E, Sauviller S, Lau B, Kesteleyn B, Griffiths P, Burroughs A, Emery V, Sinclair J, Van Loock M. Glucocorticosteroids trigger reactivation of human cytomegalovirus from latently infected myeloid cells and increase the risk for HCMV infection in D+R+ liver transplant patients. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:131-143. [PMID: 25312585 PMCID: PMC4268819 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft rejection in transplant patients is managed clinically by suppressing T-cell function with immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisolone and methylprednisolone. In such immunocompromised hosts, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen and can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Currently, the effect of glucocorticosteroids (GCSs) on the HCMV life cycle remains unclear. Previous reports showed enhanced lytic replication of HCMV in vitro in the presence of GCSs. In the present study, we explored the implications of steroid exposure on latency and reactivation. We observed a direct effect of several GCSs used in the clinic on the activation of a quiescent viral major immediate-early promoter in stably transfected THP-1 monocytic cells. This activation was prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist Ru486 and by shRNA-mediated knockdown of the GR. Consistent with this observation, prednisolone treatment of latently infected primary monocytes resulted in HCMV reactivation. Analysis of the phenotype of these cells showed that treatment with GCSs was correlated with differentiation to an anti-inflammatory macrophage-like cell type. On the basis that these observations may be pertinent to HCMV reactivation in post-transplant settings, we retrospectively evaluated the incidence, viral kinetics and viral load of HCMV in liver transplant patients in the presence or absence of GCS treatment. We observed that combination therapy of baseline prednisolone and augmented methylprednisolone, upon organ rejection, significantly increased the incidence of HCMV infection in the intermediate risk group where donor and recipient are both HCMV seropositive (D+R+) to levels comparable with the high risk D+R- group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Damme
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sarah Sauviller
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Betty Lau
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bart Kesteleyn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paul Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity (Royal Free Campus), University College London, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free NHS Trust, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Vincent Emery
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity (Royal Free Campus), University College London, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marnix Van Loock
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, Schnabl B, Moreau R, Angeli P, Stadlbauer V, Gustot T, Bernardi M, Canton R, Albillos A, Lammert F, Wilmer A, Mookerjee R, Vila J, Garcia-Martinez R, Wendon J, Such J, Cordoba J, Sanyal A, Garcia-Tsao G, Arroyo V, Burroughs A, Ginès P. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1310-24. [PMID: 24530646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are very common and represent one of the most important reasons of progression of liver failure, development of liver-related complications, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. In fact, bacterial infections may be a triggering factor for the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypervolemic hyponatremia, hepatic encephalopathy, kidney failure, and development of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Moreover, infections are a very common cause of repeated hospitalizations, impaired health-related quality of life, and increased healthcare costs in cirrhosis. Bacterial infections develop as a consequence of immune dysfunction that occurs progressively during the course of cirrhosis. In a significant proportion of patients, infections are caused by gram-negative bacteria from intestinal origin, yet gram-positive bacteria are a frequent cause of infection, particularly in hospitalized patients. In recent years, infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming an important clinical problem in many countries. The reduction of the negative clinical impact of infections in patients with cirrhosis may be achieved by a combination of prophylactic measures, such as administration of antibiotics, to reduce the occurrence of infections in high-risk groups together with early identification and management of infection once it has developed. Investigation on the mechanisms of altered gut microflora, translocation of bacteria, and immune dysfunction may help develop more effective and safe methods of prevention compared to those that are currently available. Moreover, research on biomarkers of early infection may be useful in early diagnosis and treatment of infections. The current manuscript reports an in-depth review and a position statement on bacterial infections in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, UK
| | - Javier Fernandez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, UVCM, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Moreau
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, UMRS 773, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Hepatic Emergencies and Liver Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Gustot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Pancreatology, Erasme Hospital, Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Canton
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Intituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Gastroenterology Service, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Wilmer
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajeshwar Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, UK
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Garcia-Martinez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies and Critical Care, Kings College London, Kings College Hospital, UK
| | - José Such
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cordoba
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Charles Caravati Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- The Royal Free Shelia Sherlock Liver Centre and University Department of Surgery, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, UK
| | - Pere Ginès
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Jairath V, Rehal S, Logan R, Kahan B, Hearnshaw S, Stanworth S, Travis S, Murphy M, Palmer K, Burroughs A. Acute variceal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom: patient characteristics, management and outcomes in a nationwide audit. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:419-26. [PMID: 24433997 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in treatment, acute variceal haemorrhage remains life-threatening. AIM To describe contemporary characteristics, management and outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal haemorrhage and risk factors for rebleeding and mortality. METHODS Multi-centre clinical audit conducted in 212 UK hospitals. RESULTS In 526 cases of acute variceal haemorrhage, 66% underwent endoscopy within 24h with 64% (n=339) receiving endoscopic therapy. Prior to endoscopy, 57% (n=299) received proton pump inhibitors, 44% (n=232) vasopressors and 27% (n=144) antibiotics. 73% (n=386) received red cell transfusion, 35% (n=184) fresh frozen plasma and 14% (n=76) platelets, with widely varying transfusion thresholds. 26% (n=135) experienced further bleeding and 15% (n=80) died by day 30. The Model for End Stage Liver Disease score was the best predictor of mortality (area under the receiver operating curve=0.74, P<0.001). Neither the clinical nor full Rockall scores were useful predictors of outcome. Coagulopathy was strongly associated with rebleeding (odds ratio 2.23, 95% CI 1.22-4.07, P=0.01, up to day 30) and mortality (odds ratio 3.06, 95% CI 1.29-7.26, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although mortality has improved following acute variceal haemorrhage, rebleeding rates remain appreciably high. There are notable deficiencies in the use of vasopressors and endoscopic therapy. More work is needed to understand the optimum transfusion strategies. Better risk stratification tools are required to identify patients needing more intensive support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Jairath
- NHS Blood & Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Richard Logan
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health & Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Murphy
- NHS Blood & Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurinchi Gurusamy
- Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Brian Davidson
- Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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12
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Bolondi L, Burroughs A, Dufour JF, Galle PR, Mazzaferro V, Piscaglia F, Raoul JL, Sangro B. Heterogeneity of patients with intermediate (BCLC B) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: proposal for a subclassification to facilitate treatment decisions. Semin Liver Dis 2013. [PMID: 23397536 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329906f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises a highly heterogeneous patient population and therefore poses unique challenges for therapeutic management, different from the early and advanced stages. Patients classified as having intermediate HCC by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system present with varying tumor burden and liver function. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is currently recommended as the standard of care in this setting, but there is considerable variation in the clinical benefit patients derive from this treatment.In April 2012, a panel of experts convened to discuss unresolved issues surrounding the application of current guidelines when managing patients with intermediate HCC. The meeting explored the applicability of a subclassification system for intermediate HCC patients to tailor therapeutic interventions based on the evidence available to date and expert opinion. The present report summarizes the proposal of the expert panel: four substages of intermediate HCC patients, B1 to B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bolondi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Digestive Disease and Internal Medicine, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Bolondi L, Burroughs A, Dufour JF, Galle PR, Mazzaferro V, Piscaglia F, Raoul JL, Sangro B. Heterogeneity of patients with intermediate (BCLC B) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: proposal for a subclassification to facilitate treatment decisions. Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32:348-59. [PMID: 23397536 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises a highly heterogeneous patient population and therefore poses unique challenges for therapeutic management, different from the early and advanced stages. Patients classified as having intermediate HCC by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system present with varying tumor burden and liver function. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is currently recommended as the standard of care in this setting, but there is considerable variation in the clinical benefit patients derive from this treatment.In April 2012, a panel of experts convened to discuss unresolved issues surrounding the application of current guidelines when managing patients with intermediate HCC. The meeting explored the applicability of a subclassification system for intermediate HCC patients to tailor therapeutic interventions based on the evidence available to date and expert opinion. The present report summarizes the proposal of the expert panel: four substages of intermediate HCC patients, B1 to B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bolondi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Digestive Disease and Internal Medicine, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Liu JZ, Almarri MA, Gaffney DJ, Mells GF, Jostins L, Cordell HJ, Ducker SJ, Day DB, Heneghan MA, Neuberger JM, Donaldson PT, Bathgate AJ, Burroughs A, Davies MH, Jones DE, Alexander GJ, Barrett JC, Sandford RN, Anderson CA. Dense fine-mapping study identifies new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1137-41. [PMID: 22961000 PMCID: PMC3459817 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We genotyped 2,861 cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) from the UK PBC Consortium and 8,514 UK population controls across 196,524 variants within 186 known autoimmune risk loci. We identified 3 loci newly associated with PBC (at P<5×10(-8)), increasing the number of known susceptibility loci to 25. The most associated variant at 19p12 is a low-frequency nonsynonymous SNP in TYK2, further implicating JAK-STAT and cytokine signaling in disease pathogenesis. An additional five loci contained nonsynonymous variants in high linkage disequilibrium (LD; r2>0.8) with the most associated variant at the locus. We found multiple independent common, low-frequency and rare variant association signals at five loci. Of the 26 independent non-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) signals tagged on the Immunochip, 15 have SNPs in B-lymphoblastoid open chromatin regions in high LD (r2>0.8) with the most associated variant. This study shows how data from dense fine-mapping arrays coupled with functional genomic data can be used to identify candidate causal variants for functional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Z Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Agarwal B, Wright G, Gatt A, Riddell A, Vemala V, Mallett S, Chowdary P, Davenport A, Jalan R, Burroughs A. Evaluation of coagulation abnormalities in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2012; 57:780-6. [PMID: 22735303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In acute liver failure (ALF), prothrombin time (PT) and its derivative prothrombin time ratio (PTR) are elevated, and are considered predictors of increased bleeding risk. We aimed at determining whether increased PT/PTR reflects the haemostatic potential and bleeding risk in ALF patients. METHODS Twenty consecutive ALF patients were recruited. Samples were analysed on admission for standard laboratory clotting tests (e.g. PT), thromboelastography (TEG), individual pro and anticoagulant factors and thrombin generation (TG) kinetics with and without Protac, a snake venom protein C activator, and microparticle assay. TG was also measured in 20 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS PT was significantly raised (50.7s ± 7.2, p=0.0001) but did not correlate with TEG parameters. TEG tracings were consistent with a hypocoagulable state in 20%, normal in 45%, and hypercoagulable in 35% of the patients. There was a concomitant and proportional reduction in plasma levels of both procoagulants and natural anticoagulant proteins, in conjunction with a significant elevation in plasma levels of factors-VIII (FVIII) and Von Willebrand factor, and microparticles, culminating in an overall efficient, albeit reduced, thrombin generation capacity in comparison with healthy individuals. A heparin-like effect (HLE) was also noted in most patients. No significant clinical bleeding complications occurred and no blood transfusions were required. CONCLUSIONS In ALF, despite grossly deranged PT in all patients, estimation of bleeding risk suggests that the coagulation disturbance in ALF patients is complex and heterogeneous for which an individualised approach is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banwari Agarwal
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Adam R, Karam V, Delvart V, O'Grady J, Mirza D, Klempnauer J, Castaing D, Neuhaus P, Jamieson N, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Lerut J, Paul A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Rodríguez FSJ, Burroughs A. Evolution of indications and results of liver transplantation in Europe. A report from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). J Hepatol 2012. [PMID: 22609307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.015]available] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René Adam
- Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France.
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Adam R, Karam V, Delvart V, O'Grady J, Mirza D, Klempnauer J, Castaing D, Neuhaus P, Jamieson N, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Lerut J, Paul A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Rodríguez FSJ, Burroughs A. Evolution of indications and results of liver transplantation in Europe. A report from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). J Hepatol 2012; 57:675-88. [PMID: 22609307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Adam
- Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France.
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18
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Triantos C, Kalafateli M, Nikolopoulou V, Burroughs A. Meta-analysis: antiviral treatment for hepatitis D. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:663-73. [PMID: 22273482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.04993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no satisfactory treatment for patients with hepatitis D (HDV). AIM To evaluate treatment for HDV using meta-analysis. METHODS Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ISI Web of Knowledge searches using the textwords 'Hepatitis D', 'therapy', "interferon", "peginterferon", "pegylated interferon", "lamivudine", "pegifn", "ifn" and "Hepatitis D", and abstracts from major Gastroenterology/Liver meetings. ENDPOINTS end of treatment biochemical (biochemical EOT) and virological response (virological EOT), end of follow-up virological response (EOFUP VR), histological improvement and intrahepatic HDAg clearance. RESULTS We included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing Group A: interferon-A (IFNa) vs. no treatment (three RCTs, n ;= ;137 patients), Group B: low dose vs. high dose IFNa (two RCTs, n ;= ;60), Group C: IFNa ;+ ;lamivudine vs. IFNa (two RCTs, n ;= ;48) and Group D: pegylated IFNa (PEG-IFNa) vs. other medications (two RCTs, n ;= ;157). Group A. IFNa was better for biochemical EOT [OR, 0.11 (95% CI, 0.04-0.2)] and virological EOT [OR, 0.08 (95% CI, 0.03-0.2)], but not for EOFUP VR. Group B. High dose IFNa was better for biochemical EOT [OR, 0.24 (95% CI,0.08-0.73)] and virological EOT [OR, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.1-0.74)]. Group C. There was a trend favouring histological improvement [OR, 2.9 (95% CI, 0.6-13.4)]. Group D. PEG-IFNa was better for virological EOT [OR, 0.419 (95% CI, 0.18-0.974)], EOFUP VR [OR, 0.404 (95% CI, 0.189-0.866)] and improvement in necroinflammatory activity [OR, 0.308 (95% CI, 0.129-0.732)]. CONCLUSIONS Long-term suppression of HDV RNA by IFNa is not maintained despite an end of treatment response; adding lamivudine is not beneficial. PEG-IFNa is superior to other medications with respect to EOT and EOFUP. New RCTs should test combinations of PEG-IFNa and newest antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Triantos
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Patras, Stamatopoulou 4, Patras, Greece.
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19
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Damrah O, Sharma D, Burroughs A, Rolando N, Fernando B, Davidson B, Rolles K. Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a viable and safe alternative. Transpl Int 2011; 25:64-8. [PMID: 22017643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y loop is considered the reconstruction method of choice in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC). We have adopted an approach of duct-to-duct (D-D) reconstruction when recipient common bile duct is free of gross disease. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who underwent a Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy and patients who had a D-D anastomosis. Morbidity, mortality, disease recurrence and graft and patient survival were compared between the two groups and analyzed. Ninety-one patients had OLT for PSC. Sixty-three patients underwent a D-D biliary reconstruction, whereas 28 patients had a Roux-en-Y loop. Biliary leak complicated 8% from the D-D group, and 14% from the Roux-en-Y group (P = 0.08), whereas biliary strictures were identified in 10% vs. 7% patients from the D-D and Roux-en-Y group, respectively (P = 0.9). Actuarial 1, 3 and 10 year survival for D-D and Roux-en-Y group was (87%, 80% and 62%) and (82%, 73% and 73%), respectively (P = 0.7). The corresponding 1, 3 and 10 year graft survival was (72%, 58% and 42%) and (67%, 58% and 53%), respectively (P = 0.6). No difference was seen in disease recurrence rates. D-D biliary reconstruction in OLT for selected PSC patients remains our first option of reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Damrah
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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20
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Berzigotti A, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace N, Burroughs A, Morillas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Groszmann RJ. Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54:555-61. [PMID: 21567436 PMCID: PMC3144991 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is associated with an aggressive course in chronic viral hepatitis; however, its impact in the development of clinical decompensation (CD) in patients with established cirrhosis is uncertain. We evaluated the role of obesity, in relationship to other recognized predictors, in the development of CD in patients with compensated cirrhosis. The study population, a subset of patients included in a randomized trial of beta-blockers in the prevention of varices in whom data on body mass index (BMI) was available, consisted of 161 patients with compensated cirrhosis. Laboratory tests and portal pressure (assessed by the hepatic venous pressure gradient or HVPG) were assessed on inclusion. Patients were followed until CD (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, or variceal hemorrhage), or until September 2002. Altogether, 29% had a normal BMI, 40% were overweight, and 30% were obese. In a median follow-up of 59 months, CD occurred in 48/161 (30%) patients with an increasingly higher rate according to BMI group (15% in those with normal BMI; 31% in overweight; 43% in obese patients, P=0.011). The actuarial probability of developing CD was significantly higher in the abnormal BMI groups (P=0.022). In a multivariate model that included parameters previously identified as being predictive of CD (HVPG, albumin, Mayo endstage liver disease score), etiology, and treatment group, BMI (hazard ration 1.06; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.12), P=0.02] was an independent predictor of decompensation, together with HVPG and albumin. CONCLUSION Obesity has a deleterious effect on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis of all etiologies, independent of portal pressure and liver function. Weight reduction may be a valuable therapeutic measure in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Digestive Diseases Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Digestive Diseases Section, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut,Corresponding Author: Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Professor of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street-1080 LMP, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Tel: +203 737 6063 Fax: +203 785 7273;
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norman Grace
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Morillas
- CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Angels Escorsell
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - David Patch
- Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberto J. Groszmann
- Digestive Diseases Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Digestive Diseases Section, VA-CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Wright G, Lewis H, Hogan B, Burroughs A, Patch D, O'Beirne J. A self-expanding metal stent for complicated variceal hemorrhage: experience at a single center. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:71-8. [PMID: 19879564 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory variceal bleeding is associated with a high mortality. Existing salvage techniques such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and balloon tamponade (BT) have important limitations and may not be appropriate for all patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel removable self-expanding metal stent in the management of refractory variceal bleeding. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Tertiary referral liver center. PATIENTS Ten patients with variceal hemorrhage with contraindications to TIPS insertion or BT. INTERVENTIONS Insertion of a self-expanding metal stent (SX-Ella DANIS stent). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survival, failure to control bleeding, and complications. RESULTS Stent insertion was successful in 9 of 10 patients. Failure to control bleeding was observed in 3 patients (2 with gastric varices), with control of bleeding in the remainder. Overall survival at 42 days was 50%. Six patients survived the acute bleeding episode and had stents removed endoscopically at a median of 9 days after insertion. One patient had a minor ulceration of the esophagus caused by stent insertion. CONCLUSIONS Insertion of the SX-Ella DANIS stent in patients with refractory variceal bleeding or complications of previous therapy is effective for the control of bleeding. Stent insertion can be achieved in the majority of patients without fluoroscopic control and without major complications. In selected patients, SX-Ella DANIS stent insertion offers an alternative to other methods of salvage such as BT and TIPS and could be considered a substitute for BT after a prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Wright
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Wendon J, Bernal W, Laterre P, Nevens F, Hudson M, Aldersly M, Mutimer D, Murphy N, Burroughs A, O'Bierne J, Arroyo V, Ilan Y, Lalazar G, Simpson K, Manns M, Hadem J, Larsen F. Acute liver failure: a European perspective. Crit Care 2010. [PMCID: PMC2934573 DOI: 10.1186/cc8773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Guerrini GP, Pleguezuelo M, Maimone S, Calvaruso V, Xirouchakis E, Patch D, Rolando N, Davidson B, Rolles K, Burroughs A. Impact of tips preliver transplantation for the outcome posttransplantation. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:192-200. [PMID: 19067664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt (TIPS) on the survival of grafts and patients after liver transplantation (LTx) have only been documented in small series and with only a comparative description with non-TIPS recipients. We evaluated 61 TIPS patients who had a subsequent LTx and compared these with 591 patients transplanted with cirrhosis without TIPS. Pretransplant characteristics were similar between groups. Graft survival at 1, 3 and 5 years post-LTx was 85.2%, 77% and 72.1% (TIPS) and 75.3%, 69.8% and 66.1% (controls). Patient survival at the same points was 91.7%, 85% and 81.7%, respectively (TIPS) and 85.4%, 80.3% and 76.2% (controls). Cox regression showed the absence of TIPS pre-LTx, transfusion of >5 units of blood during LTx, intensive care unit (ICU) stay post-LTx >3 days and earlier period of transplant to be significantly associated with a worse patient and graft survival at 1 year. Migration of the TIPS stent occurred in 28% of cases, increasing the time on bypass during LTx, but was not related to graft or patient survival. TIPS may improve portal supply to the graft and reduce collateral flow, improving function. This may account for the improved adjusted graft and patient survival by Cox regression at 12 months. Long-term survival was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Guerrini
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation and The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Nebbia G, Mattes FM, Smith C, Hainsworth E, Kopycinski J, Burroughs A, Griffiths PD, Klenerman P, Emery VC. Polyfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and pp65 CD8+ T cells protect against high-level replication after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2590-9. [PMID: 18853954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses coupled with CD8+ T-cell responses against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are key to the control of HCMV replication we prospectively analyzed 29 liver transplant recipients for CD4+ T-cell responses against soluble HCMV antigen, pp65 and IE1 proteins, CD8+ T-cell responses against pp65 and IE1 proteins and a range of T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines. Eleven patients (38%) developed HCMV DNAemia at a median of 21 days post-liver transplantation (range 17-31 days). There was a significantly lower frequency and absolute number of total HCMV CD4+ T cells producing IFNgamma, IFNgamma+IL2 and IL2 and pp65-CD8+ T cells producing IFNgamma in patients with DNAemia. The quantities of Th1 and Th2 cytokines present during the first 20 days posttransplant were not predictive of DNAemia. Cut-off levels during the first 20 days posttransplant of 0.1% of lysate stimulated CD4+ T cells producing IL2, and pp65-CD8+ T cells producing IFNgamma above 0.4% had positive and negative predictive values for DNAemia of 54% and 100% and 50% and 92%, respectively. Measuring polyfunctional CD4+ T cells against HCMV early posttransplant may allow targeted intervention to minimize the occurrence and acute and long-term consequences of HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nebbia
- Department of Infection, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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26
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Xirouchakis E, Triantos C, Manousou P, Sigalas A, Calvaruso V, Corbani A, Leandro G, Patch D, Burroughs A. Pegylated-interferon and ribavirin in liver transplant candidates and recipients with HCV cirrhosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective controlled studies. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:699-709. [PMID: 18673428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon with ribavirin (Peg/R) is the most effective therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) but its utility and effectiveness after liver transplantation has been difficult to assess. We evaluated efficacy, tolerability, and safety of Peg/R in liver transplant candidates and recipients with HCV cirrhosis. We searched medical databases and conference proceedings between January 1999 and January 2008 selecting randomized and nonrandomized studies. Primary end points meta-analytically were: (1) sustained viral response (SVR) and (2) histological response. Secondary end points were: (1) treatment discontinuation, (2) mortality, and (3) rejection episodes. Pegylated interferons using either 1-1.5 mcg/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b or 180 microg (pegylated interferon alpha-2a combined with ribavirin 800-1200 mg/day were the most effective compared to any other regimen or no therapy. In three pretransplant studies the median SVR was 19.6% (19.6-50%). In six postransplant studies where a meta-analysis was done the cumulative risk difference in SVR was 0.31% (95% CI, 0.18-0.44, p < 0.001). However histological response was not significantly better compared to no therapy or other antiviral regimens. There were no significant differences in discontinuation of therapy, acute or chronic rejection or mortality between optimal Peg/R vs no treatment or other regimens. Hence pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in full doses is effective pre and post transplant but has a low SVR rate. To date no significant histological improvement has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Xirouchakis
- The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Agarwal S, Senzolo M, Melikian C, Burroughs A, Mallett SV. The prevalence of a heparin-like effect shown on the thromboelastograph in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:855-60. [PMID: 18508379 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for several decades that thromboelastographic analysis of the blood of patients undergoing liver transplantation may show a heparin-like effect (HLE) at the time of reperfusion. However, the prevalence of HLE and the origin of these heparin-like substances remain largely unstudied. The primary aim of this retrospective observational analysis was to determine the prevalence of the HLE in 211 consecutive patients having liver transplantation in our institution at various stages throughout the transplant. One of the secondary aims was to analyze the prevalence of HLE with respect to the various etiologies of liver disease. Paired Thromboelastograph traces (native and heparinase) were examined at 5 stages of the transplant: the baseline stage, dissection stage, anhepatic stage, reperfusion stage, and end of the case. HLE was defined as a reduction in the reaction and coagulation times of greater than 50% by the addition of heparinase to the sample. Thirty-one percent of patients had evidence of an HLE at baseline, and this increased to 75% after reperfusion of the donor graft. This HLE resolved spontaneously in 47% by the end of the case. Patients with fulminant liver failure were more likely to demonstrate HLE at baseline than those with chronic liver disease (45.8% compared to 29%). There was no difference in the prevalence of HLE after reperfusion. In conclusion, prior to transplantation, there is a significant difference in the prevalence of HLE with respect to etiology. However, this difference disappears after reperfusion as the majority of patients then develop HLE. Although it is clear that there are both endogenous and exogenous sources of heparin contributing to the HLE, the clinical significance of these findings remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Agarwal
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, England
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28
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Moyer AL, Ramadan RT, Thurman J, Burroughs A, Callegan MC. Bacillus cereus induces permeability of an in vitro blood-retina barrier. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1358-67. [PMID: 18268029 PMCID: PMC2292856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01330-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Bacillus cereus toxin production is controlled by the quorum-sensing-dependent, pleiotropic global regulator plcR, which contributes to the organism's virulence in the eye. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of B. cereus infection and plcR-regulated toxins on the barrier function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, the primary cells of the blood-retina barrier. Human ARPE-19 cells were apically inoculated with wild-type or quorum-sensing-deficient B. cereus, and cytotoxicity was analyzed. plcR-regulated toxins were not required for B. cereus-induced RPE cytotoxicity, but these toxins did increase the rate of cell death, primarily by necrosis. B. cereus infection of polarized RPE cell monolayers resulted in increased barrier permeability, independent of plcR-regulated toxins. Loss of both occludin and ZO-1 expression occurred by 8 h postinfection, but alterations in tight junctions appeared to precede cytotoxicity. Of the several proinflammatory cytokines analyzed, only interleukin-6 was produced in response to B. cereus infection. These results demonstrate the deleterious effects of B. cereus infection on RPE barrier function and suggest that plcR-regulated toxins may not contribute significantly to RPE barrier permeability during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Moyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing shortfall between the number of patients who would benefit from liver transplantation and the availability of donor livers means that rationing has to occur. The processes of selection of patients for transplantation and for allocation of donor livers should be done according to ethical and, where possible, evidence-based criteria so that there is clarity and that the competing requirements of equity, justice, utility and benefit can be balanced. METHODS To achieve these goals for patients in the United Kingdom in need of transplantation, we have developed guidelines for the selection of patients to the national waiting list based on the risk of death without a transplant and the ability of the procedure to improve the recipient's quality of life. Guidelines have been developed for both those with acute liver failure and chronic liver disease. Allocation will depend on matching of the donor liver to the recipient. RESULTS The proposed system, to be introduced into the UK compares with some other systems, where different models for selection and allocation have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuberger
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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Triantos C, Manolakopoulos S, Anastasiou J, Armonis A, Saveriadis A, Vlachogiannakos J, Kougioumtzan A, Bethanis S, Tzourmakliotis D, Karamanolis D, Burroughs A, Economopoulos T. Fibrous ring formation in cirrhotics treated with band ligation. Hepatogastroenterology 2008; 55:108-11. [PMID: 18507088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We observed that the formation of a fibrous ring following variceal eradication appeared to be associated with less variceal recurrence. We aimed to evaluate this formally. METHODOLOGY Twenty-one cirrhotic patients with a fibrous ring formation in the esophagus after eradication of varices (FR group) were compared with 21 controls of similar age, gender and liver function but without ring formation after eradication in terms of variceal recurrence, portal hypertension related bleeding and survival. RESULTS Both groups were similar with regard to baseline demographic and clinical data. During a mean follow-up period of 28.8+/-18.3 (SD) months, variceal recurrence occurred in 2 (9.5%) patients in the FR group compared to 10 (47.6%) in the control group (p=0.005). Cox regression model revealed a significant difference in probability of variceal recurrence between the two groups (p=0.006). In the FR group 1 patient bled and 3 died vs. 2 and 6 patients in the control group respectively. The differences between the groups in relation to bleeding and death were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In cirrhotic patients undergoing band ligation for eradication of esophageal varices, the formation of a fibrous ring is followed by a lower variceal recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Triantos
- 2nd Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Robertson AGN, Burroughs A, Davidson BR. Isolated venous thrombosis: a new cause of acute graft failure in a non-piggyback liver transplant (case report). Hepatogastroenterology 2007; 54:2117-2119. [PMID: 18251172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A 46-year-old man was re-transplanted using standard technique for hepatic arterial thrombosis one month following orthotopic liver transplant. Postoperatively he deteriorated acutely with hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Angiography demonstrated a patent hepatic artery, portal vein and inferior vena cava but isolated thromboses in the right and middle hepatic veins. He was treated with transvenous intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt but subsequently died from sepsis and multiorgan failure. This vascular complication in the absence of outflow stenosis and with a normal prothrombotic screen is a previously undocumented cause of acute graft failure in a standard transplant without retrohepatic vena caval preservation. We present our case and discuss the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G N Robertson
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital & Royal Free & University College School of Medicine, University College London, UK
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32
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Abstract
Recently, treatment with corticosteroids in the setting of septic shock and adrenal insufficiency has been shown to decrease mortality. In septic patients, a blunted response to adrenal stimulation identifies patients with a poorer prognosis who may benefit from corticosteroid supplementation. This condition has been termed relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI). Given the similarities between septic shock and liver failure, a number of groups have now studied the incidence of RAI in various forms of liver disease. Although different definitions of RAI exist, the current literature suggests that RAI is common, being seen in 33% of acute liver failure patients and up to 65% of patients with chronic liver disease and sepsis. The finding that RAI can exist in the absence of sepsis and may be as high as 92% of patients undergoing liver transplantation using a steroid free protocol has led one group to propose the term hepatoadrenal syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarise the existing evidence for adrenal insufficiency in liver disease, to examine the possibility that adrenal dysfunction in liver disease may have a separate pathogenesis to that observed in sepsis and to provide insight into the potential areas for further research into this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Beirne
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK.
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Manolakopoulos S, Triantos C, Bethanis S, Theodoropoulos J, Vlachogiannakos J, Cholongitas E, Sideridis M, Barbatis C, Piperopoulos P, Spiliadi C, Papadimitriou N, Roukounakis N, Tzourmakliotis D, Avgerinos A, Burroughs A. Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in real life: comparison of same-day prebiopsy versus real-time ultrasound approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1490-3. [PMID: 17573828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Currently, an increasing number of liver biopsies are performed by radiologists under real-time ultrasound control. A routine ultrasound assessment of a puncture site before performing percutaneous biopsy is reported to increase diagnostic yield and decrease complication rates. It is not clear if real-time ultrasound is superior to marking the puncture site before biopsy as regards reducing biopsy size and avoiding fragmentation and complications. The aim of this study was to compare ultrasound assessment of the puncture site before performing percutaneous liver biopsy with real-time ultrasound liver biopsy for suspected diffuse liver disease. METHODS Consecutive percutaneous liver biopsies (n = 631) for diffuse liver disease were evaluated. Group A consisted of patients who had real-time guided-ultrasound biopsy performed by radiologists (241 patients; M/F, 35/106; median age 48 year [range, 17-76]; needle 18 G). Group B patients were assessed by radiologists using ultrasound of the puncture site on the same day that biopsies were performed by experienced gastroenterologists/hepatologists on the ward using the marked site (390 patients; M/F, 276/114; median age 43 year [range, 15-75]; needle 16 G). RESULTS There were no differences in severity of liver disease, establishing a diagnosis (OR, 1.92 [95% CI, 0.84-4.34]; P = 0.12), length of liver biopsy specimens, number of fragments or complications. Two independent variables were significantly associated with a histological diagnosis: longer biopsy length (P < 0001) and fragment number of two or less (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Real-time ultrasound did not improve diagnostic yield or result in fewer complications. Marking the puncture site seems adequate and has the practical advantage that it takes up less of the radiologists' time.
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Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:481-8. [PMID: 17681169 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our aim was to identify predictors of clinical decompensation (defined as the development of ascites, variceal hemorrhage [VH], or hepatic encephalopathy [HE]) in patients with compensated cirrhosis and with portal hypertension as determined by the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). METHODS We analyzed 213 patients with compensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension but without varices included in a trial evaluating the use of beta-blockers in preventing varices. All had baseline laboratory tests and HVPG. Patients were followed prospectively every 3 months until development of varices or VH or end of study. To have complete information, until study termination, about clinical decompensation, medical record review was done. Patients who underwent liver transplantation without decompensation were censored at transplantation. Cox regression models were developed to identify predictors of clinical decompensation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate diagnostic capacity of HVPG. RESULTS Median follow-up time of 51.1 months. Sixty-two (29%) of 213 patients developed decompensation: 46 (21.6%) ascites, 6 (3%) VH, 17 (8%) HE. Ten patients received a transplant and 12 died without clinical decompensation. Median HVPG at baseline was 11 mm Hg (range, 6-25 mm Hg). On multivariate analysis, 3 predictors of decompensation were identified: HVPG (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.17), model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.29), and albumin (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22-0.62). Diagnostic capacity of HVPG was greater than for MELD or Child-Pugh score. CONCLUSIONS HVPG, MELD, and albumin independently predict clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Patients with an HVPG <10 mm Hg have a 90% probability of not developing clinical decompensation in a median follow-up of 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ripoll
- Veterans Affairs CT Healthcare System, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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Wechowski J, Connolly M, Woehl A, Tetlow A, McEwan P, Burroughs A, Currie CJ, Bhatt A. An economic evaluation of vasoactive agents used in the United Kingdom for acute bleeding oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23:1481-91. [PMID: 17559746 DOI: 10.1185/030079907x199736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an economic evaluation of terlipressin, octreotide and placebo in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices (BOV) where endotherapy could be used concomitantly. METHODS A discrete event simulation model was created with transition states: bleeding, no bleeding, no bleeding post transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, post-salvage surgery, and death. Efficacy data on survival, re-bleeding and control of bleeding were obtained from high quality studies reported in Cochrane meta-analyses. Baseline outcomes related to the course of disease and health-state utilities were derived from published sources. Vasoactive treatment costs and all related BOV costs were obtained from published UK sources. RESULTS The average aggregated treatment cost per person for all medical interventions at 1 year was lower for terlipressin-treated patients (2623 pounds sterling) compared with those treated using octreotide (2758 pounds sterling) or placebo (2890 pounds sterling). The incremental analysis comparing terlipressin with octreotide and placebo using a cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) and cost per life year gained (LYG) approach indicated that terlipressin was the dominant BOV treatment option (i.e. it cost less and it was more effective). Based on a maximum willingness to pay of 20,000 pounds sterling/QALY terlipressin was more effective and cost-saving compared to octreotide and placebo for simulations ranging from 42 days to 2 years. In point estimation analyses octreotide was dominant compared to placebo; however, probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that octreotide was unlikely to be cost-effective compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that vasoactive treatment in BOV was cost-saving compared to no vasoactive treatment. Furthermore, terlipressin was the more cost-effective vasoactive treatment for BOV in cirrhotic patients.
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Adler M, Burroughs A, Beynon H. Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis. A review. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2007; 24:3-11. [PMID: 18069414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder. The gastrointestinal system is not commonly involved and is frequently asymptomatic. It can be associated with significant morbidity and indeed mortality. The aim of this article is to review the common and rare gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary manifestations of sarcoidosis. METHODS All literature on gastrointestinal sarcoidosis was found using a computerized Pubmed search from 1966 to January 2006. The keywords used were 'Gastrointestinal', 'Hepatobiliary', and 'Sarcoidosis'. RESULTS The article reviews each 'section' of the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tracts in turn, discusses difficulties in achieving a diagnosis, differential diagnoses and treatment options. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the difficulties in establishing a firm diagnosis of gastrointestinal sarcoidosis as it is frequently asymptomatic and can often mimic other non-caseating diseases. It also highlights some of the other disease associations such as with other biliary tract disorders and provides information on treatments, particularly the role of biologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Adler
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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37
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Nebbia G, Mattes FM, Ramaswamy M, Quaglia A, Verghese G, Griffiths PD, Burroughs A, Geretti AM. Primary herpes simplex virus type-2 infection as a cause of liver failure after liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:229-32. [PMID: 17116138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of fatal primary herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection following liver transplantation, which manifested with fever and liver failure in the absence of muco-cutaneous disease. The infection was characterized by high levels of HSV DNA in blood and the patient's inability to mount HSV-specific T-cell responses while showing preserved T-cell responses against cytomegalovirus. The donor was HSV-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) seronegative and HSV-2 IgG seropositive, whereas the recipient was HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG seronegative, suggesting that the graft may have been the source of the infection. In HSV-seronegative recipients of grafts from HSV-seropositive donors, HSV infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of a febrile illness, regardless of the absence of muco-cutaneous disease. In this setting, real-time polymerase chain reaction applied to blood samples provides a sensitive, rapid, and quantitative diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nebbia
- Department of Virology, Royal Free and University College Hospital, London, UK
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Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Tibballs J, Burroughs A, Patch D. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18:1143-50. [PMID: 17033432 DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000236872.85903.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ascites is the most common complication of liver cirrhosis and when it develops mortality is 50% at 5 years, apart from liver transplantation. Large volume paracentesis has been the only option for ascites refractory to medical treatment. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of diuretic-resistant ascites has been evaluated in many cohort studies and five randomized trials up to now, clearly showing improvement in natriuresis and clinical efficacy. It, however, remains unclear how transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt affects survival and quality of life, because hospital admissions owing to worsening encephalopathy may counterbalance the reduced need of paracentesis. What is clear is that the patient selection is critical. About 30% of patients with ascites develop hepatorenal syndrome at 5 years, leading to high mortality in its severe and progressive form. As its main pathogenetic factor is derangement of circulatory function owing to portal hypertension, these patients may benefit from transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, but this has been shown only in small series, in which mortality remains very high, owing to the underlying poor liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Senzolo
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Unit, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK
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Ng K, Lin C, Murray N, Burroughs A, Bostock H. FC12.4 Conduction and excitability properties of nerves in end-stage liver disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Senzolo M, Patch D, Cholongitas E, Triantos C, Marelli L, Stigliano R, Dhillon A, Burroughs A. Severe venoocclusive disease after liver transplantation treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Transplantation 2006; 82:132-5. [PMID: 16861953 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000225799.76828.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Venoocclusive disease (VOD) is due to hepatic sinusoidal lining injury leading to portal hypertension; its incidence after liver transplantation is about 2%. When severe, it does not respond to medical therapy and has a high mortality; retransplantation is the only therapeutic option. However, there are no detailed data regarding the use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for VOD after liver transplantation. We describe two patients who developed severe VOD after liver transplantation, failed defibrotide therapy, and were treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The portal hypertension resolved completely and one had full histological recovery. We believe that TIPS should be attempted as it may resolve progressive portal hypertension and the hepatic congestion, while allowing the clinician time for listing for further liver transplantation if the patient fails to respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Senzolo
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Samuel D, Forns X, Berenguer M, Trautwein C, Burroughs A, Rizzetto M, Trepo C. Report of the monothematic EASL conference on liver transplantation for viral hepatitis (Paris, France, January 12-14, 2006). J Hepatol 2006; 45:127-43. [PMID: 16723165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Samuel
- HepatoBiliary Centre, Inserm-Paris XI U 785, Paul Brousse Hospital, APHP, Villejuif, France.
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Triantos C, Vlachogiannakos J, Manolakopoulos S, Burroughs A, Avgerinos A. Is banding ligation for primary prevention of variceal bleeding as effective as beta-blockers, and is it safe? Hepatology 2006; 43:196-7; discussion 197-8. [PMID: 16374864 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Triantos C, Samonakis D, Stigliano R, Thalheimer U, Patch D, Burroughs A. Antiviral therapy for recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 80:540. [PMID: 16123734 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000172221.28104.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Triantos C, Samonakis D, Stigliano R, Thalheimer U, Patch D, Burroughs A. Liver transplantation and hepatitis C virus: systematic review of antiviral therapy. Transplantation 2005; 79:261-8. [PMID: 15699754 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000149696.76204.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation is increasingly used. This systematic review presents both viral and histological response in three areas: pretransplant (5 studies/180 patients), preemptive therapy soon after transplant (10 studies/417 patients), and therapy for established disease (75 studies/2027 patients). There were only 16 randomized studies (543 patients). Significant dose reductions and drug stoppage rates occurred. The data on histological improvement and risk of rejection are conflicting. Even the best antiviral therapy (pegylated interferon/ribavirin) is neither easily used nor reasonably effective. The best strategy will be pretransplant treatment, most likely with newer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Triantos
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Triantos C, Samonakis D, Thalheimer U, Patch D, Burroughs A. The relationship between liver function and portal pressure: what comes first, the chicken or the egg? J Hepatol 2005; 42:146-7; author reply 147-8. [PMID: 15629521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Burroughs A, Samonakis D. Is transarterial chemoembolization an option for all patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1:78-9. [PMID: 16265067 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ala
- Division of Liver Diseases, Recanati Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Andriulli A, de Sio I, Solmi L, De Carlis L, Troisi R, Grasso A, Festa V, Caturelli E, Giacomoni A, Del Vecchio Blanco C, De Hemptinne B, Burroughs A, Perri F. Survival of cirrhotic patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous ethanol injection or liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:1355-63. [PMID: 15497162 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For "early" hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), surgery, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) improve the natural history of the disease. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the outcome of patients with cirrhosis and early HCC treated by PEI (n = 417) or OLT (n = 172). Overall, 589 patients with cirrhosis were studied. The proportion of patients in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classes A, B, and C was 52.5%, 33.6%, and 13.9%, respectively. Most patients (78.9%) had solitary HCC. Overall 5-year and 10-year cumulative survival rates were 36.1% and 15.5% after PEI, and 66.3% and 49.1% after OLT, respectively (P < .0001). Overall 5-year and 10-year cumulative tumor-free survival rates were 25.3% and 18.0% after PEI, and 84.6% and 82.2% after OLT, respectively (P < .0001). When patients were sorted according to the severity of cirrhosis, mean survival times in PEI and OLT patients were 67 and 80 months in CTP class A (P = .05), 38 and 90 months in class B (P < .0001), and 31 and 95 months in class C (P = .0004). Similarly, mean tumor-free survival times in the 2 series of patients were 49 and 98 months in CTP class A (P < .0001), 39 and 121 months in class B (P < .0001), and 35 and 139 months in class C (P < .0001). In conclusion, this study challenges the therapeutic efficacy of PEI for patients with cirrhosis and early HCC, when compared to OLT: the proportion of both long-term survivors and tumor-free survivors was increased by OLT over PEI. The benefit of OLT extends to all patients, regardless of the degree of liver impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Andriulli
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
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Mela M, Mancuso A, Burroughs A. Drug treatment for portal hypertension. Ann Hepatol 2004; 1:102-20. [PMID: 15280809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2002] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension has played an increasing clinical role in the past 20 years. In the setting of acute variceal bleeding, drug therapy should be considered the initial treatment of choice and can be administered as soon as possible; even during the transfer of the patient to hospital. Several recent trials have reported similar efficacy to emergency sclerotherapy, therefore drug treatment should no longer be considered as a "stop gap" therapy until definitive endoscopic therapy is performed but continued for several days. Antibiotic prophylaxis is an integral part of therapy as it reduces mortality and should be instituted from admission. Non selective b-blockers are the treatment of first choice for secondary and primary prevention. If they are contraindicated or non tolerated banding ligation can be used. There is less evidence for the benefit of ligation for primary prophylaxis. The use of haemodynamic targets for reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient response need further study, and surrogate markers of pressure response need evaluation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mela
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, England
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